DOCSLIB.ORG

WRA Species Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WRA Species Report Family: Meliaceae Taxon: Swietenia macrophylla Synonym: Swietenia candollei Pittier Common Name: Honduras mahogany mahogany Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: HPWRA OrgData WRA Score 4 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 10/29/2011 Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) Page 1 of 10 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 4 Print Date: 10/29/2011 Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) Page 2 of 10 Supporting Data: 101 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "The genus Swietenia CAB International, Wallingford, UK has a natural distribution from 20°N to 18°S in tropical America. S. macrophylla is the most widely distributed species occurring from the Atlantic regions of south- east Mexico, through Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama), northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru) and in an arc across the southern Amazon Basin, in Bolivia and Brazil (Lamb, 1966; Styles, 1981)." 202 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] "The genus Swietenia has a natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK distribution from 20°N to 18°S in tropical America. S. macrophylla is the most widely distributed species occurring from the Atlantic regions of south-east Mexico, through Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama), northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru) and in an arc across the southern Amazon Basin, in Bolivia and Brazil (Lamb, 1966; Styles, 1981)." 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "The species has a CAB International, Wallingford, UK very wide altitude range from near sea-level to 1500 m in Bolivia and Peru (Lamb, 1966). The wide geographical range and the ecological tolerance of S. macrophylla indicate that a number of biotype groups have developed taking advantages of a variety of habitats and changing environmental conditions (Lamb, 1966). Optimum conditions for the species appear to be an average annual rainfall of approximately 2000-4000 mm which may be uniformly distributed or with a dry season of up to four months, and a mean annual temperature range from 24-28°C (Ehrhart, 1992; Chaplin, 1993; Lamb, 1966)." 203 2011. Krisnawati, H./Kallio, M./Kanninen, M.. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "At present, S. Swietenia macrophylla King: ecology, silviculture macrophylla is widespread throughout the tropics, found naturally in both tropical and productivity. Center for International Forestry dry and tropical wet forest types. Within its ecological range, the optimum annual Research, Bogor, Indonesia rainfall is between 1000 and 2500 mm with a dry period of 0–4 months (Lamb 1966). In Amazonian Ecuador and Peru, annual rainfall in this species’ area has been reported at 3800 mm (Whitmore 1983). The reported optimum natural development for this species is under tropical dry forest conditions with an annual precipitation of 1000–2000 mm, a mean annual temperature of 24 °C and a potential evapotranspiration ratio of 1–2 (Lamb 1966). In Indonesia, S. macrophylla grows at elevations of 0–1500 m above sea level, in areas with a mean annual temperature of 20–28 °C, with the range in the coldest and warmest months being 11–22 °C and 22–30 °C, respectively (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1993)." 204 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "The CAB International, Wallingford, UK genus Swietenia has a natural distribution from 20°N to 18°S in tropical America. S. macrophylla is the most widely distributed species occurring from the Atlantic regions of south-east Mexico, through Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama), northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru) and in an arc across the southern Amazon Basin, in Bolivia and Brazil (Lamb, 1966; Styles, 1981)." 204 2011. Krisnawati, H./Kallio, M./Kanninen, M.. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Swietenia macrophylla King: ecology, silviculture "Swietenia macrophylla grows naturally in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa and productivity. Center for International Forestry Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Research, Bogor, Indonesia Peru and Venezuela. However, it is nearly extinct in Ecuador, Colombia, Panama and Costa Rica; close to commercial extinction in Bolivia; declining in Mexico, Belize and Brazil; and in severe decline in Guatemala, Peru, Nicaragua and Honduras (Lugo 2002). The species has been extensively planted mainly in Southern Asia and the Pacific including India, Indonesia, Philippines and Sri Lanka (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1993). It has also been introduced into West Africa." 