“Not to be cited without prior reference to the authors” International Council ICES CM 2011/D:09 for the Exploration of the Sea Theme Session: Linking the history to the present: understanding the history of fish, fisheries and management

Long-term (1920-2010) changes of the Polish long-distance and the fishery structure – an effect of mutual concurrence or a decree of the fate?

Włodzimierz Grygiel, Kordian Trella and Emil Kuzebski

Abstract. The study reflects the long-term (1920-2010) changes in the Polish long-distance and the Baltic fishery structure, considered in light of the state’s economical system variation. The species composition of annual landings, technical support and employment in the fishery is analysed. Development of the Polish Baltic fishery was initiated after the , with logistical and technical support of the government. In 1920, the Polish fishing fleet was operated in the Baltic only and was composed of 55 motor-cutters, 16 sail-cutters and 800 smaller boats, managed by private owners, locally associated in the Kashubian Maszoperia. Then 1086 fishermen were active and annual landings were 800 tons, with sprat, flatfish and herring dominance. In 1931, eight Polish vessels operated outside the Baltic for the first time. Beginning from 1947, cooperative, private and state fleets was accomplished the Baltic fishery. Dynamic development of the long-distance fishery, which was steered by state, started in 1960 and in the next 30 years dominated over the Baltic fishery. The Polish historically highest landings (816.7x10^3 tons) of marine species were recorded in 1975 and in 74% originated from 130 vessels operating outside the Baltic. In 1999, total landings decreased about 4-times and only 42% was achieved outside the Baltic. In 1990s the process of the Polish fishing fleet privatization was started. On the beginning of 2000s, gradual collapse of the long-distance fishery (in 2010 four vessels remained) was observed. In 2004-2010, 501 (38%) of the Polish vessels were ultimately removed from the Baltic fishery, and annual landings decreased by 28%.

Keywords: long-distance and Baltic fishery (1920-2010), . Contact author: Włodzimierz Grygiel, the National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (former the Sea Fisheries Institute) in (Poland), 1 Kollataja Street, 81-332 Gdynia, tel.: +48 58 7356270, fax: +48 58 7356110, e-mail: [email protected]

Introduction When the Republic of Poland regained independence in 1918, it obtained access to the Baltic Sea. At that time, the Polish coast stretched at a distance of merely 140 km (Fig. 1) and the local fishermen, mainly , operated only in the Baltic, primarily based on the fishing port in Hel (the Peninsula of Hel; http://hela.com.pl/port.htm) build in 1883. In those days there was no seagoing port within the borders of the country. Poland had the right of access to commercial and fishing port in Gda ńsk, but it was a separate political entity - the Free City of Gda ńsk. Development of the Polish Baltic fishery was initiated after World War I, with logistical and technical support of the government. In 1920, the Polish fishing fleet was operated in the Baltic only and was composed of 55 motor-cutters, 16 sail-cutters and 800 smaller boats, managed by private owners, locally associated in the Kashubian Maszoperia. History, but not a direct activity of the Polish long-distance fishery, began in 1923 when the state authorities decided to build a fishing port in Gdynia, which was intensively modernized in subsequent years (photos 1 & 2). The year 1931, when the first long-distance fishing company named Polish-Dutch Herring Company S.A. "North Sea” was established in Gdynia, can be considered as the beginning of the Polish fishery outside the Baltic (Ropelewski 1963, Krzeptowski 2006). Intensive development of the Polish long-distance fishery, constantly 1 upgraded in technical aspects, but not in terms of economy and administration, was recorded in the first half of the 1960s. According to the earlier, common definition given by Kulikowski (1947, 1960), the term Polish long-distance fishery means fishing in the marine areas beyond the Danish Straits. In more modern legal and political conditions (International Law of the Sea, 1982) it seems the most reasonable to define the long-distance fishery as fishing activities conducted beyond 200 nmi EEZ (Janusz and Draganik 1999). After the Second World War, the geopolitical situation of Poland changed in many aspects - the Polish coast stretched at a distance of 775 km (Fig. 1), and Poland gained three other seagoing ports (, Gda ńsk, Świnouj ście). What is important, the political system of the country changed, which led to replacing the free market with a centrally planned and largely controlled economy. In the course of these changes at the turn of 1940s/1950s, the state-owned Baltic fishing and long-distance fishing enterprises, as well as fishing cooperatives were established. After the period of intensive “Cold War” (1946-1956) a mutual competition between Polish long-distance and Baltic fishery was gradually developing. This competition was based on a noble goal of the socialist economy, namely the need to improve the nutritional status of people in various ways, in the name of the national interest. This goal was generally the same as the goal that led to the development of marine fisheries around the world, i.e. facing the increased demand for food production (FAO 1953, Łaszczy ński 1960). The goal of this paper is to present the long-term (1920-2010) changes of the Polish long- distance- and the Baltic Sea fishery structure, considering these changes as an effect of mutual concurrence, influenced by the state’s economical and political systems transformation or by a decree of the fate.

Materials Data on the structural changes in the Polish long-distance fishery in the interwar period and after World War II, to the year 2010, presented in this paper relate to the fishing activity that covered basins located outside the Baltic Sea. The characteristic of the commercial fishery of marine organisms (mainly fish) is based on the statistical data originated from the following sources:  overall statistics for the Polish catches in the years 1950-2009, according to the FAO statistical areas, contained in the FAO database, was obtained using the software Fishstat Plus ver. 2.3.2000 (Anon. 2011a);  overall statistics for the Polish catches in the years 1955-2009 in the North-East Atlantic (Atlantic NE) comes from the ICES database included in the software Fishstat Plus ver. 2.3.2000;  data on the Polish long-distance landings in 2010, and fish catches in the Baltic in the recent years was obtained from the Department of Fishery Economics of National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (Gdynia) and the Polish Fisheries Monitoring Centre (FMC, MARD) in Gdynia (unpublished data);  data on the Baltic and long-distance fish catches in the pre-war years and the period of 1945- 1949 and 1997-1999 and data on the technical development of the Polish fishing fleet are described based on the materials presented by Netzl (2000), Blady (2002) and Wawrzyniak (2011),  Polish and international statistics of the main Baltic species catches in the years 1930-2010 are based on the data of the ICES Secretariat, ICES Working Group - WGBFAS (Anon. 2011b) and the Department of Fishery Economics of NMFRI (Gdynia), Netzl (2000) and Wawrzyniak (2011),  the term "fleet capacity" means gross register tonnage (GRT) or gross tonnage (GT) and the vessel's main engine power (in kW), due to the fact that the data on GRT and GT overlap in time, and sometimes relate to the same Polish fishing vessels, in order to illustrate trends, these two slightly different tonnage rates are treated as identical,

2  results of research, presented in Figures 2-13 and 15 and in Table 2, come from the authors' own investigations; the mentioned Table 2 includes the names and abbreviations of statistical fishing areas according to the division used in FAO.

