WOOD ANATOMICAL CHANGES in JUVENILE TEAK DUE to INSECT DEFOLIATION by P

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

WOOD ANATOMICAL CHANGES in JUVENILE TEAK DUE to INSECT DEFOLIATION by P IAWA Journal, Vol. 18 (3),1997: 311-317 WOOD ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN JUVENILE TEAK DUE TO INSECT DEFOLIATION by P. B. Priya & K. M. Bhat Wood Science Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, India SUMMARY Selected anatomical characteristics and wood specific gravity of 8-year­ old teak trees protected from insect defoliation were compared with those from an unprotected population. Trees during the protection period of four years showed considerable increase in ring width (growth rate). Although latewood width was more c10sely correlated with ring width than earlywood width, no significant differences were found in specific gravity, cell wall percentage and diameter and percentage of vessels, probably due to juvenility. Furthermore, no intrinsic relationship could be established between the insect defoliation and the formation of false rings. Key words: Tectona grandis, ring width, specific gravity, tissue percen­ tage, growth rate, false rings. INTRODUCTION Radial growth of trees is influenced by numerous factors such as c1imate, site and dis­ turbances like defoliation. It has been shown by many workers (Stark & Cook 1957; Williams 1967) that acute insect defoliation may induce reduetion in the radial inere­ ment oftrees. The defoliation caused by two species of caterpillars, eommonly known as teak defoliator and teak skeletonizer, is one of the major reasons for low yield in several teak plantations in India (Beeson 1941; Nair et al. 1985). Aecording to Nair et.al.( 1985), in the teak plantations of Nilambur (India), the defoliation eaused by the former is more intense, often leading to eomplete stripping of young leaves, and is of regular annual occurrence with one or two waves of epidemie defoliations between late April and July followed at times by another lighter defoliation between August and Oetober. The effeets of inseet defoliation on the radial growth and ring width variation pat­ tern offorest trees have been discussed in detail by Mott et al. (1957). Rose (1958) reported complete or partial cessation of radial growth in Populus tremuloides Michx., depending upon varying intensities of defoliation. Simi1ar impacts of inseet defo1ia­ tion on reduction in the radial inerement have been reported for jack pine and Doug- 1as-fir (Kuiman et al. 1963; Alfaro 1982; Alfaro & Shepherd 1991; Brubaker & Greene 1979). Champion (1934) conducted artificial defoliation experiments in teak and con­ cluded that three eomplete stripping of leaves in the same season eaused a 10ss of 65% Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 07:34:16PM via free access 312 IAWA Journal, Vol. 18 (3), 1997 of the normal increment. Recently, protection against insect defoliation was shown to increase heartwood percentage (decrease of sapwood proportion) with enhanced ra­ dial increment in 8-year-old teak (Bhat 1995b). Yet, the pattern of wood anatomical variation, due to insect defoliation, is not known in plantations of tropical hardwoods although several control measures were included in plantation management plans. This is probably because of the fact that field investigations are confronted with the prob­ lems of uncontrolled conditions such as non-clonal material and extremely sensitive juvenile trees. The present study attempts to assess the effects of insect defoliation, during a short treatment period of four years, on wood anatomy and specific gravity of 8-year-old juvenile teak (Tectona grandis L. f.), a ring-porous tropical hardwood . MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials for the study were obtained from 8-year-old teak plantations in Nilam­ 0 0 bur (11 0 12'-11 0 32' N and 75 82' - 76 32' E), India. The plantations of assorted age were established in the year 1974 and extended over an area of 2,500 ha, part of which represented the second rotation plantations. When the trees were four years old, some of the experimental plots were artificially protected against insect defoliation by spray­ ing an insecticide ('protected' trees), while other plots were left unprotected ('control' trees) (Nair et al. 1985). Artificial protective measurements were taken for four years during the period 1979-1982. At the end of the eighth year, the trees were felled. About 10 cm thick discs were cut at breast height level (1.37 m from stump level) from 102 trees representing 51 'protected' as weIl as 51 'control' trees. Ten discs were se­ lected at random from each treatment for the study. Specific gravity was determined in all the sampies. A wedge-shaped block of wood was cut from the discs which included all the rings from pith to bark. The blocks were then cut along the tangential plane to separate the first four