The Road to Net Zero

TRANSPORT IN SCOTLAND

The road to net zero CONTENTS ABOUT ADDLESHAW GODDARD ABOUT ADDLESHAW GODDARD 1 WORKING ACROSS THE TRANSPORT SECTOR 1 FOREWORD 2 IMAGINATIVE SOLUTIONS TO PIVOTAL BUSINESS PROBLEMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 TECHNOLOGY 6 Good business depends on good advice. Which, ultimately, comes down to four words. Yes. No. Stop. Go. Many of the world’s most recognised and respected businesses – including 43 FTSE100 clients in the last two years INVESTMENT 10 – come to Addleshaw Goddard to deliver just that kind of simple answer. They rely on our lawyers around the world to find imaginative solutions to their pivotal business problems, and to get things done. POLICY FRAMEWORK 12 SOCIAL CHANGE 14 CONCLUSION 16 CURRENT EMISSIONS 18 WORKING ACROSS THE THE AMBITION 19 EMMISIONS GRAPHS 20 TRANSPORT SECTOR

The Addleshaw Goddard Transport practice is widely Our clients include many of the primary industry regarded as among the leading practices in the UK stakeholders, across both the public and private and we are proud of the breadth of expertise. sector, and our work covers major projects across the transport sector. We have a large, expanding team of sector specialist lawyers working regularly on a wide range of matters, and have indepth and current knowledge of the regulatory, contractual, operational and commercial aspects of the industry.

AREAS OF EXPERTISE

Rail Shipping

Light rail Transport Logistics THANK YOU TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS:

AGS Airports Glasgow Chamber of Commerce Scottish Enterprise Airports Bus CMAL Glasgow City Council South East of Scotland Transport Partnership Committee for Climate Change Hitachi Rail Stagecoach Edinburgh Airport HIAL Aviation Tram Strathclyde Partnership for Edinburgh City Council Loganair Transport Eversholt Rail Midlothian Council Transport Scotland Forth Ports Network Rail Ports Electric Vehicles Fraser of Allander Professor David Begg

1 FOREWORD

The Committee on Climate Change progress report to the On the flipside, there is also huge Scottish Government, published in December 2019, called optimism among those in senior setting a net zero greenhouse gas emissions target for 2045 positions in Scotland’s transport industry and a will to recognise the ‘a step change in ambition for Scotland’. It also noted the enormous economic opportunity need for ‘urgent action’ if the country is to meet this target, that net zero offers. Several people and ahead of it, the ‘extremely challenging’ 75 per cent interviewed raised opportunities reduction target by 2030, a deadline that is now under 10 to reskill existing workforces, years away. to promote international investment into carbon reduction The scale of the challenge is With the Scottish Government technology and infrastructure in underlined by the fact that surface calling climate change a ‘national Scotland, to redeploy Scotland’s transport emissions have risen for emergency’ there seems to have already significant experience in the fourth consecutive year and been a very tangible shift in engineering, onshore and offshore PAUL HIRST have increased by 9 per cent since both corporate and public sector fuel extraction and renewables into 2012. When including aviation and mindsets recently when it comes to the development of new clean fuels, Head of Transport shipping, transport is the highest setting all strategy for the future. mass hydrogen production and the [email protected] emitting sector in Scotland, at 37 During the evidence gathering development of battery storage per cent of total carbon emissions. for this report, one person went technology. so far as to say: ‘Since the climate Across the rail, road, shipping and In this report, we considered just emergency was declared, all policy aviation sectors, all contributors to four of the many facets of change is seen through the prism of how this report agreed there is an urgent and focus that will be needed if we reduce carbon emissions. That is need for a co-ordinated policy we are to meet Scotland’s net zero very new.’ framework that considers not only targets: technology, investment, the decarbonisation of each sector Whilst the political and social will public policy and social change. We individually, but also reviews how is now largely there to drive the spoke to a wide range of experts transport provision interacts today change needed to hit net zero with various perspectives on the and how these interrelationships targets, it was noted by several transport sector and public sector should be improved to provide a contributors to this report, that supporting the road to net zero. We more efficient integrated transport the Scottish elections are set for are thankful for their considered system. 2021 and another referendum on and insightful input. independence remains firmly in Much of the challenge must be COP26, the United Nations climate the SNP’s plans. The will to make about agreeing what modal shifts change negotiation conference, socially unpopular legislative are desirable as well as what is being held in Glasgow on the changes may therefore be blend of technology and access to River Clyde in November this year. dampened in the immediate future transport is suited to local social This is a very real and imminent at the very point at which tough and economic needs. opportunity to showcase what choices need to be made to deliver Scottish policy makers have done, the radical changes required to and are committed to doing, to deliver the net zero promises. support real action to decarbonise the transport sector.

