Freedom of Expression Revisited
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Freedom of Expression Revisited The Internet and the ongoing digitization of media have transformed media landscapes and in turn the social functions of media and the structure of both governance and markets. In recent years, there has been widespread concern about the ability of the media to maintain and develop their role as a pillar of democracy. Issues regarding freedom of expression, freedom of information Freedom of Expression and freedom of the press are more complex than ever. The Nordic region – Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden – is among the most technology-intensive and “wired” regions in the world. These Revisited countries are similar in many respects, including their media systems. In the era of globalization, however, the Nordic countries are undergoing change on many fronts. From the point of view of welfare politics and democratic processes, these changes pose numerous challenges. Citizenship and Journalism in the Digital Era The theme of this volume – Freedom of Expression Revisited. Citizenship and Journalism in the Digital Era – could be summarized as critical perspectives on experiences and conceptions of freedom of expression and the media in contemporary communication societies. The book reflects Nordic as well as Edited by global perspectives. The contributors are leading Nordic scholars, but also professionals outside the Nordic region, who have been engaged for years in research on freedom of expression from different angels. ulla carlsson In 2009, Nordicom published the book Freedom of Speech Abridged? Cultural, Legal and Philosophical Challenges written by researchers and authors work- ing in the Nordic countries. The present book may be seen as a follow-up to this earlier volume. Edited by ulla carlsson NordicNORDICOM Information Centre for Media and Communication Research University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 (op.) Fax +46 31 786 46 55 E-mail: [email protected] www.nordicom.gu.se NORDICOM NORDICOM’s activities are based on broad and extensive network of contacts and collaboration with members of the research community, media companies, politicians, regulators, teachers, NORDICOM Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research librarians, and so forth, around the world. The activities at Nordicom are characterized by three NORDICOM is an Institution within the Nordic Council of Ministers main working areas. Director and Administration • Media and Communication Research Findings in the Nordic Countries Director: Ulla Carlsson Administration and Sales: Technical Editing and Webmaster: Nordicom publishes a Nordic journal, Nordicom Information, and an English language journal, Telephone: +46 31 786 12 19 Anne Claesson Per Nilsson Nordicom Review (refereed), as well as anthologies and other reports in both Nordic and English Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Telephone: +46 31 786 12 16 Telephone: +46 31 786 46 54 [email protected] Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 languages. Different research databases concerning, among other things, scientific literature and [email protected] [email protected] ongoing research are updated continuously and are available on the Internet. Nordicom has the character of a hub of Nordic cooperation in media research. Making Nordic research in the field of Field of Activities mass communication and media studies known to colleagues and others outside the region, and weaving and supporting networks of collaboration between the Nordic research communities and Media and Communication Media Trends and The International Clearinghouse Research Media Statistics on Children, Youth and Media colleagues abroad are two prime facets of the Nordicom work. The documentation services are based on work performed in national documentation centres Publications Nordic Media Trends Scientific Co-ordinator: Maria Edström Editor: Ulla Carlsson Nordic Co-ordinator: Eva Harrie attached to the universities in Aarhus, Denmark; Tampere, Finland; Reykjavik, Iceland; Bergen, Telephone: +46 31 786 66 40 Telephone: +46 31 786 12 19 Telephone: +46 31 786 46 58 Fax: +46 8 786 46 55 Norway; and Göteborg, Sweden. Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Information Co-ordinator: Research Documentation Nordic Media Policy • Trends and Developments in the Media Sectors in the Nordic Countries Catharina Bucht Nordicom compiles and collates media statistics for the whole of the Nordic region. The statistics, Nordic Co-ordinator: Editor: Terje Flisen Telephone: +46 31 786 49 53 Claus Kragh Hansen [email protected] Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 together with qualified analyses, are published in the series, Nordic Media Trends, and on the State and University Library [email protected] homepage. Besides statistics on output and consumption, the statistics provide data on media Universitetsparken Outlook Europe & International DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark ownership and the structure of the industries as well as national regulatory