rings from the second block of four rings formed during the age between 5-8 years. Specific gravity was deter­ mined separately for the two halves of the blocks so that it can be compared between the first four rings as weIl as the last four rings separately, for the 'protected' and 'con­ trol' sampies, since the trees were protected artificially against insect defoliation only after four years growth. Green volume of the sampies was determined by the water displacement method. Specific gravity of the individual sampies was then calculated as oven dry weight over green volume. For anatomical observations, ten trees each of the 'protected' and 'control' popu­ lations, showing no sign of eccentric growth, were selected. The sampies were sec­ tioned using a sliding microtome at 15-20 micrometre thickness. The sections were stained, dehydrated and made permanent for image analysis by a video image analyser (Leica, Quantimet 500+). Various parameters such as vessel diameter, vessel percent­ age, cell wall percentage and ring width were measured by image analysis for the peripheral three rings individually. While determining ring width, earlywood and latewood widths were measured after making an arbitrary demarcation between the two, by identifying the earlywood with wide vessels, parenchyma and thin-walled Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 07:34:16PM via free access Priya & Bhat -- Insect defoliation in teak 313 fibres and latewood with narrower vessels and more thick-walled fibres. The quantita­ tive features were compared between the two treatments using the 't' -test. With the help of a stereo rnicroscope ring width was measured in all the discs col­ lected from the 102 trees from two opposite radii covering the eccentricity if any. Ring-wise microscopic examination was carried out in samples of both the 'control' and 'protected' trees so as to determine whether insect defoliation had induced false ring formation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No significant difference was found in the wood specific gravity between the 'control' and 'protected' trees. It was evident that protection from insect defoliation at the age of four years accelerated the growth rate in the following year with an increase of about 28% ring width (Fig. 1). The extent of growth acceleration (increased ring width) due to protection remained more or less constant for the rest of the period up to the eighth year. This supports the hypothesis that radial growth is dependent on the newly formed assimilates of the leaves and defoliation leads to reduced girth increment of the trees (Busgen et al. 1929). Evidently, insect defoliation reduced the growth rate ofthe trees in the corresponding years appreciably, without altering the specific gravity. This is in agreement with the observation of Zhang and Zhong (1991) in ring-porous East­ Liaoning oak wood where growth rate showed little effect on specific gravity of juve­ nile wood. Our findings on reduced growth rate reflect the results of N air et al. (1985) 12r,-------------------------,-------------------, --- Contro! ....... Protected 10 ~ 8 ~ -5 ~ 6 9 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 o 'L-__________________________________________________~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rings from pith Fig. 1. Ring width in relation to cambial age (ring number from pith) in 51 'contral' and 51 'protected' teak trees. Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 07:34:16PM via free access 314 IAWA Journal, Vol. 18 (3),1997 Table 1. Comparison of mean values of anatomical properties in 10 'control' and 10 'pro- tected' trees. Parameters Growth ring Control Protected t-value no. from pith Mean Mean Specific gravity 1-4 0.539 0.548 -0.63 ns 5-8 0.553 0.563 -1.03 ns Vessel diameter (mm) 6 0.178 0.180 0.48 ns 7 0.187 0.176 1.67 ns 8 0.170 0.176 -1.62 ns Vessel area (%) 6 23.6 23.8 -0.19 ns 7 21.9 19.1 2.18 ns 8 22.4 19.9 1.67 ns Cell wall area (%) 6 44.3 44.9 -0.67 ns 7 45.2 45.5 -0.33 ns 8 45.4 47.4 -1.91 ns Ring width (mm) 6 2.5 3.5 -2.57 * 7 2.6 3.7 -2.68 * 8 2.5 3.6 -3.33 ** Earlywood width (mm) 6 0.927 0.775 -0.28 ns 7 0.809 0.898 -1.81 ns 8 0.735 0.939 1.40 ns Latewood width (mm) 6 1.604 2.732 -2.29 * 7 1.821 2.807 -2.77 * 8 1.807 2.637 -3.56 ** * = significant at 5% level; ** = significant at 1% level; ns = not significant. that the loss of volume increment was the most serious impact of defoliation, about 44% of the potential increment (i.e., increment in the absence of defoliation) in vol­ urne was lost due to defoliation, whereas the gain in volume due to protection amounted to 80% of the increment of unprotected trees. The mean values of the quantitative anatomical features and 't' -test values are pre­ sented in Table 1. No significant differences were found in vesse1 diameter, vessel per­ centage and cell wall percentage between the 'control' and 'protected' trees.