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] "Substantial areas have been planted in Indonesia, the South Pacific and Central America." Print Date: 10/29/2011 Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) Page 3 of 10 205 2011. Krisnawati, H./Kallio, M./Kanninen, M.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Swietenia macrophylla King: ecology, silviculture range? Yes] "The largest plantations of S. macrophylla have been reported in and productivity. Center for International Forestry South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. A significant proportion of the Research, Bogor, Indonesia total area, most remarkably in Indonesia and the Philippines, was intended for protection of slopes and water catchments and may not be productive. In addition, S. macrophylla is widely used for avenue planting in some Asian countries including Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka. According to Mayhew and Newton (1998), the earliest recorded introduction of S. macrophylla into any country is to Indonesia in 1870 with seeds from India. It was then planted as an ornamental and cultivated in plantations in Java between 1897 and 1902." 301 1998. Bauer, G.P./Francis, J.K.. Swietenia [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "It was introduced in Puerto Rico about macrophylla King.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tectona Grandis Teak
    Tectona grandis Teak Family: Verbenaceae Other Common Names: Kyun (Burma), Teck (French). Teca (Spanish). Distribution: Native to India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, including Indonesia, particularly Java. Extensively cultivated in plantations within its natural range as well as in tropical areas of Africa and Latin America. The Tree On favorable sites, may reach 130 to 150 ft in height with clear boles to 80 to 90 ft; trunk diameters usually 3 to 5 ft; older trees fluted and buttressed. The Wood General Characteristics: Heartwood dark golden yellow, turning a dark brown with exposure, often very variable in color when freshly machined showing blotches and streaks of various shades; sapwood pale yellowish, sharply demarcated. Grain straight, sometimes wavy; texture coarse, uneven (ring porous); dull with an oily feel; scented when freshly cut. Dust may cause skin irritations. Silica content variable, up to 1.4% is reported. Weight: Basic specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) 0.55; air-dry density 40 pcf. Mechanical Properties: (First set of data based on the 2-cm standard; second and third sets on the 2-in. standard; third set plantation-grown in Honduras.) Moisture content Bending strength Modulus of elasticity Maximum crushing strength Psi 1,000 psi Psi Green (/7) 12,200 1,280 6.210 11% 15,400 1.450 8.760 Green (38) 10.770 1.570 5.470 14% 12,300 1.710 6.830 Green (81) 9.940 1.350 4.780 13% 13.310 1,390 6.770 Janka side hardness 1,000 to 1,155 lb for dry material. Forest Products Laboratory toughness 116 in.-lb average for green and dry wood (5/8-in.
    [Show full text]
  • Flexible Mating System in a Logged Population of Swietenia Macrophylla King (Meliaceae): Implications for the Management of a Threatened Neotropical Tree Species
    Plant Ecol (2007) 192:169–179 DOI 10.1007/s11258-007-9322-9 ORIGINAL PAPER Flexible mating system in a logged population of Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae): implications for the management of a threatened neotropical tree species Maristerra R. Lemes Æ Dario Grattapaglia Æ James Grogan Æ John Proctor Æ Roge´rio Gribel Received: 21 February 2007 / Accepted: 22 May 2007 / Published online: 19 June 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Microsatellites were used to evaluate the crossed matings and that the remaining 6.75% had mating system of the remaining trees in a logged genotypes consistent with self-fertilisation. Apomixis population of Swietenia macrophylla, a highly valu- could be ruled out, since none of the 400 seedlings able and threatened hardwood species, in the Brazil- analysed had a multi-locus genotype identical to ian Amazon. A total of 25 open pollinated progeny its mother tree. The high estimate of the multi-locus arrays of 16 individuals, with their mother trees, were outcrossing rate (tm = 0.938 ± 0.009) using the mixed genotyped using eight highly polymorphic microsat- mating model also indicated that the population in ellite loci. Genotypic data analysis from the progeny this remnant stand of S. macrophylla was predomi- arrays showed that 373 out of the 400 seedlings nantly allogamous. The relatively large difference (93.25%) were unambiguously the result of out- between the multi-locus and single-locus outcrossing estimates (tmÀts = 0.117 ± 0.011) provides evidence that, in spite of the high outcrossing rate, a consid- & M. R. Lemes ( ) Á R.