Results Developing and structure of the Polish long-distance fishery Analysis of the historical development and structural changes in national long-distance fishery is presented taking into account the periods related to the economic and political transformations in Poland, beginning from 1918, when the Republic of Poland obtained access to the Baltic Sea after regaining independence, through the 1990s, when the long-distance fishery found itself in a deep crisis, up to 2010. The past 90 years of the Polish marine fishery can be divided into several phases. In the period before the World War II following milestones can be distinguished:  years 1918-1922 - the long-distance fishery did not exist, and the Baltic fishery was gradually developing (Netzel, 2000); there was no seagoing port within the borders of the country of the time, but Poland had the right of access to commercial and fishing port in the Free City of Gda ńsk,  23.09.1922, when the Polish Parliament passed a law on the construction of the port "at Gdynia," which was extensively modernized in subsequent years (photos 1 & 2) - this fact enabled a gradual development of maritime trade and fishery outside the Danish Straits - at that time recognized as the border between the Baltic and long-distance fishery (Kulikowski 1947, 1960, Janusz and Draganik 1999),  22.05.1931 - the beginning of activity of the Polish fishery outside the Baltic based on the first long-distance fishing company named the Polish-Dutch Herring Company S.A. “North Sea”, established in Gdynia, which operated for three years using a total of eight steam powered side luggers (drift-boats) with the length of 32-35 m and with the length of about 25 m and powered by internal combustion engines, provided by the Dutch as contribution; the ships were given Polish registration numbers and names, and the Polish capital in the company amounted to 51%; the crews of these vessels were mainly Dutch, but the Marine Fisheries Office in Gdynia sent five Polish fishermen to Norway and another group to the Netherlands for training; fishing using drift nets - mostly for herring Clupea harengus - was conducted in the North Sea (Ropelewski 1963, Krzeptowski 2006),  05.05.1933 - a new Polish-Dutch company "Mewa" - the Long-Distance Fishery Ship Association S.A. in Gdynia was established, and it had a fleet of fifteen luggers, collectively called "Mewa", with numbers from I to XV; those vessels had the length of 23-31 m and were equipped with internal combustion engines (Krzeptowski 2006),  in 1936 the Polish long-distance fleet had 14 luggers, and fishing (mostly for herring) in the North Sea amounted to 5060 tons, i.e. 21% of the overall Polish landings (Netzel 2000, Wawrzyniak 2011; Table 1); the mentioned Table 1 summarizes the data according to three significant years - 1920 - the first years of the Second Republic of Poland, 1936 - the biggest pre-war fish catches in Poland, and 1939 - the beginning of World War II,  just before World War II the Polish fishing company "Ławica” - the Long-Distance Fishery Company Ltd. was established in Gdynia; it had one trawler - "Ławica",  just before the beginning of World War II, the Polish long-distance fleet had 20 luggers and 9 trawlers, belonging to five companies, whose catches exceeded 10 thousand tons per year; about 240 fishermen from Poland and 190 from other countries were employed at the time (Ropelewski 1963, Krzeptowski 2006, Wawrzyniak 2011),  years 1931-1939 - the beginning of activity of the Polish long-distance fishery, mainly in the North Sea, and, at the end of 1938, also in the Barents Sea (Netzel 2000, Krzeptowski 2006,

3 Wawrzyniak 2011), based on free market economy, but administratively subordinate to the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Poland,  after World War II, most of fishing vessels operating outside the Baltic did not return to Poland. After the end of the Second World War, the geopolitical situation in Poland changed - the Polish coast stretched at a distance of 775 km (Fig. 1). Poland obtained three seagoing ports - in Gda ńsk, Szczecin and Świnouj ście, the political system of the country changed, which led to replacing the free market with a centrally planned economy strongly associated with the political principles of the socialist countries. All these factors determined the activity of long-distance fishery. As a result of the above changes, the national Long-Distance Fishery and Fishing Services Company PPDiUR "Dalmor" began its activity in 1949 (Ropelewski 1996, Krzeptowski 2006). In 1951, "Dalmor" received the first vessels built in Polish shipyards; those were steam vessels type B-10 and lugger-trawlers type B-11 and B-17 (Blady 2002). In 1952, "Dalmor" also acquired from the Polish Ocean Lines (PLO) the freighter "Morska Wola", which served as a mother-vessel. At the same time, under post-war support known as UNRRA, Poland received 25 trawlers and 15 fishing cutters (Blady 2002, Krzeptowski 2006). Two further Polish (state- owned) long-distance fishery enterprises were created - on 01.04.1954 - PPDiUR "Odra" with its headquarter in Świnouj ście and on 27.11.1957 - PPDiUR "Gryf" in Szczecin, which together with "Dalmor" were the only companies in Poland that conducted fishing activities outside the Baltic to the mid-1990s, despite major changes in land wealth and size of the fleet. In the years 1946-1958, covering the period known as the “Cold War”, the activities of the Polish long-distance fishery were limited to the Kattegat and Skagerrak, the North Sea, the Barents Sea, the English Channel, and fishing grounds around Ireland and Iceland (Atlantic NE; Fig. 3). In 1950-1958, the Polish vessels caught in a total of 316 thousand tons of herring in those fishing grounds, i.e. 99.4% of all fish beyond the Baltic (Anon. 2011a; Figs. 2, 5 and 7). At the time, the Polish annual fish catches in the Atlantic NE increased 3.7-times, i.e. from 16333 to 60483 tons (Fig. 5). It should be noted that the longest fishing traditions in the history of our long-distance fishery are related to the Atlantic NE. Over 61 years (1950-2010) a total of 1943662 tons of marine organisms were caught there (Table 2, Fig. 4), primarily herring (53.0% - long-term average), Atlantic mackerel (10.3%) and saithe (9.7%; Fig. 7). The record annual catch of fish in this region occurred in 1976, when 124532 tons were caught (Table 2). It should be added that in the group all the long-distance fishing grounds explored in 1950-2010 by the Polish fleet (Figs. 3 and 4) the Atlantic NE played a significant, though not the most important role in total catches of marine organisms. The average long-term share of the landings in the aforementioned region was 14.3% (Fig. 6) of the sum of 13619319 tons of marine organisms caught by the Polish long-distance fleet over the last 61 years. Intensive development of the Polish long-distance fishery, constantly upgraded in technical aspects, but not in the organizational terms, began at the turn of 1950s/1960s, after the informal end of the “Cold War”, in which Poland played no important role anyway. A significant increase in the annual landings of marine organisms, the number of deep-sea fishing grounds exploited by the Polish fleet, the number of fishermen, the power of vessels’ main engines and gross register tonnage (GRT) and a lesser increase in the number of vessels were recorded in the years 1960-1975 (Figs. 2, 3, 5, 9 and 10, Table 2). Polish annual landings of marine organisms originated from the long-distance fishery increased in 1960-1975 from 85622 to 563732 tons, i.e. almost 7-times, even though in 1972 Iceland unilaterally introduced a 50-mile exclusive fishing zone, and extended it to 200 nautical miles in 1975. The year 1975 was a record in the history of Polish long-distance fishery in terms of the landings - 563.7 thousand tons (FAO data), with an estimated value of U.S.$ 250 millions1. This contributed to the highest ever fish consumption level - 16.67 kg of fresh weight of "fish"/person on average (Fig. 8).

