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Building an Islamic Psychology and Psychotherapy: a Grounded Theory Study

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Building an Islamic Psychology and Psychotherapy: a Grounded Theory Study Building an Islamic Psychology and Psychotherapy: A Grounded Theory Study by Abdallah Eric David ROTHMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology Kingston University London June 2019 Abstract At a time when there is increasing focus on the need to adapt approaches to psychotherapy to align with the cultural and religious/spiritual orientations of clients, this thesis explores the ontological foundations of psychology from an Islamic paradigm and how these foundational assumptions about human nature can inform practical applications for Islamic psychotherapy. The thesis presents a detailed literature review and two phases of the research study that both used a constructivist version of the grounded theory approach. In the first phase of the study, 18 scholars of Islam were interviewed as “key informants” whose input provided insights into the various branches of knowledge within the Islamic tradition that are relevant to the construction of an Islamic paradigm of human psychology. From the analysis of the interview transcripts, codes were created relating to concepts of the psyche, notions of human development, and understanding of the structure of the soul from the participants’ understanding of Islamic religious sources. An Islamic model of the soul was constructed from these findings. This is presented as a framework for the development of clinical applications in psychotherapy. In the second phase, 18 clinicians who integrate Islamic principles in their approaches with clients in psychotherapy were interviewed. From the analysis of the interview transcripts, codes were created based on the theoretical categories from the first phase, explicating how the Islamic model of the soul generated in that phase can be used to inform practical approaches to therapeutic application. The codes covered theoretical approaches to clinical assessment, treatment goals, and therapeutic interventions. Findings from this phase are presented across two chapters dealing with (i) therapeutic conceptualizations of the nature and structure of the soul in Islamic psychotherapy and (ii) the clinical scope of Islamic psychotherapy and how it is situated both within the Islamic tradition and within the context ii of contemporary psychotherapy. Through the implementation of a grounded theory approach, the Islamic model of the soul that is presented earlier in the thesis is now extended to incorporate the psychotherapeutic practice context. The resultant model of care that was constructed from the analysis represents a uniquely Islamic approach to psychotherapy grounded in the ontological assumptions about human nature from the Islamic tradition. In conclusion, the thesis develops a framework for Islamic psychology and a preliminary model for a theoretical orientation to Islamic psychotherapy. Consistent with the aims of grounded theory work, it is hoped the findings can contribute towards the further development of an overarching theory of Islamic psychology, provide a foundation for the development of informed clinical interventions, and help in understanding human nature and development from an Islamic perspective. iii Declaration of Originality This thesis and the work to which it refers are the results of my own efforts. Any ideas, data, images or text resulting from the work of others (whether published or unpublished) are fully identified as such within the work and attributed to their originator in the text, bibliography or in footnotes. This thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part for any other academic degree or professional qualification. I hereby declare that I have published material from this thesis in advance of examination and have included this publication in the thesis submission, in Appendix 12. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to the plagiarism detection service TurnitinUKÒ for originality checks. Whether or not drafts have been so assessed, the University reserves the right to request an electronic version of the final document (as submitted) for assessment as above. iv Dedication To Fatima, Wafaa, and Sharif The title ‘Dad’ will always be more important to me than the title ‘Doctor’. I wish for you to seek and find the truth of your heart. I hope that my work can both benefit and inspire you in your own journeys of healing and toward wholeness. You are the biggest blessings in my and your mother’s life and I pray you always know the treasure that you have inside you. v Acknowledgements I am grateful beyond measure to my supervisor Professor Adrian Coyle. I was lucky to be one of his last PhD students before retirement and benefitted immensely from all those years he had to perfect the craft. At the start of my doctoral studies I hadn’t fully realised just how great a match he was for my research aims but as the research developed it became clear that he had the perfect combination of skills and experience in psychology and religion and qualitative research methods. Perhaps more than his academic qualifications, what made him the best supervisor I could have hoped for was his genuine excitement about my topic, the care that he took in guiding me, and the investment of time and energy he put into ensuring that I produce quality research. I could not have accomplished this work if it had not been for the foundational ground work that was laid before me by the father of Islamic Psychology and my mentor Dr. Malik Badri. I was blessed to have his guidance and support from the very beginning of my journey in both Islam and psychology, all the way through to advising me on my PhD research. I pray that I and this new generation of Islamic psychologists honour his legacy. I am blessed to have a supportive family whose encouragement and faith in me fuels my achievements. To my parents for both instilling in me the value of education and encouraging me to find my own path. To my wife for not only encouraging me to pursue my PhD but actually committing and following through by picking up my slack, single parenting during my late nights writing and long journeys presenting and teaching, and never once making me feel guilty for taking the time away from our family. And to my kids for being patient and understanding when I only half listened to them while sitting at my computer working on my thesis at home. You all mean the world to me and I thank God for you and for everything. vi Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Contextualising the Thesis ............................................................................................................................. 1 Need for the Study ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Overview of Chapters .................................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 15 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 15 The Integration of Religion and Spirituality in the Field of Psychotherapy ............................................... 15 Defining Islam .............................................................................................................................................. 21 The Integration of Islam in Psychotherapy ................................................................................................. 29 Defining an Islamic Psychology Paradigm .................................................................................................. 38 Islamic Conceptions of the Self/Soul from the Scholarly Tradition ............................................................ 53 REFLECTION 1: A JOURNEY OF THE SOUL, A JOURNEY TO ISLAM: WHAT I BROUGHT TO THE THESIS ................................................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 74 Qualitative Research in Psychology ............................................................................................................. 76 Grounded Theory ........................................................................................................................................ 78 Constructivist Grounded Theory ................................................................................................................ 80 Data generation in Grounded Theory ......................................................................................................... 81 Sampling in Grounded Theory ................................................................................................................... 83 Data Analysis in Grounded Theory ............................................................................................................ 86 Representation: Representing ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ .........................................................................................
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