    [Show full text]
  • TREE RING CHARACTERISTICS of 30-YEAR-OLD SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA PLANTATION TREES Cheng-Jung Lin* Chih-Hsin Chung Chih-Lung Cho Te
    TREE RING CHARACTERISTICS OF 30-YEAR-OLD SWIETENIA MACROPHYLLA PLANTATION TREES Cheng-Jung Lin* Associate Researcher Department of Forest Utilization Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Taipei, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] Chih-Hsin Chung Assistant Researcher Department of Forest Management Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Taipei, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] Chih-Lung Cho Professor Department of Natural Resources National I-Lan University Ilan, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] Te-Hsin Yang Assistant Professor Department of Forestry College of Nature Resource and Agriculture National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected] (Received October 2011) Abstract. Ring characteristics of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla K.) plantation trees grown in Taiwan were explored. Significant differences in average ring width (RW) and ring density (RD) occurred among three tree-diameter classes and three radial stages of ring numbers. RW in the radial direction decreased from the pith outward to the bark and followed a distinctive three-stage variation pattern (juvenile, transition, and mature zones). RD in the radial direction increased slowly from the pith outward to the bark. Wider tree rings and lower density are associated with juvenile wood close to the pith, whereas narrower tree rings and higher density are typical for mature wood outward toward the bark. RD in overtopped trees was higher than that in dominant trees. However, RW in dominant trees was wider than that in intermediate and overtopped trees. Earlywood density, latewood density, maximum density, and minimum density were the most important factors determining overall RD. There was a weak relationship between RW and RD, indicating that it is unlikely for growth rates of mahogany plantation trees to have a significant impact on wood density.
    [Show full text]
  • Endemic Philippine Teak (Tectona Philippinensis Benth. & Hook
    RESEARCH ARTICLES Endemic Philippine teak (Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. f.) and associated flora in the coastal landscapes of Verde Island Passage, Luzon Island, Philippines Anacleto M. Caringal1,2, Inocencio E. Buot, Jr2,3,4,* and Elaine Loreen C. Villanueva3 1Batangas State University–Lobo, Lobo, Batangas, Philippines 2School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 3Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 4Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines deciduous forests, pines, lower and upper montane forests The Philippine teak forest (PTF) is a formation with the Endangered Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook. and sub-alpine) based on the dominant floristic elements f., Lamiaceae – an endemic tree flora in the Batangas have been the focus of ecological classification since Province along the Verde Island Passage, Luzon 1900s (refs 13–16). The Philippine teak forest (PTF), Island, Philippines. In this study, we determine the however, has not yet been included in these national general floristic composition of PTF. Vegetation anal- classifications. ysis across coastal to inland continuum generated the The forest with endemic Tectona philippinensis Benth. data for general floristic richness, growth structure & Hook. f., (APG: Lamiaceae) has long been considered and diversity indices. A total of 128 species under 111 as one of the most important areas of floristic genera in 48 families was recorded with overall plant richness10,17,18. Until the present study, however, PTF diversity of very low to moderate (Shannon–Wiener: remains to be classified among the major forest ecotypes 0.8675–2.681).