2 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Set out below is a summary of the key insights and proposals arising from our discussions with a panel of industry experts.

z Interconnectivity between different modes of z Net zero offers a huge economic development transport is critical opportunity

z A politically independent and international z Scotland should develop a skills centre to body is needed with sufficient powers to push upskill its existing workforce to deliver the through radical change – akin to the World change needed Bank z Environmental visas akin to Tier One Investor z There is still some hesitation among private visas could be introduced to encourage companies to commit sufficient investment international investment into businesses and into the development of new technologies, technology that helps to deliver net zero fuel sources etc at the scale required and fast z Much more data is needed to support business enough cases to invest: Government must work with z Hindering this investment is a lack of clarity academia and business to model forward how on specific infrastructure plans including different strategic approaches and technology questions such as the extent to which the will impact society, the economy and the railways can be electrified, the extent to which environment electric vehicle charging points will be installed z Britain’s flight paths are outdated and unfit for and how the grid is to be upgraded sufficiently delivering more carbon efficient travel. This to support the transition of air, shipping, must be reviewed and flight paths changed rail and road vehicles to battery power for urgently using bold legislation to overcome example local objections z There has to be a balance of incentives to z Councils and regional partnerships will need change behaviour and penalties for failing to work together much more closely than to comply: these include the introduction has previously been the case to co-ordinate of low emissions zones, workplace parking connections across the country charges, potentially banning private car use from congested areas, taxing road use z All sectors would welcome better cross-sector more aggressively and introducing better communication and data sharing interconnectivity of ticketing for all forms of public transport to make journeys easier and potentially cheaper

z A review is needed of the taxation regimes across all modes of transport; currently and historically tax has encouraged certain modes – principally private car use. This must change to create a bias towards public transport and active modes of transport including walking and cycling