Recommended publications
  • Tectona Grandis Teak
    Tectona grandis Teak Family: Verbenaceae Other Common Names: Kyun (Burma), Teck (French). Teca (Spanish). Distribution: Native to India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, including Indonesia, particularly Java. Extensively cultivated in plantations within its natural range as well as in tropical areas of Africa and Latin America. The Tree On favorable sites, may reach 130 to 150 ft in height with clear boles to 80 to 90 ft; trunk diameters usually 3 to 5 ft; older trees fluted and buttressed. The Wood General Characteristics: Heartwood dark golden yellow, turning a dark brown with exposure, often very variable in color when freshly machined showing blotches and streaks of various shades; sapwood pale yellowish, sharply demarcated. Grain straight, sometimes wavy; texture coarse, uneven (ring porous); dull with an oily feel; scented when freshly cut. Dust may cause skin irritations. Silica content variable, up to 1.4% is reported. Weight: Basic specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) 0.55; air-dry density 40 pcf. Mechanical Properties: (First set of data based on the 2-cm standard; second and third sets on the 2-in. standard; third set plantation-grown in Honduras.) Moisture content Bending strength Modulus of elasticity Maximum crushing strength Psi 1,000 psi Psi Green (/7) 12,200 1,280 6.210 11% 15,400 1.450 8.760 Green (38) 10.770 1.570 5.470 14% 12,300 1.710 6.830 Green (81) 9.940 1.350 4.780 13% 13.310 1,390 6.770 Janka side hardness 1,000 to 1,155 lb for dry material. Forest Products Laboratory toughness 116 in.-lb average for green and dry wood (5/8-in.
    [Show full text]
  • Endemic Philippine Teak (Tectona Philippinensis Benth. & Hook
    RESEARCH ARTICLES Endemic Philippine teak (Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f.) and associated flora in the coastal landscapes of Verde Island Passage, Luzon Island, Philippines Anacleto M. Caringal1,2, Inocencio E. Buot, Jr2,3,4,* and Elaine Loreen C. Villanueva3 1Batangas State University–Lobo, Lobo, Batangas, Philippines 2School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 3Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines deciduous forests, pines, lower and upper montane forests The Philippine teak forest (PTF) is a formation with the Endangered Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. and sub-alpine) based on the dominant floristic elements f., Lamiaceae – an endemic tree flora in the Batangas have been the focus of ecological classification since Province along the Verde Island Passage, Luzon 1900s (refs 13–16). The Philippine teak forest (PTF), Island, Philippines. In this study, we determine the however, has not yet been included in these national general floristic composition of PTF. Vegetation anal- classifications. ysis across coastal to inland continuum generated the The forest with endemic Tectona philippinensis Benth. data for general floristic richness, growth structure & Hook. f., (APG: Lamiaceae) has long been considered and diversity indices. A total of 128 species under 111 as one of the most important areas of floristic genera in 48 families was recorded with overall plant richness10,17,18. Until the present study, however, PTF diversity of very low to moderate (Shannon–Wiener: remains to be classified among the major forest ecotypes 0.8675–2.681).
    [Show full text]
  • Bioresources.Com
    PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com EVALUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF WALNUT HEARTWOOD EXTRACTIVES FOR PROTECTION OF POPLAR WOOD Seyyed Khalil Hosseini Hashemi a,* and Ahmad Jahan Latibari a Walnut (Juglans regia L.) heartwood extractives were identified and their potential for protection of poplar wood was evaluated. Test specimens were prepared from poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) to meet BS 838:1961 requirements. Samples were impregnated with heartwood extractive solution (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5% w/w in ethanol-toluene), followed by 5 hours vacuum desiccator technique to reach complete saturation. Impregnated specimens were exposed to white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 14 weeks according to BS 838:1961 applying the kolle- flask method. The weight loss of samples was determined after exposure to white-rot fungus. The highest weight loss (36.96%) was observed for untreated control samples and the lowest weight loss (30.40%) was measured in samples treated with 1.5% extractives solution. The analyses of the extracts using GC/MS indicated that major constituents are benzoic acid,3,4,5-tri(hydroxyl) and gallic acid (44.57 %). The two toxic components in the heartwood are juglone (5.15 %) and 2,7- dimethylphenantheren (5.81 %). Keywords: Walnut heart wood extractives; Trametes versicolor; Weight loss; Gallic acid; Juglone; 2,7- dimethylphenantheren Contact information; a: Agriculture Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, P. O. Box 331485-313, Karaj, Iran. * Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION One of the promising strategies to slow down the decay and deterioration of wood structure is to rely upon durable wood species.