    [Show full text]
  • Bioresources.Com
    PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com EVALUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF WALNUT HEARTWOOD EXTRACTIVES FOR PROTECTION OF POPLAR WOOD Seyyed Khalil Hosseini Hashemi a,* and Ahmad Jahan Latibari a Walnut (Juglans regia L.) heartwood extractives were identified and their potential for protection of poplar wood was evaluated. Test specimens were prepared from poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) to meet BS 838:1961 requirements. Samples were impregnated with heartwood extractive solution (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5% w/w in ethanol-toluene), followed by 5 hours vacuum desiccator technique to reach complete saturation. Impregnated specimens were exposed to white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 14 weeks according to BS 838:1961 applying the kolle- flask method. The weight loss of samples was determined after exposure to white-rot fungus. The highest weight loss (36.96%) was observed for untreated control samples and the lowest weight loss (30.40%) was measured in samples treated with 1.5% extractives solution. The analyses of the extracts using GC/MS indicated that major constituents are benzoic acid,3,4,5-tri(hydroxyl) and gallic acid (44.57 %). The two toxic components in the heartwood are juglone (5.15 %) and 2,7- dimethylphenantheren (5.81 %). Keywords: Walnut heart wood extractives; Trametes versicolor; Weight loss; Gallic acid; Juglone; 2,7- dimethylphenantheren Contact information; a: Agriculture Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, P. O. Box 331485-313, Karaj, Iran. * Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION One of the promising strategies to slow down the decay and deterioration of wood structure is to rely upon durable wood species.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemometric Differentiation of Dipterocarpaceae Wood Species Based on Colorimetric Measurements
    Philippine Journal of Science 148 (3): 473-480, September 2019 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 22 Feb 2019 Chemometric Differentiation of Dipterocarpaceae Wood Species Based on Colorimetric Measurements Monica Gibe1, Justine M. Kalaw2, Willie P. Abasolo1, and Fortunato Sevilla III2,3* 1College of Forestry and Natural Resources University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines 2Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines 3Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines The international trade of illegal timber often involves the misdeclaration of the wood species. A simple and reliable means for the differentiation of wood species could contribute to the control of this fraud. In this study, eight (8) commercially important and endangered dipterocarp timber wood species and mahogany were differentiated through colorimetric measurements carried out on hot water and ethanol extracts from the samples. Colorimetric measurements were done using a fabricated colorimeter that measured the absorption of blue, green, and red radiation. Chemometric analysis of the colorimetric data using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed clustering, which enabled an efficient differentiation of the wood species. Keywords: Dipterocarps, optical absorption, pattern recognition, wood extractives, wood species differentiation INTRODUCTION Several techniques have been applied for the determination of wood identity. Presently, the most frequently used The development of rapid and accurate methods for the method for timber identification is the visual analysis differentiation of wood species presents a challenge. A of the wood’s anatomical features. This technique is need has been expressed for methodologies that can be capable of identification to the genus level only, but applied for the definitive identification of illegally cut often information on the species level is needed (Gasson logs (Dormontt et al.
    [Show full text]
  • APPROVED SAWN TIMBER LIST (As of 13 May 2019) No. Scientific Name Country of Origin 1
    APPROVED SAWN TIMBER LIST (As of 13 May 2019) No. Scientific Name Country of Origin 1. Pinus taeda ARGENTINA 2. Callitris glauca AUSTRALIA 3. Corymbia calophylla AUSTRALIA 4. Dysoxylum fraserianum AUSTRALIA 5. Eucalyptus camaldulensis AUSTRALIA 6. Eucalyptus delegatensis AUSTRALIA 7. Eucalyptus diversicolor AUSTRALIA 8. Eucalyptus fastigata AUSTRALIA 9. Eucalyptus fibrosa AUSTRALIA 10. Eucalyptus globulus AUSTRALIA 11. Eucalyptus grandis AUSTRALIA 12. Eucalyptus maculata AUSTRALIA 13. Eucalyptus marginata AUSTRALIA 14. Eucalyptus muellerana AUSTRALIA 15. Eucalyptus obliqua AUSTRALIA 16. Eucalyptus paniculata. AUSTRALIA 17. Eucalyptus pilularis AUSTRALIA 18. Eucalyptus saligna AUSTRALIA 19. Eucalyptus sieberiana AUSTRALIA 20. Eucalyptus viminalis AUSTRALIA 21. Lophostemon confertus AUSTRALIA 22. Pinus elliottii AUSTRALIA 23. Pinus radiata AUSTRALIA 24. Quercus alba AUSTRALIA 25. Shorea pauciflora AUSTRALIA 26. Fagus sylvatica AUSTRIA No. Scientific Name Country of Origin 27. Picea abies AUSTRIA 28. Picea abies BELARUS 29. Pinus sylvestris BELARUS 30. Quercus alba BELGIUM 31. Dipteryx odorata BOLIVIA 32. Apuleia leiocarpa BRAZIL 33. Astronium lecointei BRAZIL 34. Bagassa guianensis BRAZIL 35. Cedrela odorata BRAZIL 36. Cedrelinga catenaeformis BRAZIL 37. Couratari guianensis BRAZIL 38. Dipteryx odorata BRAZIL 39. Eucalyptus grandis BRAZIL 40. Eucalyptus grandis BRAZIL 41. Hymenaea courbaril BRAZIL 42. Hymenolobium modestum BRAZIL 43. Hymenolobium Nitidum BRAZIL Benth 44. Hymenolobium BRAZIL pulcherrimum 45. Manilkara bidentata BRAZIL 46. Myroxylon balsamum BRAZIL 47. Pinus radiata BRAZIL 48. Pinus taeda BRAZIL 49. Quassia simarouba BRAZIL 50. Tectona grandis BRAZIL 51. Fagus sylvatica BULGARIA No. Scientific Name Country of Origin 52. Quercus alba BULGARIA 53. Chlorophora excelsa CAMEROON 54. Cylicodiscus gabunensis CAMEROON 55. Entandrophragma CAMEROON candollei 56. Entandrophragma CAMEROON cylindricum 57. Entandrophragma CAMEROON cylindricum 58. Entandrophragma utile CAMEROON 59.