4 5 TECHNOLOGY

Electric vehicles, hydrogen trains and buses, battery-powered Two projects are currently running The challenge of infrastructure planes and ferries are all technologies that exist today. Nearly looking at the feasibility of using charging was a point raised There is a real need everyone interviewed was optimistic about the rollout of hydrogen-powered vessels in the across sectors. Ferry operators Orkney Isles and Western Isles. in the Highlands and Islands were to promote and clean transport across Scotland and the UK, with various “ particularly interested in how possibly mandate Ports reported a good level of pilot projects already underway to build test cases. the grid could be extended to data sharing decarbonising technology has support more remote ports and across all logistics already been deployed with Edinburgh and Glasgow airports Last year saw British Airways and harbours to allow for recharging. platforms. battery-powered and hybrid have made leaps forward to reduce Shell plan Europe’s first commercial The rail sector also raised concerns technology used to power ship to surface emissions by replacing waste to jet fuel plant, a further step about the continuity of supply shore gantry cranes and straddle combustion engine vehicles towards transitioning to cleaner generated from renewable sources carriers as well as surface vehicles with EVs on site. Surface access fuel, yet contributors highlighted if electrification of the railways being switched to electric. connections remain an issue for concern that without significant nationwide is desired, referencing Port operators also indicated aviation – how people travel to public funding and incentives, the the outages experienced in 2019 that pressure is being put on and from the airport. In Edinburgh cost of this fuel is prohibitively and consequent disruption to plant equipment providers to there is the tram link; in Glasgow high and production scale too low. services as a major economic and decarbonise as well. One operator there is no alternative to access by One person spoken to suggested social consideration that has to be cited Brodick on Arran as an road. Plans to extend the rail link incentives should be offered to accounted for. were marked as fundamental to the reskill many of those working in the example of a port using biomass airport’s ability to reduce carbon petrochemical industry to develop heating and solar panels, but said The cost of electric technology has emissions. bio-fuels in Scotland, with this most port infrastructure needs also been prohibitive for private type of technology fundamental to major improvement. The long- companies looking at switching All contributors raised offsetting decarbonising aviation long term. term lifespan of vessels was also fleets of buses, ferries or trains as a possible problem area. Easyjet He also confirmed that without cited as a challenge to upgrading over. Currently too little practical recently announced it will offset scale investment in this, offsetting sufficiently quickly. financial support has been given to carbon emissions from the fuel used public funding that would subsidise would dominate the drive to net One key discussion around the on all of its flights, making it the this transition and rebalance the zero in this sector. bus sector pointed to the massive first major airline to operate net- economics of that decision to align investment already made by bus zero carbon emission flights across In shipping, contributors reported with environmental priorities. its fleet. a shift away from heavy fuel oil companies in Scotland to upgrade in new build vessels to liquid buses to Euro 6 ‘clean diesel’, which This also applies to individuals: The technology to support purely natural gas. Battery technology for reduces emissions by 90 per cent according to the Committee for battery-powered aircraft on any passenger ferries is also possible, compared to Euro 3 standards. One Climate Change, the typical cost but the shortest haul flights does though range remains an issue. One major transport operator, which has for a home charge point and not yet exist. Commercial short- contributor also indicated that the the biggest fleet of electric buses installation is approximately £1,000 haul flights between Orkney lack of financial incentives to ports in the UK, has already invested but this is expected to fall by Islands are planned by 2022 with to invest in the ‘massive’ charging £1billion in switching to cleaner 2030. The Scottish Government is an eight-seater battery-powered infrastructure needed to support technology over the past 10 years, already supporting the roll-out of plane currently in production the recharging of electric vessels, indicated a desire to move its fleet private charging points through the and testing planned for 2021. including cruise ships with up to to electric eventually, but raised Energy Saving Trust, which provides Charging of this plane using entirely 4,000 passenger capacity, conflicts the massive challenge of ensuring grants of up to £300 through its renewable sources is also intended, with environmental targets. there is a sufficient charging EV Homecharge scheme on top though due to battery and weight That said, Scotland does have a infrastructure in place to support of funding from the UK Office for constraints, currently this type of number of hybrid vessels already in this transition. Low Emission Vehicles (OLEV), and aircraft can fly only very short hops operation, reliant on both battery almost 90 per cent of EV owners in of 12 to 18 minutes. technology and engines that can Scotland also have home charging points. 6 burn both liquid natural gas and 7 diesel. TECHNOLOGY