1 Catch value in dollars was estimated on the basis of the world prices in fish export in 1976, published by FAO. The amount in zlotys was given according to "Fishing Management in 1973-1975." 4 In the period of 1960-1975, the number of Polish fishermen increased from 3202 to 9940, i.e. slightly more than 3-times. One of the milestones in the development of the Polish long- distance fishery was the introduction of the first factory trawler type B-15 in 1959/1960 with the sailing autonomy of 75 days, the freezing capacity of 30 tons of fish per day and production capacity of 25 tons of fishmeal per day (Blady 2002). In the second half of the 1960s, new ships were introduced to the service: type B-22, B-23 and B-29, which were equipped with refrigeration devices for freezing fish fillets and head of, and the Baader-type machines for filleting and skinning of fish and the equipment for production of fishmeal from post-production waste. As a result of introducing long-range trawlers to the service, the processing capability of the long-distance fleet increased rapidly. While in 1960, the use of machines installed on the Polish long-distance vessels allowed processing up to 8 thousand tons of marine organisms (primarily fish), in 1975 this number increased to 690 thousand tons per year (86-times increase; Pola ński 1976). In 1960-1975, ten different types of factory trawlers were constructed for Polish ship-owners, and 81 vessels of this type were introduced to the service (Blady 2002). New vessels were much larger than the ones used previously, which can be easily seen when analysing the average tonnage of long-distance fleet. While in 1960, the average tonnage amounted to 436 GRT, in 1975 it increase 3.5-times, to 1538 GRT. In the aforementioned years, the number of Polish fishing vessels operating in deep-sea fisheries increased slightly (11%), from 117 to 130, while the main engine power for all vessels increased by 246%, i.e. from 53.2 to 183.9 thousand kW (Figs. 9 and 10). Larger cargo holds in ships and more powerful engines contributed directly to the increase in fishing efficiency. In 1960-1975, the average annual fishing efficiency of vessel increased 7.7-times, i.e. from 600 to 4600 tons. It should be noted that herring catches in 1965-1970 decreased in the Atlantic NE from 103.4 to 10.3 thousand tons. Consequently, the fish catches location underwent geographical dispersion. The vessels mentioned above also allowed an increase in catches in the Atlantic NW, the Atlantic CE, and in early 1970s in the Pacific NE and Pacific CE (Table 2, Figs. 3 and 5). Fish catches in the Atlantic NW began to play a leading role in Polish long-distance fishery in 1960/1970 and were continued there for 43 years (Table 2). A total of 2431213 tons of marine organisms were caught in the aforementioned area, i.e. 18% in long-term scale (Table 2, Figs. 4 and 6), and 269538 tons were caught in the record year - 1971 (Fig. 5, Table 2). The caught fish species were dominated by Atlantic mackerel (31.5% of average share in catches in 1959-2007), Atlantic cod (22.7%) and Atlantic herring (21.8%) and to a lesser extent, beaked redfish and Greenland halibut (Fig. 7). Following the above described changes in the Polish long-distance fishery in the years 1960-1975, the consumption of fresh and processed all kind of “fishes” significantly increased in Poland, i.e. from 7.14 to 16.67 kg of fresh weight/person (2.3-times increase), and the external trade balance for fish and fish products in the most years from 1960 to 1975 was positive (up to 51453 tons in product weight/year - in 1973; Fig. 8). The basis for the development of Polish long-distance fishery in 1960-1975 was the free access to fishing grounds, whereas the limiting factor was the knowledge about the distribution of fish resources in the seas and oceans of the world, and, to a lesser extent, the degree of technical and technological development of the fishing fleet. The development of long-distance fleet and fishery outside the Baltic Sea was also stimulated by a political aspect, which was the pressure of state authorities for permanent search for new fishing grounds temporary using expensive experimental techniques and fishing equipment, such as large pelagic trawls with a vertical opening of about 80 m, the use of artificial light for forced aggregation of marine organisms (e.g. squids) at the surface of the seas, or fishing in large ocean depths (< 1000 m). Another turning point in the development of the Polish long-distance fishery was legal and geopolitical changes in the seas and oceans of the world from the mid-1970s to 1982. A number of countries with direct access to the sea began to create exclusive economic zones (EEZ) in the surrounding seas, e.g. Iceland in 1972 (zone of 50 nmi) and 1975 (extended to 200 nmi), Norway, the United States, Canada, Morocco, the EEC and the Baltic states - in 1977. This 5 caused a significant reduction or even prevented fishing by the Polish long-distance fleet in the Atlantic NE, Atlantic NW, Atlantic CE, and Pacific NE. Because of the established EEZs, in 1977 the Polish fishery lost the ability to freely use the basins that provided about 70% of the landings 2. In 1975 and 1978, i.e. before and after the introduction of the 200-nmi EEZs, the Polish catches of the marine organisms 10-times decreased in the Atlantic NW, i.e. from 187647 to 18126 tons, and in the Atlantic NE - 4-times, i.e. from 120032 to 29519 tons and in the Atlantic CE - 2-times, i.e. from 92290 to 49302 tons. Total catches decreased by 32%, i.e. of 179210 tons (Figs. 2 and 5). The above-mentioned reduction of Polish landings of marine organisms in 1975-1978 was accompanied by a slight decrease in the number (from 130 to 120) of fishing vessels and increase in capacity of vessels (from 199.9 to 235.4 thousand GRT), the increase in power of main engine in vessels (from 183.9 to 223.0 thousand kW) and in the number of employees in long-distance fishery (from 9940 to 10857; Fig. 9). With the above-described quantitative changes, the continuation of existence of the Polish long-distance fishery was made possible through the implementation of two potential scenarios - the movement of fishing vessels to the waters remaining outside the jurisdiction of coastal states, or fishing as part of the cooperation or buying licenses from these countries. After introducing EEZs in the above-mentioned basins, the majority of Polish fleet was moved to the shelf waters of West Africa (Senegal, Namibia), South America (Falkland Islands, Peru) and North America (Pacific zone of the USA and Canada; Fig. 3). This manoeuvre allowed the avoidance of significant decrease in the fish landings, and, at the same, the gathering of new professional and managerial experience. An example of the effectiveness of Polish long-distance fishery in the years 1973-1978 is an increase from 50.0 to 164.1 thousand tons in fish landings - mostly hake, Cape horse mackerel and mackerel - from fishing grounds nearby the Namibia, with participation of up to 28 vessels. Simultaneously with the exploitation of African fishing grounds, commercial catches were conducted nearby the Falkland Islands (Atlantic SW). In both regions, the temporary presence of long-distance fleets was possible due to unclear political situation in the regions, i.e. the conflict between Argentina and Britain over the Falkland Islands. It should be noted that in 1978-1986 the Polish fleet for the first time was ranked first for the marine organisms landings among other countries fishing in Atlantic SW. Record the Polish annual landings in the long-term fishing activities – 347.9 thousand tons, constituted from southern blue whiting (233 thousand tons), various squids (110 thousand tons), and Patagonian grenadier and Argentine hake (the long-term average total share was 86%) in the Falkland area were reached in 1983 (Table 2, Figs. 5 and 7). According to Blady (2002) in 1982-1985, the Polish fishery took second place in the world behind Japan in the catches of cephalopods. At that time, 40 from totally 93 operating Polish long-distance trawlers were involved in catches nearby Falklands. It should be noted that from 1979, squids were caught in these fishing grounds using hook technique, the so-called jiggers, while pelagic trawls were used at the eastern shores of Canada. Pelagic trawls and bottom trawls were the basic fishing gears in the Polish long-distance fishery after the period of 1935-1955, when our luggers had used mainly drift nets. Fishing with applied drift lines with hooks or many kilometres long sets of gillnets was not significant in the Polish fishery. Simultaneously with the exploitation of the Atlantic SW, the Polish long-distance vessels began in 1976 fishing in the adjacent waters of the Antarctic Atlantic, catching 575 tons of krill Euphausia superba. In 1976-2010, the average share of Antarctic krill in the Polish catches exceeded the share of fish and was 59% (Fig. 7). Maximum results - 72.6 thousand tons of fish, mainly mackerel icefish Champsocephalus gunnari , humped rockcod Gobionotothen gibberifrons , South Georgia icefish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus and spiny icefish Chaenodraco wilsoni were obtained in 1978 with the use of approximately 20 long-distance