    [Show full text]
  • MAHOGANY TYPES South American Mahogany. ( Swietenia
    MAHOGANY TYPES South American Mahogany. ( Swietenia Macrophylla) the 'top of the range' of all the Mahoganies( both as to be qualities and price). The classic characteristics of this timber are its stability and durability along with its world renowned beauty and versatility. One well recognised feature is the way in which this timber gradually darkens in colour on exposure from a red / brown colour to a rich dark red . Density : 540 kg/m3 or 34 pounds / cubic foot. African Mahogany (Khaya Ivorensis) is considered by some to be more attractive in grain structure to South American Mahogany. This is because the grain patterns of African Mahogany can vary so widely, particularly in the backsawn face. Some people prefer the startling ribbon grain appearance of quarter sawn Mahogany. The colour of this timber varies from gold through brown to red / brown. African Mahogany is more available and less expensive than South American Mahogany. Density : 540kg / m3 or 34 pounds / cubic foot. Plantation Mahogany ( Grown in Fiji) (Swietenia Macrophylla) this timber is the product of commercial plantations of the South American tree grown in Fiji. Because the timber is grown in managed plantations, branch trimmings cause a birdseye like effect on the face of the boards. Generally speaking, the characteristics are similar to the South American species described above. However the plantations lack the maturity of the South American product. One outcome is a recognisable difference in stability. Density : 540 kg / m3 or 34 pounds / cubic foot. Eastern Mahogany (Chukrassia Tabularis) this member of Mahogany family originates from Malaysia. In its colouring it more closely resembles a Walnut.
    [Show full text]
  • Dry Kiln Operator's Manual
    United States Department of Agriculture Dry Kiln Forest Service Operator's Forest Products Laboratory Manual Madison, Wisconsin Agriculture Handbook No. 188 Dry Kiln Operator’s Manual Edited by William T. Simpson, Research Forest Products Technologist United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory 1 Madison, Wisconsin Revised August 1991 Agriculture Handbook 188 1The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION, Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides aand pesticide containers. Preface Acknowledgments The purpose of this manual is to describe both the ba- Many people helped in the revision. We visited many sic and practical aspects of kiln drying lumber. The mills to make sure we understood current and develop- manual is intended for several types of audiences. ing kiln-drying technology as practiced in industry, and First and foremost, it is a practical guide for the kiln we thank all the people who allowed us to visit. Pro- operator-a reference manual to turn to when questions fessor John L. Hill of the University of New Hampshire arise. It is also intended for mill managers, so that they provided the background for the section of chapter 6 can see the importance and complexity of lumber dry- on the statistical basis for kiln samples.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Lesser Known Tropical Timber Species July 2013 Annual Repo Rt 2012 1 Wwf/Gftn Guide to Lesser Known Tropical Timber Species
    A GUIDE TO LESSER KNOWN TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES JULY 2013 ANNUAL REPO RT 2012 1 WWF/GFTN GUIDE TO LESSER KNOWN TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES BACKGROUND: BACKGROUND: The heavy exploitation of a few commercially valuable timber species such as Harvesting and sourcing a wider portfolio of species, including LKTS would help Mahogany (Swietenia spp.), Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata), Ramin (Gonostylus relieve pressure on the traditionally harvested and heavily exploited species. spp.), Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.), due in major part The use of LKTS, in combination with both FSC certification, and access to high to the insatiable demand from consumer markets, has meant that many species value export markets, could help make sustainable forest management a more are now threatened with extinction. This has led to many of the tropical forests viable alternative in many of WWF’s priority places. being plundered for these highly prized species. Even in forests where there are