In October 2019, Scotland had It is also a more practical fuel for over 3,600 public charging points, HGVs and heavy vehicles, at least around 50 of which were ultra- until battery technology has been ELECTRIFICATION OF RAIL rapid chargers. By 2030, 4240 developed sufficiently to produce fast chargers (22 kW), 2800 rapid smaller, lighter batteries with higher The Scottish Government has a rolling All rail sector interviewees agreed that this chargers (43 kW), 900 ultra-rapid capacity. programme of electrification which forms part programme of electrification should continue chargers at 150 kW and 55 ultra- of a wider £5billion investment package for at pace as the fastest and most cost effective If this is to occur however, there rapid chargers at 350 kW will be Scotland’s railway infrastructure. Of the 2,776 means to reduce carbon emissions from rail in needs to be significant investment required for public charging across km of rail track in Scotland, approximately one the immediate future. in the clean production of Scotland. quarter is electrified. The Scottish Government hydrogen fuel and its distribution has pledged to fully decarbonise all passenger One contributor raised the potential and availability around the UK is rail by 2035. for unintended consequences by imperative and presents another encouraging homes to have private major area of infrastructure charge points, however, arguing investment and development. COMPLETED ELECTRIFICATION PROJECTS that public transport transition had to be the priority. Public charge points at work and the supermarket, DATA SHARING for example, were also given credence as a better strategy than More than one of our experts encouraging home-based charging. raised the importance of sharing This could also alleviate spikes in data between all transport sectors, demand on the grid. arguing there is a real need to promote and possibly mandate data Airdrie to Bathgate Railway Cumbernauld electrification Edinburgh to Glasgow sharing across all logistics platforms project via Falkirk line HYDROGEN including HGV, vans, rail, shipping and aviation in order to understand The other major technology in how distribution can be streamlined development is hydrogen, with and decarbonised most cost- some buses in Aberdeen already effectively. running on this new fuel. Germany Rail network operators and service runs several hydrogen trains and operators also raised the need to more than one contributor to this share data nationally much more report expressed real excitement £12 million Paisley Canal Stirling, Alloa, Dunblane lines Shotts line between effectively and indicated that about investing in hydrogen trains electrification project Holytown Junction and legislation is required to enforce a for Scotland, something that is Midcalder Junction wholesale move to cleaner rolling likely in the imminent future. stock, as well as understanding how The advantage of hydrogen is that the rail network interconnects with it has the potential to replace petrol roads and where upgrades should and diesel in more remote areas be focused to deliver the maximum of Scotland where electrification efficiencies possible. is prohibitively expensive or unfeasible. This is true of both rail and ferries and has the potential to open up the Highlands and Islands.

8 9 INVESTMENT

The overwhelming reaction from all contributors to this Modes of transport and their report was that billions of pounds would be needed to cost is another area that several EXISTING FUNDING More tangible deliver net zero by the targets set by both the Scottish and contributors raised as key. Driving is the cheapest mode of transport understanding of the UK Governments. The public sector argued that private z “ for long distances. How freight Scotland already has launched calls to bid for a £3billion green how to balance the companies would need to ‘put their hands in their pockets’ investment portfolio country’s economic distribution is taxed is not equal with its environment while the private sector argued that much more public in shipping, road, rail and air. The z Scotland’s ‘Growth Accelerator’ programme has been needs is urgently funding was needed. whole structure of how fiscal policy extended to a ‘Green Growth Accelerator’ that allows local required. affects private sector choices in authorities to invest in low-carbon infrastructure All agree a combination of both This, they argued, must be done modes of transport needs major z A £500million fund to improve bus services across Scotland private and public money would immediately with Government review with a joined up approach has been confirmed be fundamental to delivering net urged to commission this work across the entire transport sector in zero, but almost all raised genuine from independent sources. A more order to encourage the behavioural z £17million available for zero interest loans to support the concern as to whether there is tangible understanding of how to change needed to deliver net zero. purchase of ultra-low emission vehicles enough available to support the balance the country’s economic The Government’s priority must be z £7.5million of private and public funding for expanding public scale of investment required. with its environment needs is to redress this balance using all of charging infrastructure and electricity networks urgently required. the tools at its disposal. Several people raised the lack of z Two significant decarbonisation funds for capital expenditure practical academic and financial In terms of practical investment, were announced in the past year: the £315million Industrial modelling and analysis that had areas of priority included upgrading Energy Transformation Fund (IEFT) and the £170million been undertaken to assess the the grid as number one, to support Industrial Decarbonisation programme delivered through the economic impact of delivering the massive rise in demand for Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF) net zero. The cost of regulation, electricity that would result in a supervision, practical delivery wholesale move to electric trains, costs, the infrastructure required, planes, ferries, buses, cars, vans, reskilling the workforce among heavy goods vehicles and bikes. many other considerations must be Another call that many repeated looked at. was public support to make the One area of economic concern commercial case for investing raised, for example, was the impact in cleaner technology more of discouraging international aligned with the environmental flights in Scotland on the Scottish case. Electric buses and trains economy. This comes down not are currently far more expensive just to passenger traffic but than diesel, hybrid aircraft and also Scottish airports’ hubbing clean sustainable fuel production potential and international freight for planes are disproportionately distribution. Assessing the expensive compared to diesel. economic impact of discouraging Older cars and petrol and diesel are this type of transport must also cheaper than a brand new electric consider what other countries car. are doing so as to account for Scotland’s competitiveness in the UK, European and global economies.