    [Show full text]
  • APPROVED SAWN TIMBER LIST (As of 13 May 2019) No. Scientific Name Country of Origin 1
    APPROVED SAWN TIMBER LIST (As of 13 May 2019) No. Scientific Name Country of Origin 1. Pinus taeda ARGENTINA 2. Callitris glauca AUSTRALIA 3. Corymbia calophylla AUSTRALIA 4. Dysoxylum fraserianum AUSTRALIA 5. Eucalyptus camaldulensis AUSTRALIA 6. Eucalyptus delegatensis AUSTRALIA 7. Eucalyptus diversicolor AUSTRALIA 8. Eucalyptus fastigata AUSTRALIA 9. Eucalyptus fibrosa AUSTRALIA 10. Eucalyptus globulus AUSTRALIA 11. Eucalyptus grandis AUSTRALIA 12. Eucalyptus maculata AUSTRALIA 13. Eucalyptus marginata AUSTRALIA 14. Eucalyptus muellerana AUSTRALIA 15. Eucalyptus obliqua AUSTRALIA 16. Eucalyptus paniculata. AUSTRALIA 17. Eucalyptus pilularis AUSTRALIA 18. Eucalyptus saligna AUSTRALIA 19. Eucalyptus sieberiana AUSTRALIA 20. Eucalyptus viminalis AUSTRALIA 21. Lophostemon confertus AUSTRALIA 22. Pinus elliottii AUSTRALIA 23. Pinus radiata AUSTRALIA 24. Quercus alba AUSTRALIA 25. Shorea pauciflora AUSTRALIA 26. Fagus sylvatica AUSTRIA No. Scientific Name Country of Origin 27. Picea abies AUSTRIA 28. Picea abies BELARUS 29. Pinus sylvestris BELARUS 30. Quercus alba BELGIUM 31. Dipteryx odorata BOLIVIA 32. Apuleia leiocarpa BRAZIL 33. Astronium lecointei BRAZIL 34. Bagassa guianensis BRAZIL 35. Cedrela odorata BRAZIL 36. Cedrelinga catenaeformis BRAZIL 37. Couratari guianensis BRAZIL 38. Dipteryx odorata BRAZIL 39. Eucalyptus grandis BRAZIL 40. Eucalyptus grandis BRAZIL 41. Hymenaea courbaril BRAZIL 42. Hymenolobium modestum BRAZIL 43. Hymenolobium Nitidum BRAZIL Benth 44. Hymenolobium BRAZIL pulcherrimum 45. Manilkara bidentata BRAZIL 46. Myroxylon balsamum BRAZIL 47. Pinus radiata BRAZIL 48. Pinus taeda BRAZIL 49. Quassia simarouba BRAZIL 50. Tectona grandis BRAZIL 51. Fagus sylvatica BULGARIA No. Scientific Name Country of Origin 52. Quercus alba BULGARIA 53. Chlorophora excelsa CAMEROON 54. Cylicodiscus gabunensis CAMEROON 55. Entandrophragma CAMEROON candollei 56. Entandrophragma CAMEROON cylindricum 57. Entandrophragma CAMEROON cylindricum 58. Entandrophragma utile CAMEROON 59.