2 The exploitation of the North Atlantic and North-East Pacific was actually limited from the early 1970s by the use of closed seasons, catch limits and other measures for regulating fishing by international committees of ICNAF (from 1979 by NAFO), NEAFC and catch limits set by the U.S. and Canada in 1975. 6 vessels (Table 2, Figs. 4, 5 and 7). The size of allowable catches in the Antarctic Atlantic has been regulated by the CCAMLR, established in 1980. The search for new fishing grounds led the Polish fishing vessels to the Pacific CE, where 25.8 thousand tons of fish, mainly North Pacific hake, were caught in 1974-1976. In the years 1976-1980 fishing was conducted in the Antarctic waters of the Indian Ocean, catching a total of 678 tons of fish, including 460 tons of grey rockcod Lepidonotothen squamifrons and 259 tons of mackerel icefish Champsocephalus gunnari. It is also worth mentioning that the fishing fleet conducted scouting activities in the Atlantic CW, where a total of 2.9 thousand tons of fish (mainly Spanish sardine) were caught in 1975, and that Polish fleet was present in the Pacific- Antarctic in 1978, where 36 tons of krill and 21 tons of Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarctica were caught . The decades of 80s and 90s are the periods of major socio-economic transformations in Poland and a gradual reduction of long-distance fishery. The aforementioned years can be divided into three periods. The first period includes the years 1982-1984, when mostly the U.S. imposed relatively ineffective restrictions on the Polish economy - Polish fishing vessels had to leave the American waters - a result of martial law introduced in Poland on 13.12.1981. Most of the vessels were transferred to the Atlantic SW, where among-others of 233.0 thousand tons of southern blue whiting was caught in 1983, and to the Atlantic SE, where 108.3 thousand tons of Cape horse mackerel was caught in 1983 (Figs. 5 and 7). The second historical period were the years 1982-1989, which covered a period of gradual extinction of Polish centrally planned socialist economy, but the mobilization of long- distance fleet still remained at a high level - annual landings of marine organisms ranged from 412599 to 534602 tons (Figs. 2 and 8.) In 1982-2001 a total of 212.0 thousand tons of marine organisms were caught in the Atlantic Antarctic, of which 84.4% was krill. In the period of 1982-1989 the number of fishing vessels decreased from 92 to 81, the fleet capacity and employment were nearly constant (Fig. 9), fish consumption fluctuated within a relatively narrow range of 11.63÷14.40 kg of fresh weight/person, while the external trade balance fluctuated within a broad range, i.e. from +66329 to -61343 tons of product (Fig. 8). In the second half of the 1980s, with the independent exploration for new fishing grounds (e.g. the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk; Fig. 3, Table 2) by the Polish long-distance fleet, another international fishing companies, known already in the 1970s, were created and fish were bought from foreign ship-owners (klondyking), e.g. from Americans in the Pacific NE. For example, in 1997-1999, the Polish klondyking of fish was 117.1 thousand tons in total, whereas own catches in this period amounted to 363.1 thousand tons (Table 3; Wawrzyniak 2011), which accounted for 24.4 and 75.6%, respectively of the all fish caught outside the Baltic. In the period of 1985-2001, fishing for walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk (North Pacific), including beyond 200-mile zones of the United States and Russia, was very important for the Polish fishery. Open waters of the Bering Sea were the most important fishing region for 30 of 86 vessels, providing more than 60% of the total fish landings in 1987-1991. In 1992, over 70% of the Polish fishing effort, expressed in days of fishing, was directed to exploitation of the Sea of Okhotsk resources. Polish fishing in Pacific NW, amounting to a total 3021927 tons (primarily walleye pollock) over 17 years, was the biggest in the history of the Polish fishery in terms of landings compared to other fishing areas and other species exploited over the past 90 years (Table 2, Figs. 3-6). Landings of fish from Pacific NW accounted for 22.2% of all Polish landings outside the Baltic Sea on average in 1950-2010 (Fig. 6). The third major period are the years 1990-2001, covering the beginning of the modern Polish free market economy, which gradually led to marginalization of the national long-distance fishery. The collapse of Polish fishing outside the Baltic took place in 1998. In 2000/2001, two Polish companies, PPDiUR "Gryf" and PPDiUR "Odra", collapsed, partially as a result of rather expensive license fees introduced by Russia and small annual quotas for walleye pollock fishery, resulting in little economic viability of fishing. The PPDiUR "Dalmor" was only remaining 7 Polish long-distance fishery company, and the factory vessels with Polish crew were active in the waters of New Zealand. In the years 1990-2001 there was a significant reduction in the fishing fleet - from 77 to 18 vessels, as well as in the total capacity and power of main engines of these vessels, from 183.2 to 59.8, thousand GRT and from 182.7 to 55.1 thousand kW, respectively, with the reduction in employment on those ships from 10123 to 1800 fishermen (Fig. 9). Apart from 1991 and 1992, the external trade balance for fish and fish products was negative. The fish consumption per capita in Poland increased from 8.81 to 12.48 kg and up to 13.26 kg/person in 2010 (Fig. 8; Seremak-Bulge 2010), which resulted mainly from an increase in import of white fish (cod-lie) from 13883 to 78648 tons (Fig. 11). The supply of Polish consumer market in white fish caught outside the Baltic after 1997 (45.9 thousand tons) decreased over 5-times and in 2001 was 8.5 thousand tons (Fig. 11). The import of white fish continued to grow in subsequent years and in 2010, it was already 138.4 thousand tons, which meant a 10-times increase compared to 1991. The system transformations in the early 1990s, mainly striving to improve the efficiency of the economy in particular affected long-distance fishery, as changes took place at a time when the access to living resources was becoming increasingly limited. Nevertheless, the position of the Polish fishery in the years 1990-1995 as compared to the former socialist countries such as Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, which underwent the transformation of the political and economic system and recorded a decline in catches, testifies to the efficiency of the Polish managers of this fishery (Janusz and Draganik 1999). Fish catches in Poland remained at a constant level of 400 thousand tons in the aforementioned years. In 1995-1998, Polish government participated in partial covering of the costs of purchasing fishing licenses for walleye pollock in the Russian economic zone. However, these payments were several times lower than the revenues from the companies to the state budget (Janusz and Draganik 1999). Since 2004, the Polish long-distance fishing is based on fishing quotas allocated by the European Union and on activity of new ship-owners - Polish private fishing companies with partial international capital. In 2005, the Polish long-distance fishery recorded the minimum of marine fish landings, i.e. 11674 tons (Fig. 2) over the past 90 years. These low landings were linked with the minimum number of fishing vessels - 3, and a total capacity of 6.1 thousand GRT and vessels main engine power of 9.4 thousand kW, as well as with a workforce of only 245 fishermen (Fig. 9). Employment in the Polish long-distance fishery was still being reduced, up to 141 employees in 2010. In the years 2004-2010, the fishing vessels of new Polish ship-owners fished for beaked redfish, Greenland halibut, cod, saithe, shrimps and haddock in the fishing grounds from the Barents Sea to the NAFO area (Atlantic NW), the African waters (Atlantic CE) and even Pacific SE, where they fished for Chilean jack-mackerel. The total catches of marine organisms in 2002-2010 amounted to 319.3 thousand tons, all of which were sold on world markets, and thus did not compete with fish provided by the Baltic fleet. The development of fishing activity is currently determined by the fishing potential of the European Union fleets. Lack of opportunities to increase the fishing effort due to the EU regulations prevents any spectacular growth of the Polish long-distance fishery, despite the fact that the activities of contemporary Polish long-distance fleet are flexible and depend on economic calculation.

Developing and structure of the Polish fishery on the Baltic Sea In contrast to the long-distance fishery, the Baltic fishery in Poland has a much longer history of development and has not undergone such tumultuous changes. Undoubtedly, it was also dependent on the historic political and economic changes in Poland. The historical development of the Polish Baltic fishery after World War I took place with the logistic and technical support (especially in the construction and purchase of fishing equipment and in granting financial credits) of the state maritime administration and the Ministry of Industry and