10 11 POLICY FRAMEWORK

Scottish Government has set itself a series of highly ambitious targets, from ending the sale of petrol and diesel Since the climate cars and vans in the next 12 years to decarbonising all “emergency was passenger rail services by 2035 and flights within Scotland declared, all policy between two Scottish airports by 2040. is seen through the prism of how Contributors to this report raised One discussion explored ‘mobility we reduce carbon the potential challenge for the as a service’ as a successful model emissions. That is Scottish Government of achieving to encourage households to give very new. this given its lack of control over up private vehicle ownership fiscal levers including vehicle and altogether. Pilots are already fuel taxation, excise duty and being run - however this should company car tax. However, it is be extended nationwide to allow likely to use congestion charging, for practical usage by individuals workplace parking levies, public needing to travel longer distances The Committee on Climate Change While the UK government has Bus lane priority was also raised as transport and EV priority on the by car. warned in its December report that committed to addressing this, a key driver of behaviour change. roads to influence behaviour. there is limited power at Scottish hard decisions must be taken, Transponders that prioritise buses, How regional partnerships are Penalties imposed on companies Government level in aviation. even where new flight paths over enabling faster more efficient awarded status to make decisions that fail to upgrade fleets should However, there are significant residential areas create obstruction. journeys are already in use in Perth about how and where to invest also be considered. challenges that must be met to A balance must be struck between city centre and must be rolled out in local infrastructure is also a reduce carbon emissions from air environmental priorities and social on a national basis, argued one It is also within the Scottish hotchpotch currently. This needs travel. According to one expert in ones. contributor. Broadening out bus Government’s gift to offer urgent review to award local public this area, Britain’s flight paths are lanes was also encouraged, though We found there was a distinct call scrappage schemes and other sector bodies the ability to make outdated and unfit for delivering one person labelled the policy for support from the government forms of financial support to decisions and take action to deliver more carbon efficient travel. debate around this ‘all a bit ad to upscale the development and those wishing to switch to electric on their own net zero targets. Existing flight paths were designed hoc’ and warned that not enough production of sustainable aviation vehicles. One such scheme is in the 1960s for aircraft designed thought had gone into how bus fuels, airspace modernisation and already in place with interest-free 60 years ago using ground-based lanes would affect local business infrastructure support for surface loans of up to £35,000 currently beacons to navigate. This results deliveries for example. access. offered by Transport Scotland and in congestion, aircraft having Several public sector contributors the Energy Savings Trust, on top of to remain in the air longer than indicated that road prioritisation grants from OLEV. needed and has not evolved to would change significantly reflect satellite navigation and the Transport Scotland also currently with cyclists given top priority, efficiencies that offers. provides funding for housing pavements widened to promote associations to provide electric walking, more investment in trams vehicles as part of a car club, and metro systems and bus lane widening access to the benefits extensions. of driving electric vehicles.