    [Show full text]
  • Dry Kiln Operator's Manual
    United States Department of Agriculture Dry Kiln Forest Service Operator's Forest Products Laboratory Manual Madison, Wisconsin Agriculture Handbook No. 188 Dry Kiln Operator’s Manual Edited by William T. Simpson, Research Forest Products Technologist United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory 1 Madison, Wisconsin Revised August 1991 Agriculture Handbook 188 1The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION, Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides aand pesticide containers. Preface Acknowledgments The purpose of this manual is to describe both the ba- Many people helped in the revision. We visited many sic and practical aspects of kiln drying lumber. The mills to make sure we understood current and develop- manual is intended for several types of audiences. ing kiln-drying technology as practiced in industry, and First and foremost, it is a practical guide for the kiln we thank all the people who allowed us to visit. Pro- operator-a reference manual to turn to when questions fessor John L. Hill of the University of New Hampshire arise. It is also intended for mill managers, so that they provided the background for the section of chapter 6 can see the importance and complexity of lumber dry- on the statistical basis for kiln samples.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Lesser Known Tropical Timber Species July 2013 Annual Repo Rt 2012 1 Wwf/Gftn Guide to Lesser Known Tropical Timber Species
    A GUIDE TO LESSER KNOWN TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES JULY 2013 ANNUAL REPO RT 2012 1 WWF/GFTN GUIDE TO LESSER KNOWN TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES BACKGROUND: BACKGROUND: The heavy exploitation of a few commercially valuable timber species such as Harvesting and sourcing a wider portfolio of species, including LKTS would help Mahogany (Swietenia spp.), Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata), Ramin (Gonostylus relieve pressure on the traditionally harvested and heavily exploited species. spp.), Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.), due in major part The use of LKTS, in combination with both FSC certification, and access to high to the insatiable demand from consumer markets, has meant that many species value export markets, could help make sustainable forest management a more are now threatened with extinction. This has led to many of the tropical forests viable alternative in many of WWF’s priority places. being plundered for these highly prized species. Even in forests where there are good levels of forest management, there is a risk of a shift in species composition Markets are hard to change, as buyers from consumer countries often aren’t in natural forest stands. This over-exploitation can also dissuade many forest willing to switch from purchasing the traditional species which they know do managers from obtaining Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification for the job for the products that they are used in, and for which there is already their concessions, as many of these high value species are rarely available in a healthy market. To enable the market for LKTS, there is an urgent need to sufficient quantity to cover all of the associated costs of certification.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3--Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood
    Chapter 3 Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood William Simpson and Anton TenWolde he versatility of wood is demonstrated by a wide Contents variety of products. This variety is a result of a Appearance 3–1 spectrum of desirable physical characteristics or properties among the many species of wood. In many cases, Grain and Texture 3–1 more than one property of wood is important to the end Plainsawn and Quartersawn 3–2 product. For example, to select a wood species for a product, the value of appearance-type properties, such as texture, grain Decorative Features 3–2 pattern, or color, may be evaluated against the influence of Moisture Content 3–5 characteristics such as machinability, dimensional stability, Green Wood and Fiber Saturation Point 3–5 or decay resistance. Equilibrium Moisture Content 3–5 Wood exchanges moisture with air; the amount and direction of the exchange (gain or loss) depend on the relative humid- Sorption Hysteresis 3–7 ity and temperature of the air and the current amount of water Shrinkage 3–7 in the wood. This moisture relationship has an important Transverse and Volumetric 3–7 influence on wood properties and performance. This chapter discusses the physical properties of most interest in the Longitudinal 3–8 design of wood products. Moisture–Shrinkage Relationship 3–8 Some physical properties discussed and tabulated are influ- Weight, Density, and Specific Gravity 3–11 enced by species as well as variables like moisture content; Working Qualities 3–15 other properties tend to be independent of species. The thor- oughness of sampling and the degree of variability influence Decay Resistance 3–15 the confidence with which species-dependent properties are Thermal Properties 3–15 known.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterisation and Fractioning of Tectona Grandis Bark in View of Its