legislation. Today, the Editor: Anna Celsing [email protected] Nordic region constitutes a common market in the media sector, and there is a widespread need Telephone: +45 89 46 20 69 Fax: +45 89 46 20 50 for impartial, comparable basic data. These services are based on a Nordic network of contributing [email protected] institutions. Nordicom gives the Nordic countries a common voice in European and international networks National Centres and institutions that inform media and cultural policy. At the same time, Nordicom keeps Nordic Nordicom-Denmark Nordicom-Finland Nordicom-Norway Nordicom-Sweden users abreast of developments in the sector outside the region, particularly developments in the State and University Library School of Communication, Department of Information University of Gothenburg European Union and the Council of Europe. Universitetsparken Media and Theatre Science and Media Studies PO Box 713 DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark University of Tampere University of Bergen SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden FI-33014 Tampere, Finland PO Box 7800 • Research on Children, Youth and the Media Worldwide Media and Communication NO-5020 Bergen, Norway Media and Communication Research Media and Communication Research At the request of UNESCO, Nordicom started the International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth Research Media and Communication Mogens Vestergaard Kjeldsen Maria Edström Research and Media in 1997. The work of the Clearinghouse aims at increasing our knowledge of children, Telephone: +45 89 46 21 67 Eija Poteri Telephone: +46 31 786 66 40 youth and media and, thereby, at providing the basis for relevant decision-making, at contributing to Fax: +45 89 46 22 20 Telephone: +358 3 3551 70 45 Ragnhild Mølster Fax: +46 8 786 46 55 [email protected] [email protected] Telephone: +47 55 58 91 40 [email protected] constructive public debate and at promoting children’s and young people’s media literacy. It is also Fax: +47 55 58 91 49 ragnhild.molster@infomedia. Karin Poulsen hoped that the work of the Clearinghouse will stimulate additional research on children, youth and uib.no Telephone: +46 31 786 44 19 media. The Clearinghouse’s activities have as their basis a global network of 1000 or so participants Nordicom-Iceland [email protected] Director and Media Trends and in more than 125 countries, representing not only the academia, but also, e.g., the media industries, Administration: University of Iceland Media Statistics Media Trends and Félagsvísindadeild NORDICOM Media Statistics in Sweden politics and a broad spectrum of voluntary organizations. IS-101 Reykjavík, Iceland MediaNorway University of Gothenburg In yearbooks, newsletters and survey articles the Clearinghouse has an ambition to broaden Ulrika Facht PO Box 713, Nina Bjørnstad Media and Communication Telephone: +46 31 786 13 06 SE-405 30 Göteborg Telephone: +47 55 58 91 26 and contextualize knowledge about children, young people and media literacy. The Clearinghouse Research [email protected] Sweden Fax: +47 55 58 91 49 seeks to bring together and make available insights concerning children’s and young people’s [email protected] Telephone: +46 31 786 00 00 Guðbjörg Hildur Kolbeins Karin Hellingwerf relations with mass media from a variety of perspectives. Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 Telephone: +354 525 42 29 Telephone: +46 31 786 19 92 [email protected] Fax: +354 552 68 06 [email protected] [email protected] Jonas Ohlsson Telephone: +46 31 786 61 25 www.nordicom.gu.sewww.nordicom.gu.se www.nordicom.gu.se [email protected] Freedom of Expression Revisited Freedom of Expression Revisited Citizenship and Journalism in the Digital Era Edited by Ulla Carlsson NORDICOM Freedom of Expression Revisited Citizenship and Journalism in the Digital Era Edited by Ulla Carlsson © Editorial matters and selections, the editor; articles, individual contributors; with one exception, see page 45 Nordicom 2013 ISBN 978-91-86523-74-9 Published by: Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE-405 30 Göteborg Sweden Cover by: Daniel Zachrisson Printed by: Ale Tryckteam AB, Bohus, Sweden, 2013 Contents Ulla Carlsson A Brief Introduction 7 Views from a Nordic Horizon Helge Rønning Freedom of Expression is Not a Given Right 13 Risto Kunelius The Satanic Pendulum. Notes on Free Speech, the Public Sphere 27 and Journalism in 2013 Kaarle Nordenstreng Deconstructing Libertarian Myths About Press Freedom 45 Arne H. Krumsvik Freedom of Expression and the Professionalization of Journalism 61 Elisabeth Eide Norway and 22 July: A Clash of Diagnoses …? A Media Debate on Freedom of Expression Revisited 73 Oluf Jørgensen The Scope of Freedom of Information. To What Legal Bodies and Functions Does the Right of Access to Information Apply? 93 Views from Global and European Horizons Rikke Frank Jørgensen Freedom of Expression in the Internet Era 119 Guy Berger Mapping Freedom of Expression. A Global Endeavour 131 William Horsley Towards a Better World: What the North Can Do. Safety and an Enabling Environment for Journalists 145 Anna Celsing European Union.