8 Trade of the Republic of Poland. This fishing was mainly based on the Kashubian people living in the Hel Peninsula; the private owners of fishing boats and cutters often formed a type of self- help organization - the Kashubian Maszoperia (Netzel, 2000). In 1920, the Polish fishing fleet was operated in the Baltic only and was composed of 55 motor-cutters, 16 sail-cutters and 800 smaller boats. Then 1086 fishermen (including not registered) were active and annual landings were 800 tons, with sprat, flatfish and herring dominance (Tables 1 and 4; Netzel 2000, Wawrzyniak 2011). In 1936, which was a record year for the pre-war Polish fishery, 19.4 thousand tons of fish were caught (mainly sprat - 15.1 thousand tons) - using a total of 1,800 fishermen, 178 cutters, 708 rowing-sailing boats, 35 motor-boats (Tables 1 and 4; Netzel 2000, Wawrzyniak 2011). In the aforementioned year, the share of fish landings from the Baltic and the North Sea (long-distance fishery) amounted to 79 and 21%, respectively. During the interwar period, the Polish coast stretched at a distance of merely 140 km (Fig. 1) and the local fishermen operated primarily based on the fishing port in Hel (http://hela.com.pl/port.htm) and the new port in Gdynia, built in the late 1920s. During the interwar period, the Polish fishermen could also use commercial and fishing port in the Free City of Gda ńsk. After the end of the Second World War, the political system of Poland changed, which led to replacing the free market with a centrally planned economy strongly associated with the political principles of the socialist countries. Polish coast stretched at a distance of 775 km (Fig. 1), four ports were available to the Baltic fishermen - Gdynia, Gda ńsk, Szczecin and Świnouj ście; they could also use Baltic fishing ports in Hel, Władysławowo, , Kołobrzeg and Darłowo and several fishing harbours. All these factors determined the activities of the Baltic fishery, and as a result of the aforementioned changes, fishing cooperatives and state- owned Baltic fishing enterprises were established in the 1950s - PPiUR "Barka" in Kołobrzeg was the first of them. In 1952, the companies "Korab" in Ustka and "Kuter" in Darłowo were established. "Szkuner" was created in Wladyslawowo in 1955, and in 1959, the last of the state- owned fishing enterprises, "Koga", was established in Hel. Private owners of fishing boats and cutters still operated in some fishing harbours. During 1955-1975, the Baltic fish landings obtained by state-owned fishing enterprises were significant in the scale of Polish fishery. In the aforementioned years, the annual landings of fish by the Baltic state fleet increased from 30 to 147 thousand tons, with a noticeable increase in both employment (from 5035 to 6573 fishermen) and the number of fishing vessels (from 166 to 238; Fig. 13). The share of state-owned fishing vessels in the Polish landings of the Baltic fish in 1955 and 1975 was 46% and 69% of landings in all sectors - private, cooperative and state. It should be noted that in the years 1945-1975, the landings of the whole Polish Baltic fleet increased, i.e. from 2606 to 213665 tons (Figs. 8 and 12), and were accompanied by an increase in fishing power (main engine power) of vessels, i.e. from 1.8 to 70.9 thousand kW (Fig. 10). For comparison, the annual record landings of the Baltic fish in Poland over the last 65 years - 221785 tons - were recorded in 1980 (Figs. 8 and 12). The species of fish caught by the Polish Baltic fishermen in the period of 1945-1986, were mainly cod, herring and sprat with the average share of 49, 32 and 14%, respectively (Table under Fig. 12). In the years 1945-1975 (before the introduction of EEZs), the fishing success depended more on the technical advancement of fishing fleet than on the Baltic stocks size. A visible growth of the Polish catches in the Baltic came with the introduction of modern stern cutters type B-410 in the mid-1970s. Polish catches in the Baltic Sea during the aforementioned period exceeded 200 thousand tons per year, of which 75% by the state enterprises. The fast development of the state fishing sectors was largely a result of an increased subsidization of the fishing companies. The cost of catching one kilogram of fish in five state-owned fishing enterprises in the 1970s exceeded their value by almost one-third. This situation was further deteriorated and in the early 1980s, the value of caught fish did not even cover half if their catch cost. 9 One of the reasons for the rapid growth of fishing after World War II, including in Poland, was the need to satisfy the basic needs (food) of the population, whose number around the world increased by more than half a billion in 1940-1960, despite the large losses caused by the effects of World War II. After the period of intensive “Cold War” (1956) a noble goal of the socialist economy was defined, namely the need to improve the nutritional status of people in various ways, in the name of the national interest. This goal was generally the same as the goal that led to the development of marine fisheries around the world, i.e. facing the increased demand for food production (FAO 1953, Łaszczy ński 1960). Another of the reasons for the increase of intensity of fishing was a political need, which in relation to contemporary Polish political conditions (socialism) resulted from the employment of citizens - and developing fisheries, fish processing and trading was receptive in this regard. There was also a need to increase the rate of fish consumption due to intensive exports of pork and beef meat. Consumption of fish and fish products in Poland in the first years after World War II remained at a very low level for a very long time - about 4 kg of live weight per capita (Fig. 8). This was due to a slow recovery of the fishing fleet and shortage of funds (foreign currency) necessary to import fish. Hence, the transfer of fish to the domestic market (mainly herring, fishmeal and fish oil) was negligible and did not exceed the level of 35 thousand tons in 1945-1955. Generally, in the post-war period, Poland was a net importer of fish and fish products to 1965 (Fig. 8). After World War II and in later years, a simplified theoretical and practical approach to maritime policy issues dominated in Poland, taking into account the main assumptions of shipping and port policy, fishery, shipbuilding and ship repair. Fishery was not viewed as an area of management (sometimes referred to as "cultivation of the sea") that integrates various branches of the economic complex (Łukaszuk 1997). Both the Baltic and long-distance fishery was treated as one of the industries belonging to the state food system. Only on 30.05.1984, for the first time the Polish maritime policy was the subject on the agenda of the plenary session of the Sejm (Polish parliament; Łukaszuk 1997, Janusz and Draganik 1999). However, the issue of fishery was still treated marginally, with efforts and financial resources concentrated mainly on the need to discover new and available fish resources outside the Baltic. The centralized fishery management system adopted after World War II in Poland, based on the dominance of state ownership, by assumption enforced co-existence and limited, but should not exclude a mutual competition of both fishing sectors - the Baltic and long-distance fisheries. In the period of 1960-2000, a mutual competition between the Polish long-distance and the Baltic fishermen was distinguished in the annual incomes from work at sea, which was considerable higher to the first one mentioned. However, in fact possible competition, i.e. related to the level of investment funding (construction of new vessels) and the current activities or supply of fish to the domestic market did not exist. The amount of subsidies granted to the long- distance and Baltic fishery enterprises varied and often resulted from the centrally adopted (by the government) fishing and investment plans (often associated with the production plans for the shipbuilding industry), as well as the officially fixed prices for fish products. Any losses from activities of both Baltic and long-distance companies were covered by subsidies from the state budget. The size of received government subsidies in relation to the level of revenue from the sale of fish caught by the fishing companies changed over the years. In 1972, the subsidies to revenue ratio were 31% for the Baltic companies and 13% for the long-distance companies. In 1980, the ratio was 81% and more than 160%, respectively. In 1989, the Baltic companies operated without subsides, and the long-distance companies received subsidies equivalent to only 1% of revenues. Despite the fact that three long-distance fishing companies and five Baltic fishing companies often provided identical or similar fresh fish and canned fish products, because of the same owner (the state) they practically functioned as one supplier. It was also enforced by the fish sales system organized in fish-centres located in different parts of the country. These quasi fish wholesalers distributed goods produced by the long-distance and Baltic companies, and private fishermen (at predetermined prices); they were also involved in own production of fish products.