good levels of forest management, there is a risk of a shift in species composition Markets are hard to change, as buyers from consumer countries often aren’t in natural forest stands. This over-exploitation can also dissuade many forest willing to switch from purchasing the traditional species which they know do managers from obtaining Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification for the job for the products that they are used in, and for which there is already their concessions, as many of these high value species are rarely available in a healthy market. To enable the market for LKTS, there is an urgent need to sufficient quantity to cover all of the associated costs of certification.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3--Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood
    Chapter 3 Physical Properties and Moisture Relations of Wood William Simpson and Anton TenWolde he versatility of wood is demonstrated by a wide Contents variety of products. This variety is a result of a Appearance 3–1 spectrum of desirable physical characteristics or properties among the many species of wood. In many cases, Grain and Texture 3–1 more than one property of wood is important to the end Plainsawn and Quartersawn 3–2 product. For example, to select a wood species for a product, the value of appearance-type properties, such as texture, grain Decorative Features 3–2 pattern, or color, may be evaluated against the influence of Moisture Content 3–5 characteristics such as machinability, dimensional stability, Green Wood and Fiber Saturation Point 3–5 or decay resistance. Equilibrium Moisture Content 3–5 Wood exchanges moisture with air; the amount and direction of the exchange (gain or loss) depend on the relative humid- Sorption Hysteresis 3–7 ity and temperature of the air and the current amount of water Shrinkage 3–7 in the wood. This moisture relationship has an important Transverse and Volumetric 3–7 influence on wood properties and performance. This chapter discusses the physical properties of most interest in the Longitudinal 3–8 design of wood products. Moisture–Shrinkage Relationship 3–8 Some physical properties discussed and tabulated are influ- Weight, Density, and Specific Gravity 3–11 enced by species as well as variables like moisture content; Working Qualities 3–15 other properties tend to be independent of species. The thor- oughness of sampling and the degree of variability influence Decay Resistance 3–15 the confidence with which species-dependent properties are Thermal Properties 3–15 known.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterisation and Fractioning of Tectona Grandis Bark in View of Its
    Industrial Crops and Products 50 (2013) 166–175 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Industrial Crops and Products journa l homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop Characterisation and fractioning of Tectona grandis bark in view of its valorisation as a biorefinery raw-material a a a,b a,∗ a Isabel Baptista , Isabel Miranda , Teresa Quilhó , Jorge Gominho , Helena Pereira a Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal b Centro das Florestas e Produtos Florestais, Instituto de Investigac¸ ão Científica Tropical, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal a r t a b i s c l e i n f o t r a c t Article history: The anatomy and chemical composition of Tectona grandis bark from mature trees in East Timor Received 6 March 2013 are described as well as the characterisation of fractionation by grinding and granulometric Received in revised form 5 June 2013 separation. Accepted 2 July 2013 Teak bark is composed of secondary phloem, periderm and a narrow rhytidome that included various periderms with phloem tissues between them. The layer of phellem cells in each periderm was thin. Keywords: The phloem showed an orderly stratification with tangential bands of fibres in concentric rings that Tectona grandis alternated with thin bands of axial parenchyma and sieve tube elements. Abundant prismatic calcium Teak bark Anatomy oxalate crystals were present. The bark fractured easily into clean particles. The yield of fines was low and 64.4% of the particles were Chemical composition Fractionation over 2 mm. The mean chemical composition of teak bark was: ash 18.5%, total extractives 10.7%, lignin 20.0% and suberin 1.9%.
    [Show full text]