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Family: Meliaceae Taxon: Swietenia macrophylla Synonym: Swietenia candollei Pittier Common Name: Honduras mahogany mahogany Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: HPWRA OrgData WRA Score 4 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 10/29/2011 Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) Page 1 of 10 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 4 Print Date: 10/29/2011 Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) Page 2 of 10 Supporting Data: 101 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "The genus Swietenia CAB International, Wallingford, UK has a natural distribution from 20°N to 18°S in tropical America. S. macrophylla is the most widely distributed species occurring from the Atlantic regions of south- east Mexico, through Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama), northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru) and in an arc across the southern Amazon Basin, in Bolivia and Brazil (Lamb, 1966; Styles, 1981)." 202 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] "The genus Swietenia has a natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK distribution from 20°N to 18°S in tropical America. S. macrophylla is the most widely distributed species occurring from the Atlantic regions of south-east Mexico, through Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama), northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru) and in an arc across the southern Amazon Basin, in Bolivia and Brazil (Lamb, 1966; Styles, 1981)." 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "The species has a CAB International, Wallingford, UK very wide altitude range from near sea-level to 1500 m in Bolivia and Peru (Lamb, 1966). The wide geographical range and the ecological tolerance of S. macrophylla indicate that a number of biotype groups have developed taking advantages of a variety of habitats and changing environmental conditions (Lamb, 1966). Optimum conditions for the species appear to be an average annual rainfall of approximately 2000-4000 mm which may be uniformly distributed or with a dry season of up to four months, and a mean annual temperature range from 24-28°C (Ehrhart, 1992; Chaplin, 1993; Lamb, 1966)." 203 2011. Krisnawati, H./Kallio, M./Kanninen, M.. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "At present, S. Swietenia macrophylla King: ecology, silviculture macrophylla is widespread throughout the tropics, found naturally in both tropical and productivity. Center for International Forestry dry and tropical wet forest types. Within its ecological range, the optimum annual Research, Bogor, Indonesia rainfall is between 1000 and 2500 mm with a dry period of 0–4 months (Lamb 1966). In Amazonian Ecuador and Peru, annual rainfall in this species’ area has been reported at 3800 mm (Whitmore 1983). The reported optimum natural development for this species is under tropical dry forest conditions with an annual precipitation of 1000–2000 mm, a mean annual temperature of 24 °C and a potential evapotranspiration ratio of 1–2 (Lamb 1966). In Indonesia, S. macrophylla grows at elevations of 0–1500 m above sea level, in areas with a mean annual temperature of 20–28 °C, with the range in the coldest and warmest months being 11–22 °C and 22–30 °C, respectively (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1993)." 204 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "The CAB International, Wallingford, UK genus Swietenia has a natural distribution from 20°N to 18°S in tropical America. S. macrophylla is the most widely distributed species occurring from the Atlantic regions of south-east Mexico, through Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama), northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru) and in an arc across the southern Amazon Basin, in Bolivia and Brazil (Lamb, 1966; Styles, 1981)." 204 2011. Krisnawati, H./Kallio, M./Kanninen, M.. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Swietenia macrophylla King: ecology, silviculture "Swietenia macrophylla grows naturally in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa and productivity. Center for International Forestry Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Research, Bogor, Indonesia Peru and Venezuela. However, it is nearly extinct in Ecuador, Colombia, Panama and Costa Rica; close to commercial extinction in Bolivia; declining in Mexico, Belize and Brazil; and in severe decline in Guatemala, Peru, Nicaragua and Honduras (Lugo 2002). The species has been extensively planted mainly in Southern Asia and the Pacific including India, Indonesia, Philippines and Sri Lanka (Soerianegara and Lemmens 1993). It has also been introduced into West Africa." 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] "Substantial areas have been planted in Indonesia, the South Pacific and Central America." Print Date: 10/29/2011 Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) Page 3 of 10 205 2011. Krisnawati, H./Kallio, M./Kanninen, M.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Swietenia macrophylla King: ecology, silviculture range? Yes] "The largest plantations of S. macrophylla have been reported in and productivity. Center for International Forestry South and Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. A significant proportion of the Research, Bogor, Indonesia total area, most remarkably in Indonesia and the Philippines, was intended for protection of slopes and water catchments and may not be productive. In addition, S. macrophylla is widely used for avenue planting in some Asian countries including Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka. According to Mayhew and Newton (1998), the earliest recorded introduction of S. macrophylla into any country is to Indonesia in 1870 with seeds from India. It was then planted as an ornamental and cultivated in plantations in Java between 1897 and 1902." 301 1998. Bauer, G.P./Francis, J.K.. Swietenia [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "It was introduced in Puerto Rico about macrophylla King.
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  • Characterisation and Fractioning of Tectona Grandis Bark in View of Its

    Characterisation and Fractioning of Tectona Grandis Bark in View of Its

    Industrial Crops and Products 50 (2013) 166–175 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Industrial Crops and Products journa l homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop Characterisation and fractioning of Tectona grandis bark in view of its valorisation as a biorefinery raw-material a a a,b a,∗ a Isabel Baptista , Isabel Miranda , Teresa Quilhó , Jorge Gominho , Helena Pereira a Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal b Centro das Florestas e Produtos Florestais, Instituto de Investigac¸ ão Científica Tropical, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal a r t a b i s c l e i n f o t r a c t Article history: The anatomy and chemical composition of Tectona grandis bark from mature trees in East Timor Received 6 March 2013 are described as well as the characterisation of fractionation by grinding and granulometric Received in revised form 5 June 2013 separation. Accepted 2 July 2013 Teak bark is composed of secondary phloem, periderm and a narrow rhytidome that included various periderms with phloem tissues between them. The layer of phellem cells in each periderm was thin. Keywords: The phloem showed an orderly stratification with tangential bands of fibres in concentric rings that Tectona grandis alternated with thin bands of axial parenchyma and sieve tube elements. Abundant prismatic calcium Teak bark Anatomy oxalate crystals were present. The bark fractured easily into clean particles. The yield of fines was low and 64.4% of the particles were Chemical composition Fractionation over 2 mm. The mean chemical composition of teak bark was: ash 18.5%, total extractives 10.7%, lignin 20.0% and suberin 1.9%.