10 The first phase of the crisis in the Polish Baltic fishery took place in the mid-1980s, when the landings, mainly cod, was suddenly and significantly reduced - due to a decrease in the abundance of recruiting yea-classes as a result of important changes in hydrological regime and increased fishing pressure (Figs. 12 and 14; Anon. 2011b). Polish landings of Baltic cod decreased in 1980-1993 from 123500 tons (maximum in the years 1945-2010) to 8909 tons (minimum landings, repeated again in 2007 and 2008). In the aforementioned years there was also a noticeable, but slightly milder, decrease in the herring landings, with the remaining small and relatively stable level of sprat and flounder landings (Figs. 12 and 14). Fishing power of all Polish Baltic vessels, expressed as the power of main engine, still showed an increasing trend, up to the maximum of 134.2-136.9 thousand kW in 2003-2004, i.e. just before the Polish accession to the European Union (Fig. 10). It should be noted that the main engine power of all Polish long-distance ships in the years 1990-2005 decreased rapidly, from 182.7 to 9.4 thousand kW. The result of decreasing commercial landings of the Baltic fish in the mid-1980s was the introduction of annual fishing limits, among others for cod, herring and sprat. Therefore, in contrast to the long-distance fishery, the fundamental problem of stable development of the Baltic fishery was the fish stocks size, but not availability of fishing grounds. However, a common problem for both segments of the fleet was the need to adapt to the new economic situation in the country, which arose after the change of the economic system in Poland after 1989. The restructuring process of state-owned Baltic fishery enterprises was similar for each of them and relies mainly on the separation of property companies fishing activities from the rest, mainly consisting in the provision of port services, fish processing and shipbuilding services. In 1990-1994, the landings of Baltic fish caught by the fleet of state-owned enterprises decreased from 74.3 to 8.1 thousand tons, whereas the number of ships decreased from 151 to 4, and the number of fishermen decline from 4890 to 50 (Fig. 13). In 1995, fishing in the Baltic was conducted only by one state enterprise PPiUR "Szkuner" (still operating today), while the other four limited their activities to the fish processing and administration of harbours. In the 1990s, the Baltic sprat landings began to increase rapidly, and dominated not only Polish, but also the international Baltic fishery for many years (Figs. 12 and 14). In 2010, the Polish sprat landings accounted for 51% of the weight of all fish (110100 tons) from the Baltic Sea, while of 60671 tons of fish were caught outside the Baltic. The second phase of changes in the Polish Baltic fishery took place after the Polish accession to the European Union, when the number of administrative regulations determined the fishing activity in the Baltic Sea. Poland became obliged to prepare and implement a restructuring plan for its fleet (especially the cod fleet) based on the number of fishing vessels by scrapping (Ustasz 2004). From May 2004 to December 2010, the number of Polish cutters and fishing boats decreased by 38%, i.e. from 1274 to 788, and the total power of main engines (fishing power) by 51%, i.e. from 137008 to 67743 kW (Fig. 15). Successive Polish governments failed to take effective actions related to the fishing fleet at the time of accession to the EU, which resulted in its significant reduction, so that the current fishing quota (fishing effort) assigned to Poland is disproportionately small compared to what used to be represented by the Polish fishery, especially long-distance fishery operating in 14 FAO statistical areas in the 1970s and 1980s.

Summary Before the World War II and in the recent ten years, when in Poland basically existing the same economic-management system, due to the facts that the Baltic and the long-distance fleets they sell fishing products separately on domestic and foreign market, respectively and fleet is fully privatized (non subsidizing), mutual competition was not in place. Adopted after World War II, centralized management system in the Polish fishery, which was based on the dominance of state ownership, enforces of co-existence and limited mutual competition of both fishing sectors - the Baltic and the long-distance. No real competition

11 pertained to the level of funding for its investments (construction of new vessels) and the current activities and the supply of fish for the domestic market has been observed. The amount of subsidies to the Baltic and the long-distance fleets has been differentiated and often resulted from the centrally adopted by the government, their fishing plans, investment (often associated with the production plans for the shipbuilding industry) and the officially fixed prices for fish products. Mutual concurrence (however not officially named) between the Polish long-distance and the Baltic fisheries had begun after intensive „Cold War” (1946-1956). It was based on the noble purpose of the then socialist economy, namely the need to improve the supply of domestic market with the food products in different ways, in the name of the Polish raison d’état. In the period of 1960-2000, a mutual competition between the Polish long-distance and the Baltic fishermen was distinguished in the annual incomes from work at sea, which was considerable higher to the first one mentioned. The basis of the intensive development of the Polish long-distance fishery in years 1960-1975 was the free access to fishing grounds and low number of administrative regulations, however as the limitation was the condition of knowledge about the distribution and size of marine fish resources and in lesser degree the technical and technological development of fleet. Mentioned condition was not touched the Baltic fleet. The political element was also the stimulus of the development of the long-distance fleet and fishery beyond the Baltic, consisting in the pressure of state powers on the permanent searches of new fishing grounds, by the use of expensive experimental techniques and the fishing gears. The Polish long-distance and the Baltic fleets within the long-term (1920-2010) co-existence, in a few selected years was impacted also by a decree of the fate like, e.g. in 1982-1984 – when, mostly USA, imposed a relatively inefficient restrictions on the Polish economy and the long- distance fishing vessels had to leave the U.S. waters, and in the second half of 1970s when the national EEZs was introduced by many countries, and in the mid of 1980s, when suddenly and significantly started recession of the Baltic cod landings, due to a decrease in abundance of recruiting year-classes as effect of significant changes in both – the hydrological regime and increased fishing pressure in commercial fishery. The development of fishing activity is currently determined by the fishing potential of the European Union fleets. Lack of opportunities to increase the fishing effort due to the EU regulations prevents any spectacular growth of the Polish long-distance fishery, despite the fact that the activities of contemporary Polish long-distance fleet are flexible and depend on economic calculation. In 2004-2010, 501 (38%) of the Polish vessels were ultimately removed from the Baltic fishery, and annual landings decreased by 28%. Instead of this, the import of fish products into Poland in the period of 2004-2010 has increased by 60%, i.e. to the level of 460 thousand tons, of which white fish constituted 138.4 thousand tons (+74%).

Acknowledgment Authors would like to thank Dr. Jerzy Janusz, from the National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (former the Sea Fisheries Institute) in Gdynia, for his consultancies regarding the Polish long-distance fishery structure details and developing.

References Anon. 2011a. FAO Fisheries Department Information. Data and Statistics Unit. FISHSTAT Universal software for fishery statistical time series; Version 2.3.2000. Anon. 2011b. Report of the Baltic Fisheries Assessment Working Group (WGBFAS). ICES CM 2011\ACOM:10; 12-19.04.2011, Copenhagen; 842 pp. Blady, W. 2002. Polska flota rybacka w latach 1921-2001. [The Polish fishing fleet in the years 1921- 2001], Mor. Inst. Ryb., Gdynia, the monograph, 316 s.; [in Polish]. FAO. 1953. Improving the Fisheries Contribution to the World Supplies. FAO, Fisheries Bulletin. Vol. VI, No. 5. FAO. 1987. Review of the state of world fishery resources. Fisheries Circuliar, No. 710, Rev. 5; 16 pp. 12 FAO. 1992. Review of the state of world fishery resources. Fisheries Circuliar, No. 710, Rev. 8, part 1; 46 pp. Janusz, J., B. Draganik 1999. Polskie rybołówstwo dalekomorskie na tle rybołówstwa światowego – stan obecny, problemy. [Polish deep-sea fishery in the light of world fishery – present state and problems]. Konferencja Naukowa Morze Elementem Polskiej Racji Stanu, Szczeci ńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Wy Ŝsza Szkoła Morska w Szczecinie, Szczecin; 133-154 [in Polish]. Krzeptowski, M. 2006. Pół wieku i trzy oceany. [Half a century and three oceans], Mor. Inst. Ryb., Gdynia, the monograph; 347 s.; [in Polish]. Kulikowski, J. 1947. Rybołówstwo morskie (połowy-przetwórstwo-handel-spo Ŝycie). [Marine fishery (catches-processing-trade-consumption)], Mor. Inst. Ryb., Gdynia, the monograph, 69 s. [in Polish]. Kulikowski, J. 1960. Dzieje rybołówstwa morskiego w zarysie. [History of the marine fisheries in an outline], Wydaw. Mor., Gdynia, [in Polish]. Łaszczy ński, S. 1960. Dlaczego rozwijamy rybołówstwo morskie? [Why to develop sea fishery?] Wydaw. Mor., Gdynia, [in Polish]. Łukaszuk, L. 1997. Mi ędzynarodowe Prawo Morza. [The International Law of the Sea], Wydaw. Nauk. Scholar, Warszawa; 309 s.; [in Polish]. Netzel, J. 2000. Tak było … wspomnienia rybaka. [This was … in fisherman memories], Wydaw. Oficyna Czec, Gda ńsk; 287 s.; cyt. w http://www.moje-morze.pl/rybo.html; [in Polish]. Pola ński, Z. 1976. Rozwój rybołówstwa morskiego w Polsce w latach 1945-1983. I Etap: Rybołówstwo do 1975 roku. [The development of marine fisheries in Poland in the years 1945-1983. Phase I: Fisheries until 1975.], Mor. Inst. Ryb., Gdynia, mimeo, 52 s.; [in Polish]. Ropelewski, A. 1963. 1000 lat naszego rybołówstwa. [1000 years of our fisheries], Wydaw. Mor., Gdynia, 95 s.; [in Polish]. Ropelewski, A. 1996. Półwiecze „Dalmoru” na oceanach świata 1946-1996. [Half-century of the "Dalmoru" enterprise at the world's oceans 1946-1996], Wydaw. MARPRESS Gda ńsk; 138 s., [in Polish]. Seremak-Bulge, J. 2010. Rynek i spo Ŝycie ryb w latach 2009 -2010. [Market and fish consumption in the years 2009 -2010]. Zakład Bada ń Rynkowych, IERiG ś-PIB; XXXV Krajowa Konferencja – Szkoleniowa dla Hodowców Ryb Łososiowatych; Jastrz ębia Góra, 6 – 8 pa ździernik 2010 r., http://www.sprl.pl/doc/konf2010/rynek.pdf; 14 str.; [in Polish]. Ustasz, M. 2004. Zmiany w Polskim Rybołówstwie po roku 2004. [Changes in the Polish fisheries after 2004]. http://marynistyka.pl/polskie-rybolowstwo/97-zmiany-w-polskim-rybolowstwie-po-roku- 2004.html, [in Polish]. Wawrzyniak, W. 2011. „Moje morze” - Rozwój polskiego rybołówstwa. [”My Sea” - The development of Polish fisheries]. http://www.moje-morze.pl/rybo.html; (dost ęp 10.06.2011); [in Polish]. ======