12 13 SOCIAL CHANGE

The Scottish Household Survey We were pointed to figures that The financial impact of forcing How easy using public transport is 2018 confirmed that people in showed passenger numbers rising change using low emissions zones for individuals is going to be critical. The public must Scotland are more concerned by 25 per cent between 2010 and 2016, on households is still poorly Schemes to introduce single fare climate change than ever before while aviation emissions rose just 5 understood, though it seems passes and charging structures We are getting be engaged in the much more efficient, “ but research from online investment per cent over the same period. ‘We logical that poorer households will that allow passengers to move “ challenge and policy aircraft are using should be designed platform Charles Stanley Direct are getting much more efficient, be disproportionately hit where seamlessly from one operator recently suggested that just 5 per aircraft are using much cleaner, Government does not devise to another without the need for much cleaner, to put people at the greener technology heart of it. cent of UK adults have changed greener technology and fuels and grant schemes to support the separate tickets are needed. They their day-to-day behaviour as a surface emissions have come down technological upgrades that are have been trialled in some parts and fuels and result of the global climate strike significantly. We haven’t been required to millions of homes and of the country, but there is a need surface emissions campaign led by Greta Thunberg. great at communicating this as an cars across the country. In Scotland, to roll this out on a co-ordinated have come down industry though.’ and its major cities particularly, national scale, which will require significantly. We However, the move towards flight- these schemes and incentives centralised administration by an haven’t been great shaming, spearheaded by Greta The Committee on Climate must be considered, agreed and independent party. Transport at communicating Thunberg has already impacted Change progress report to the delivered very quickly if they are Scotland is cognisant of this this as an industry on usage in her home country. Scottish Government, published to filter into a manageable rate of and seems minded to support though. The number of passengers flying in December 2019, advised that changeover. integrated ticketing. through Swedish airports dropped ‘the public must be engaged in 4 per cent in 2019, according the challenge and policy should be There is broad agreement amongst Active travel – walking and to Swedish state-owned airport designed to put people at the heart the sector that dependence on the cycling – need to become more operator Swedavia, led by a decline of it’. The shift in lifestyles that will road network in Scotland should be commonplace as do electric bikes. in domestic traffic. be needed if we are to hit net zero reduced, with priority on the roads But despite policies such as Smarter are enormous. How we travel is just given to public modes of transport Choices Smarter Places and the Britain, an island nation, has no as important a consideration in this including both buses and trams. Cycling Action Plan, there has been land link and just one rail link to transition as what we travel in. no significant behavioural shift the continent and therefore has Bill Reeve, of Transport Scotland, away from cars towards public fewer options when it comes to Currently, the public consensus sees told us that a priority for them is transport, walking and cycling in international travel. a shift from privately owned cars now ‘how to persuade passengers Scotland in the last decade. with combustion engines towards out of their cars and freight The point was raised during one privately owned electric vehicles. customers out of HGVs and onto of the discussions on this sector: But who pays for this remains a railways’ indicating that policy ‘People are questioning the tricky subject. At the moment already supports this shift. He also merits of flying ethically but we individuals are largely footing the suggested that the management in the aviation industry feel we bill but it was felt that there needs of Network Rail in Scotland needs have been on top of reducing our to be a debate about whether or to be devolved to the Scottish environmental impact for a while. not a form of scrappage scheme Government to facilitate the £15billion has been invested by should be introduced and funded upgrades needed. airlines and the aerospace industry publicly in order to encourage a year and aviation now accounts individuals to switch to cleaner cars. for just 2 per cent of global carbon emissions.’

14 15 CONCLUSION

Contributors to the report were on Experts in the aviation sector felt balance, hugely optimistic about broadly that they had already Concerted, committing to decarbonising invested heavily in carbon reduction coordinated Scotland’s transport sector. technologies and strategies but “ had failed to communicate their and well-funded Delivering the required reduction successes to the public. Flight paths action is required in carbon emissions in the desired to improve fuel consumption and now. timeframe elicited a more mixed efficiency, was singled out as a response. Dependent on sector, priority for governments. there was a varying degree of pessimism that the level of The question of offsetting emissions investment in infrastructure would was raised frequently, pointing out be sufficient to meet targets. that while the majority of industry’s focus must be on carbon emission ‘The money just isn’t there,’ said one reduction, true zero emissions are executive. further off than 2045 in Scotland. Broadly speaking, those operating There needs to be some agreement bus companies and ferry operators on acceptable levels of offsetting were most positive about their / phased reduction in offsetting ability to meet targets. allowances. Rail operators had more mixed Time was the biggest concern views – some rolling stock providers for all parties, with the consensus displayed real excitement to invest being that ambitious deadlines privately into developing battery were needed to create impetus for operated trains, hybrid trains action but scepticism expressed on powered by a mix of battery and how realistic delivery would be in hydrogen and pure hydrogen- practice. Concerted, coordinated powered trains. Government and well-funded action is required contracts, rolling stock lifespans now. and renewal timeframes require review however if operators are to be incentivised or forced to replace entire fleets quickly enough. There will be a commercial cost to be borne: whether government provides scrappage schemes or simply legislates will have an effect on the cost of rail travel ultimately passed to passengers.