    Industrial Crops and Products 50 (2013) 166–175 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Industrial Crops and Products journa l homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop Characterisation and fractioning of Tectona grandis bark in view of its valorisation as a biorefinery raw-material a a a,b a,∗ a Isabel Baptista , Isabel Miranda , Teresa Quilhó , Jorge Gominho , Helena Pereira a Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal b Centro das Florestas e Produtos Florestais, Instituto de Investigac¸ ão Científica Tropical, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal a r t a b i s c l e i n f o t r a c t Article history: The anatomy and chemical composition of Tectona grandis bark from mature trees in East Timor Received 6 March 2013 are described as well as the characterisation of fractionation by grinding and granulometric Received in revised form 5 June 2013 separation. Accepted 2 July 2013 Teak bark is composed of secondary phloem, periderm and a narrow rhytidome that included various periderms with phloem tissues between them. The layer of phellem cells in each periderm was thin. Keywords: The phloem showed an orderly stratification with tangential bands of fibres in concentric rings that Tectona grandis alternated with thin bands of axial parenchyma and sieve tube elements. Abundant prismatic calcium Teak bark Anatomy oxalate crystals were present. The bark fractured easily into clean particles. The yield of fines was low and 64.4% of the particles were Chemical composition Fractionation over 2 mm. The mean chemical composition of teak bark was: ash 18.5%, total extractives 10.7%, lignin 20.0% and suberin 1.9%.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardwood.Pdf
    Sorted by name Sorted by hardness Species Hardness Species Hardness Species Hardness Species Hardness Species Hardness Species Hardness African Ebony 3220 Carribean Rosewood 3170 Patagonian Rosewood 2800 Brazilian Walnut 3684 Pyinkado 1950 Maple 1450 African Hickory 1820 Chinese Hickory 1820 Pearwood 2990 Ebonya Walnut 3684 African Merbau 1925 Brazilian Mahogany 1400 African Kempas 1710 Crassiflora 3220 Pecan 1820 Ipe 3684 Bijuga 1925 Mahogany 1400 African Merbau 1925 Dark Rosewood 2300 Pine 870 African Ebony 3220 Joemoek 1925 Spanish Mahogany 1400 African Paduak 1725 Ebony 3220 Pyinkado 1950 Crassiflora 3220 Kayu Kuku 1925 Oak 1360 African Rosewood 1780 Ebonya Walnut 3684 Red Oak 1290 Ebony 3220 Merbau 1925 White Oak 1360 African Sapele 1510 Elm 800 Rojo Mahogany 2200 Tanzinia Msindi 3220 West Indies Walnut 1925 Ash 1320 Afzelia 1810 Erable 1450 Rosewood 1650 Brazilian Rosewood 3200 Amendoim 1912 Beech 1300 Amendoim 1912 European Teak 1155 Santos Mahogany 2200 Tiete Rosewood 3200 Brazilian Oak 1912 Red Oak 1290 American Cherry 950 Havea 1820 Sao Paulo Striped Wood 2160 Carribean Rosewood 3170 African Hickory 1820 Birch 1260 Applewood 880 Heart Pine 870 Sapele 1510 Huali 3170 Carribean Pecan 1820 Iroko 1260 Argentinian Chestnut 2670 Hevea 1820 Simianping 3170 Simianping 3170 Chinese Hickory 1820 Merisier 1260 Ash 1320 Hickory 1820 Spanish Mahogany 1400 Lapacho 3060 Havea 1820 Yellow Birch 1260 Asian Teak 1155 Hickory/Pecan 1820 Sucupira 2140 Taheebo 3060 Hevea 1820 Bamboo 1180 Asian Walnut 1010 Huali 3170 Tadenia 1570 Pearwood 2990 Hickory
    [Show full text]
  • Swietenia Macrophylla Meliaceae King
    Swietenia macrophylla King Meliaceae mahogany LOCAL NAMES Bengali (bara mahauni,bara-mahagoni,mahagni); Dutch (mahonie,mahok); English (Dominican mahogany,bastard mahogany,big- leaf mahogany,Brazilian mahogany tree,Colombian mahogany tree,Honduras mahogany,large-leaved mahogany,Mexican mahogany tree,West Indian mahogany,Spanish mahogany,mahogany,Peruvian mahogany tree); French (acajou du Venezuela,acajou étranger,acajou du Honduras); German (Echtes mahagoni); Italian (mogano); Malay (cheria mahogany); Portuguese (mogno); Spanish (caoba de Santo,domingo,Caoba de Honduras,caoba del Atlántico,caoba Forest giant escaping extraction from hondureña,zopilozontecomacuahuitl,caoba); Trade name (mahogany) loggers near Maraba, Brazil. (Anthony Simons) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Swietenia macrophylla is a very large tree, reaching a height of 30-40 m and a girth of 3-4 m; in favourable conditions it can reach 60 m high and 9 m girth. Trunk straight, cylindrical, with a buttressed base; bark rough, flaking off in small patches. Leaves paripinnate, up to 60 cm long; leaflets 6-16, ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly oblique, light green or reddish when young, dark green and shining when mature, up to 20 cm long, with 8-12 pale, secondary nerves. Trees grown in mixed agroforest plot in Davao, Philippines (Anthony Simons) Flowers 8 mm across, in narrow supra-axillary panicles about 8-13 cm long and fragrant; petals greenish-white, oblong, 4 mm long, rigidly pointed. Fruit a woody capsule resembling a large inverted club, about 12.5 x 7.5 cm, erect. ‘Swietenia’ commemorates Gerard von Swieten (1700-1772), botanist and physician to Maria Theresa of Austria. The specific name, ‘macrophylla’, means large leaved and comes from Greek words ‘makros’ (large) and ‘phyllon’ (leaf).