Table 1. Status of the Polish historical fishery in 1920, 1936 and 1939 (data not fully completed; after Netzel, 2000). Specification 1920 1936 1939 Number of fishermen 936 1800 1900 Number of cutters 71 178 171 Number of rowing-sailing boats 800 708 660 Number of motor-boats 0 35 40 Number of luggers (drift-boats) 0 14 20 Number of trawlers 0 0 9 Total catches [tons] 800 24456 lack of data Catches on the Baltic [tons] 800 19396 lack of data Catches on the North Sea [tons] 0 5060 lack of data

13 Table 2. Geographical distribution of the Polish landings of marine commercial species (with fishes as dominant) originated from the long-distance fishery (1950-2010). The Year, Total highest when the FAO fishing statistical Period of fishing Number landings annual highest areas activities of years [tons] catch catch was [tons] achieved Northwest Pacific 3 021 927 1985-2001 17 298 714 1988 (Pacific NW) Northwest Atlantic 1959-1980; 1997- 2 431 213 43 269 538 1971 (Atlantic NW) 2007 Southwest Atlantic 1976-1996; 1998- 2 085 443 26 347 857 1983 (Atlantic SW) 2002 Northeast Atlantic 1 943 662 1950-2010 61 124 532 1976 (Atlantic NE) Southeast Atlantic 1972-1987; 1994- 1 364 545 26 164 139 1978 (Atlantic SE) 1998; 2001-2005 1958; 1960-1982; Central Eastern Atlantic 1 151 985 1994; 2001-2002; 32 203 430 1977 (Atlantic CE) 2008-2010 Northeast Pacific (Pacific 1973-1991; 2001- 953 749 21 159 942 1981 NE) 2002 Atlantic - Antarctic 443 963 1976-2010 35 72 607 1978 Southeast Pacific (Pacific 1979-1980; 1982- 185 164 7 80 167 1984 SE) 1984; 2009-2010 Central Eastern Pacific 28 199 1974-1976 3 25 834 1975 (Pacific CE) Southwest Pacific 5 298 1980-1981; 1992 3 3 912 1981 (Pacific SW) Central Western Atlantic 2 962 1975 1 2 962 1975 (Atlantic CW) Indian Ocean - Antarctic 1 150 1976-1980 5 678 1980 Pacific - Antarctic 59 1978 1 59 1978 Total 13 619 319 1950-2010 61 563 732 1975

Table 3. The Polish fish catches and klondyking (in ‘000 tons) in 1997-1999 (after Wawrzyniak, 2011). 1997-1999 1997-1999 Specification 1997 1998 1999 [x1000 t] [%] Total catches 334,7 228,8 221,8 785,3 87,0 Catches on the Baltic 177,0 117,1 128,1 422,2 46,8 Long-distance catches 157,7 111,7 93,7 363,1 40,2 Klondyking 46,3 57,8 13,0 117,1 13,0 Total 381,0 286,6 234,8 902,4 100,0

14 Table 4. The Polish historical catches of Baltic fishes (after Netzel, 2000).

Catches (tons) in given year Share in catches (%) in given year Species 1922 1923 1924 1936 1922 1923 1924 1936 salmon 226 49 71 lack of data 6,0 1,2 3,0 - sprat 1711 2151 1011 15080 45,3 52,2 42,3 77,7 flatfishes 910 812 401 lack of data 24,1 19,7 16,8 - herring 660 744 702 3196 17,5 18,0 29,4 16,5 cod 136 168 51 1120 3,6 4,1 2,1 5,8 European eel 78 84 119 lack of data 2,1 2,0 5,0 - others 56 115 35 lack of data 1,5 2,8 1,5 - total 3777 4123 2390 19396 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Figure 1. Map reflecting range of the Polish waters before the World War II (1939) and the current EEZ.

15 The Polish landings of marine commercial species, caught by the long-distance fishery period of the socialist economy free market economy 600 "Cold war" EU 550 accession 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 Landings [x 1000 t] 1000 [x Landings

150 countries introduced EEZs 100 U.S. economicalU.S. restrictions 50 200 nmi EZZs signed at the UN Iceland introduced of 200 nmi EEZ Iceland introduced of 50 nmi EEZ 0 Canada,USA, Norway, and BalticEU 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Year

Figure 2. The Polish landings of marine commercial species (with fishes as dominant) originated from the long-distance fishery in the period of 1950-2010, in the light of the state’s and international economical and political systems variation.

16

Figure 3. Dynamics of exploration of the various marine fishing areas by the Polish long- distance fleet, within the period of 1946-1991.

Figure 4. The sum of the Polish landings (in ‘000 tons) of marine commercial species (with fishes as dominant) caught in the period of 1945-2010 by the long-distance fleet in the main FAO statistical fishing areas.

17 The Polish landings of marine commercial species caught in the long-distance fishery vs. FAO fisheries statistical areas 350 325 Pacific, Northwest Atlantic, Northwest 300 Atlantic, Southwest 275 Atlantic, Northeast 250 Atlantic, Southeast 225 Atlantic, Eastern Central 200 Pacific, Northeast 175 Atlantic, Antarctic 150 Others 125 Landings [x 1000 t] [x 1000 Landings 100 75 50 25 0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Year Figure 5. The long-term (1950-2010) changes of the Polish landings of marine commercial species (with fishes as dominant), originated from the long-distance fishery accomplished in the various FAO statistical fishing areas.

Others The Polish landings 1,6% Antarctic (1950-2010) 3,3% of marine commercial species originated from the Pacific, NE long-distance 7,0% fishery, acc. FAO statistical areas. Pacific, NW Atlantic, CE 22,2% 8,5%

Atlantic, SE 10,0% Atlantic, NW 17,9%

Atlantic, NE 14,3%

Atlantic, SW 15,3%

Figure 6. The mean share (% from the sum of all landings) of given the FAO statistical fishing areas in the mass of landings of marine commercial species (with fishes as dominant) originated from the Polish long-distance fishery accomplished in the period of 1950-2010.