16 17 CURRENT EMISSIONS THE AMBITION

Surface transport emissions Emissions from surface Cars, vans and heavy goods The Climate Change According to the Committee Scottish Government has increased by 3 per cent in transport in Scotland were vehicles (HGVs) account for (Emissions Reduction on Climate Change, emissions also pledged to decarbonise 2017, the fourth consecutive 12 per cent higher in 2017 65 per cent of total Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019 will need to fall by an average passenger rail services by annual increase, to than in 1990, and were just 1 transport emissions in Scotland (“2019 Act”) introduced new of 1.8 MtCO2e each year 2035, and all flights between

10.5 MtCO2e per cent lower than the peak emissions reduction targets between now and 2050, Scottish airports by 2040 in 2007 for 2020, 2030 and 2040 equivalent to 3.6 per cent of of 56 per cent, 75 per cent emissions in 2017 and 90 per cent respectively against 1990 levels.

The total distance travelled Car traffic has increased by Vehicle ownership in the by road vehicles in Scotland 5 per cent since 2007, Highlands and Islands has increased steadily since broadly in line with the increase Transport Partnership region 2011 at an average rate of seen in car travel for the UK is 18 per cent higher, and 1.7 per cent per year as a whole average distances travelled Scotland will consult on zero- by road are estimated to be or ultra-low-emission city around 20 per cent higher centres by 2030, and aims to than the Scottish average end the need for new petrol or diesel cars in the public sector fleet by 2025

The distance travelled by The distance travelled by HGVs Aviation emissions grew vans has increased by over fell from 2007 to a low in 2012, 6 per cent in 2017 to 2.1 MtCO2e 30 per cent in the past though it has since risen at an and are now 56 per cent ten years average of around 1 per cent higher than 1990 levels The cities of Glasgow and per year for the past five years largely due to an increase Edinburgh have both set in emissions from themselves even more international flights ambitious targets of reaching net zero carbon emissions by 2030.

Emissions from domestic Shipping emissions fell by Domestic shipping was the flights increased by2 per 5 per cent in 2017 to 2.3 major source of shipping cent to 0.6 MtCO2e, and MtCO2e, following three emissions in Scotland, were 27 per cent below successive annual increases responsible for more than 1990 levels from 2013 to 2016, and are now five times the greenhouse 44 per cent below 1990 levels gas emissions than from international shipping

18 19 CHANGE IN EMISSIONS

20%

-20%

-40%

-60%

-80% Source: The Committee on Climate Change progress report to the Scottish -100% Government, published in December 2019

Waste Power Surface Surface F-gases Aviation LULUCF Industry Shipping Buildings transport Agriculture &

EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT IN SCOTLAND (1990-2017)

Source: The Committee on Climate 10 Change progress report to the Scottish Government, published in 8 December 2019 e 2 6

MtCO Surface Notes: No emissions data 4 transport are available for devolved administrations for 1991-1994 or 2 Shipping 1996-1997. Includes Scotland’s share of emissions from international 0 Aviation aviation and shipping 2012 1992 2016 2014 1998 1996 1994 2010 1990 2002 2008 2006 2004 2000

EMISSIONS FROM SURFACE TRANSPORT IN SCOTLAND (1990-2017)

5 Cars e

2 4 Heavy goods vehicles

3 Light goods vehicles MtCO

2 Busses and coaches Rail 1 Motorcycles 0 Other Source: NAEI (2019) 2012 1992 2016 2014 1998 1996 1994 2010 1990 2002 2008 2006 2004 2000

20 21 PROBLEMS. POSSIBILITIES. COMPLEXITY. CLARITY. OBSTACLES. OPPORTUNITIES. THE DIFFERENCE IS IMAGINATION. THE DIFFERENCE IS AG.

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