    [Show full text]
  • FALSE RING OCCURRENCES and THEIR IDENTIFICATION in TEAK (Tectona Grandis) in NORTH-EASTERN THAILAND
    Journal of Tropical Forest Science 24(3): 387–398 (2012) Palakit K et al. FALSE RING OCCURRENCES AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION IN TEAK (TECTONA GRANDIS) IN NORTH-EASTERN THAILAND K Palakit1, 2, S Siripattanadilok3 & K Duangsathaporn2, 4 1Graduate School of Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900. E-mail: [email protected] 2Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University–Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900 3Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900 4Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900 Received August 2011 PALAKIT K, SIRIPATTANADILOK S & DUANGSATHAPORN K. 2012. False ring occurrences and their identification in teak (Tectona grandis) in north-eastern Thailand. The objectives of this research were to identify and locate the position of false ring occurrences in natural teak (Tectona grandis) and to relate their formation to local climate variability. Vessel diameters were measured and standardised from pith towards the bark in order to identify false rings and define annual ring boundaries. Two types of false rings were classified as false ring type I and II in earlywood and latewood respectively. False ring type I had one or more rows of axial parenchyma associated with large vessels at the beginning of the annual ring. False ring type II was divided into two groups based on their characteristics. The first group had an aggregation of large vessels associated with paratracheal parenchyma while the second group did not have any paratracheal parenchyma. The occurrences of false rings could be explained by the fluctuations of rainfall and temperature during the growing season.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Research Study of the Discoloration Behaviour Of
    WOOD RESEARCH 64 (4): 2019 625-636 STUDY OF THE DISCOLORATION BEHAVIOUR OF TEAK WOOD (TECTONA GRANDIS LINN. FIL.) CAUSED BY SIMULATED SUNLIGHT Hui Li, Xia Lei, Yuanbo Wu, Hongchang L., Xin Guo Ruizhi Wen, Yunchu Hu Central South University of Forestry & Technology College of Science Changsha, China (Received August 2018) ABSTRACT To investigate the discoloration behaviour of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. fil.) during irradiation, teak veneer specimens were exposed to xenon lamp light simulating sunlight for 80 h and subsequently analysed with a colorimeter. The colour changes were explained by recording Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) spectra at different exposure times. Forty hours of simulated irradiation marked a key point in the colorimetric analysis. During irradiation of 40 h, the increase in the CIELAB parameters ∆a* and ∆b* originated from the generation of carbonyl derivatives that were determined by FTIR analysis. Besides that, by combining GC-MS and microscopic analyses, the decrease in ∆L* in the first 20 h resulted from extractives migrating from the interior to the surface, and that the subsequent increase in ∆L* mainly arose from volatilization of the extractives. Additionally, the decrease in ∆b* after another 40 h of irradiation was mainly due to decreasing volatile extractive contents. Our conclusion reveals the causes of photo-induced discoloration in teak. KEYWORDS: Teak wood (Tectona grandis Linn. fil.), discoloration, FTIR, GC-MS. INTRODUCTION Teak wood (Tectona grandis Linn. fil.), as a furniture and indoor decorative material, is commonly found attractive for its beautiful colour and unique texture. Wood colour and its fastness are some of the most important aesthetic aspects of wooden products used in interiors (Baar and Gryc 2011).
    [Show full text]