18 Atlantic NW Poutassou Atlantic NE Greenland 3,8% halibut 3,9% Others Greenland Others 13,5% halibut 11,5% Beaked 4,9% redfish Atlantic 6,6% mackerel 31,5% Atlantic cod Atlantic 6,6% herring 53,0% Atlantic Saithe herring 9,7% 21,8% Atlantic cod 22,7% Atlantic mackerel 10,3%

Chub Others Southern Others mackerel 8,2% Atlantic CE African 5,2% Atlantic SE 6,5% pilchard 1,7% Chub mackerel European 1,8% Jack and pilchard horse (Sardine) Cape hakes mackerels 34,5% 22,9% Cape horse nei mackerel 15,5% 68,3% Marine fishes nei Sardinellas 16,9% nei 18,4%

Spiny Patagonian Others Atlantic SW Others Atlantic, squid 3,7% icefish 6,3% 2,8% 3,8% South Antarctic Patagonian Georgia grenadier icefish 6,6% 4,2% Humped Argentine rockcod shortfin Southern 8,4% squid blue whiting 11,9% Antarctic 48,8% krill Mackerel 58,6% Various icefish squids nei 19,7% 25,2%

Figure 7. The mean share (in % from the sum of all landings weight) of dominated marine commercial species or group of species, caught in the period of 1950-2010 by the Polish long- distance fleet in various parts of the Atlantic Ocean.

19 Trade landings and fish consumption in Poland (1945-2010) 700000 18 17 600000 16 15 500000 14 13 400000 12 11 300000 10 9 200000 8 7

(product weight) [tons] weight) (product 100000 6 5

Landings (live weight), trade balance balance trade weight), (live Landings 0 4 per capita consumption [kg live weight] live [kg consumption capita per 3 -100000 2 1 -200000 0

Year 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

external trade balance (tons product weight) long-distance landings + klondyking Baltic landings per capita consumption

Figure 8. The Polish long-distance catches and klondyking of marine commercial species, Baltic fish landings, external trade balance, and fish consumption per capita, in the period of 1945-2010.

20 Fleet capacity and employment in the Polish long-distance fishery (1950-2010) 250 11000

225 10000

200 9000 8000 175 7000 150 6000 125 5000 100 4000 number of fishermen of number 75 3000

50 2000 Fleet capacity ['000 GRT or GT; '000 kW] '000 GT; or GRT ['000 capacity Fleet 25 1000

0 0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 no of vessels GRT/GT kW employment Year

Figure 9. Capacity of the Polish long-distance fleet in the period of 1950-2010, expressed in number of vessels, gross register tonnage (GRT) or gross tonnage (GT), and vessel’s main engine power (in kW) and number of fishermen.

21 The Polish long-distance and the Baltic fleets capacity (1945-2010) 250

225 Baltic fleet long-distance fleet 200

175

150

125

100

75 Vessels Vessels mainengin power ['000 kW] 50

25

0 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Year

Figure 10. Vessels capacity, expressed as vessels main engine power, of the Polish fleet operated on the Baltic and in the long-distance fishery, in the period of 1945-2010.

White fish (cod-like) supply into the Polish market

140 000 import (product weight) Baltic landings (live weight) 120 000 long-distance landings (product weight) 100 000

80 000

60 000 Weight [tons] Weight 40 000

20 000

0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Figure 11. Supplies of white fish (cod-like) products originated from the Baltic and long-distance landings, as well as from import on the Polish market in the period of 1991-2010.

22 Polish landings of Baltic fishes (1945-2010) 225000 herring 212500 sprat 200000 cod 187500 others 175000 all fishes 162500 150000 137500 125000 112500 100000

Landings[tons] 87500 75000 62500 50000 37500 25000 12500 0 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Year

Year herring sprat cod others total 1945-1986 1525063 664123 2323115 275846 4788147 [tons] 1945-1986 31,9 13,9 48,52 5,8 100,0 [%] Year herring sprat cod flounder turbot plaice salmonids others total 2010 26800,0 56692,8 11432,8 11569,0 103,13 42,61 256,8 3202,8 110100,0 [tons] 2010 24,34 51,49 10,38 10,51 0,09 0,04 0,23 2,91 100,0 [%] Figure 12. The Polish landings of Baltic main commercial fishes in the period of 1945-2010 and the sum of catches in 1945-1986 and in 2010. 23 The Polish state owned sector on the Baltic 250 7000 landings 6500 225 number of vessels employment 6000 200 5500

175 5000 4500 150 4000 125 3500 3000 100 2500 Numberfishermen of 75 2000 1500

Landings['000 number& t] vessels of 50 1000 25 500 0 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 2000 2004 2010 Year

Figure 13. Fish landings, number of vessels and number of fishermen of the Polish state owned companies operated on the Baltic in 1955-2010.

24 International and Polish landings of Baltic cod (1965-2010) International and Polish landings of Baltic herring (1977-2010) from 450000 35 the ICES SD 25-29 i 32 (excl. GoR) Poland 350 30 400000 Whole Baltic 30 Poland 350000 Poland - share (%) 300 Baltic (SD 25-29+32) 25 25 Poland - share (%) 300000 250 20 250000 20 200 200000 15 15 150

Landings[tons] 150000 10 Poland - share [%] share Poland - 10 100000

Landings [x 1000 t] 1000Landings [x 100 [%] sharePoland - 5 50000 50 5 0 0 0 0

1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Year Year 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

International and Polish landings of Baltic sprat (1963-2010) International and Polish landings of flounder on the Baltic (1973-2010) 550 40 20000 80 Poland 500 Poland Whole Baltic 18000 35 Whole Baltic 70 450 Poland - share (%) 16000 30 Poland - share (%) 60 400 14000 350 25 12000 50 300 20 10000 40 250 8000 200 15 30 Landings[tons] 6000 Poland - share [%] sharePoland - Landings [x 1000 t] 1000 Landings [x 150 10 [%] share Poland - 20 100 4000 5 10 50 2000 0 0 0 0 Year Year 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Figure 14. The Polish landings of Baltic cod, sprat, herring and flounder in 1963-2010 vs. international landings of the above-mentioned species (based on the ICES – WGBFAS; Anon. 2011).

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A) Number of the Polish Baltic fishing vessels 1300 0

1200 -10 1100 1000 -20 900 800 -30

700 -40 600 500 -50

vessels of Number 400

300 -60 [%] 2010/2004Difference 200 -70 100

0 -80 0-8 8,1- 12,0- 15,0- 18,5- 20,5- 25,5 & total 11,99 14,99 18,49 20,49 25,49 over May 2004 December 2010 2010/2004 [%] Vessels length size [m]

B) Capacity of the Polish Baltic fishing vessels 140000 0 130000 120000 -10

110000

100000 -20 90000 80000 -30 70000 60000 -40 50000 40000 -50

[%] 2010/2004 Difference 30000 Vesselsenginmain[kW] power 20000 -60 10000 0 -70 0-8 8,1- 12,0- 15,0- 18,5- 20,5- 25,5 & total 11,99 14,99 18,49 20,49 25,49 over May 2004 December 2010 2010/2004 [%] Vessels length size [m]

Figure 15. The number of the Polish Baltic fishing vessels with different length-size (part A) and the capacity – vessels main engine power (part B) and the difference between status in Dec. 2010 and May 2004 (before accession of Poland to the EU).

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Photo 1. Historical fishing port in Gdynia (1930-1939; http://pomorskie.fotopolska.eu/13609,foto.html).

Photo 2. The present (2007) fishing port in Gdynia (http://www.digitalphoto.pl/zdjecia/3685/).

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