Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia Hyunhee Park Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01868-6 - Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-modern Asia Hyunhee Park Index More information

Index

ʿAbbasids, ʿAbbasid caliphate, 7 archeological excavations breakup of, 90 in Aden, 30 conflicts with the Tang army in Central in Arikamedu, 30 Asia, 11, 24–25 in Banbhore, 30 Du You’s section about, 26 in Sıraf, 30, 66 fall of, 17, 96 in Suhar, 30 in Jia Dan’s Route, 32 of Zheng He shipyards in Nanjing, 171 updating their geographic knowledge, 12 Arigh Böke, 97 ʿAbd al-Razzaq al-Samarqandı, 183 atabeg, 95 Abū al-Fidaʾ, 147 ʿAtaMalik. See History of the World Abu-Lughod, Janet, 197 Conqueror Abū Zayd al-Sırafı, 52, 65–74, 77, 84, 86, Ayyubids, 52 87, 89 Abyssinian Sea. See Indian Ocean Baghdad, 21 Account of Foreign Countries in the Chinese craftsmen in, 68 Western Regions (Xiyu fanguo zhi). commercial connection of, to China, See Chen Cheng 57, 64 Account of the Palace Library (Mishujian fall of, 94, 126 zhi), 99, 103, 107 as the new ʿAbbasid capital, 27, 32 Accounts of China and India (Akhbar al-Balkhı, 73, 75 al-Sın wa-l-Hind), 63–72, 86, Balkhı School, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84, 155, 157 90, 129, 148 Achaemenids, 128 Ban Gu, legendary first emperor of China, Ahmad, Yuan minister, 99, 138 138 Alexander the Great Basra, 32, 61 wall of, 134 Battle of ʿAyn Jalūt, 19, 127 Alexandria, 53 Battle of Talas, 21, 25 Lighthouse of, 53, 106 Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom), 59 Allsen, Thomas, 98 Beijing. See Dadu (Daidu) and Khanbaliq Amır Sayyid Toghan Shah, 111 al-Bırūnı, 78–80, 84, 87, 130, 147 An Lushan rebellion, 29 Zıj of, 78 Anxi. See Parthian Empire blue-and-white porcelain, 117, 176 Arabs, 2, 6, 11, 20, 22, 28, 29, 60, Bolad, 125, 138 119, 181 Book of Curiosities, 80

269

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270 Index

Book of Min (Minshu), 115, 116, 167 al-Sın, 6, 81, 87, 144 Book of Profitable Things Concerning Sın al-Sın, 148, 155 the First Principles and Rules of China-centered “world order”, 22 Navigation (Kitab al-fawaʾid fı  usūl Chinggis Khan, 18, 93 ʿilm al-bahr wa-l-qawaʿid). See Ibn Chinistan. See China Majid Choice of the Age, on the Marvels of Book of Roger, 82–83, 86, 181 Land and Sea (Nukhbat al-dahr Book of Routes and Realms (Kitab fı ʿajaʾib al-barr wa-ʾl-bahr). al-Masalik wa-ʾl-mamalik), 60–64, 71 See Dimashqı, Shams al-Dın Book of the Lands (Kitab al-Buldan), 76 Classic of Mountains and Seas (Shanhai Book of the Wonders of India, 64 jing), 10 Branch Quanzhou Prefecture Office xing( Columbus, Christopher, 4, 162, 197 Quanfu si), 110, 137 Compendium of Chronicles (Jamiʿ Branch Secretariats (Xing zhongshu al-tawarıkh). See Rashıd al-Dın sheng), 137 Comprehensive Map of the Great Ming Braudel, Fernand, 17 Empire (Daming hunyi tu), 164, 172, Broad Terrestrial Map (Guang yutu), 165– 173, 189 167, 189. See also Luo Hongxian Continuation of the History and Bureau for the Procurement of Necessities Topography of Quanzhou (Qingyuan (zhiyong yuan), 112 xuzhi). See Wu Jian Buyids, 75, 126 country of Shi, 25 Byzantine empire, 163 da Gama, Vasco, 1, 188, 189, 196 Caliph al-Maʾmūn, 59, 76, 148 Dadu (Daidu), 108, 135, 136 commissioning a geodetic survey, 59 Daibul, 32 world map of, 59, 76 Dar al-Islam (the land of Islam), 59 Caliph al-Mansūr, 57 Dar es Salaam, 33 Caliph al-Muʿtamid, 60 Dashi, 2, 6, 20, 23 Caliph Amir al-Muʾminin, 26, 32 countries of, 47 Canary Islands, 181 Description of the Foreign Lands (Zhufan cartography. See maps zhi), 46, 50–54 development of, ancient China, 14 dhow ships development of, Islamic world, 74 characteristics of, 65 Chaffee, John, 44 Chinese description about the Chagatai Khanate, 102 shipbuilding technology of, 118 Chain of the Histories (Silsilat shipwrecks in Belitung, 16 al-tawarikh), 65 Dimashqı, Shams al-Dın, 147 Chang De. See Record of an Embassy Ding Jiezhai, 111 to the Regions in the West (Xishi ji) Du Huan, 56, 68, 91, 113, 116, 119 Chang’an, 21, 68 Du You, 62. See also Encyclopedic History Western Market, 69 of Institutions (Tongdian) Chaudhuri, K. N., 17 Chen Cheng, 168, 188, 195 “Eastern Sea of the Muslims” (Dong Dashi Chen Dazhen. See Record of the Southern hai), 48, 49 Sea (Nanhai zhi) Egypt, 47, 52 Chın. See China Emperor Yongle, 168–169, 179, 182, 189, China 195 Chın [China], 6, 80 Encompassing Sea, 76 definition of, in this book,5 , 19 Encyclopedia of Yuan Dynasty Machın[greater China], 80 Institutions(Yuan Jingshi dadian), Manzi, 135 100, 102 and the Silk Road, 5 geographical map of, 100, 142

Index 271

Encyclopedic History of Institutions grid maps, in China, 100 (Tongdian), 11, 50. See also Du You Guangxi, 46 Euphrates, 32 Guangzhou, 6, 44, 61, 66 European exploration and discovery, 4 Huang Chao Rebellion in, 70 Ibn Battūta’s journey to, 154 Fakhr al-Dın, 140 local gazetteer from, 113 Fatimids, 52 Office of the Superintendent of Fei Xin, 175–176 Merchant Shipping in, 48 self-governing districts in, 34, 67 Ganpu, 112 Sın Kalan, 155 Gaozong, Song Dynasty, 134 Guo Kan, 96 Gaozong, Tang Dynasty, 35 Guo Ziyi, 96 Gathering of the Summarizing Concerning the First Principles of the Knowledge hajj, 47, 152, 176 of the Seas (Hawiyat al-ikhtisar fı  usūl Hamd Allah Mustawfıal-Qazwını, ʿilm al-bihar). See Ibn Majid 141–146 General Map of China (Yu ditu), 42–43 Handy Geographical Maps throughout the General Records of the Founders of Ages (Lidai dili zhizhang tu), 34 Buddhism(Fozu tongji), 38–41 Hanoi, 61 “General Survey Map of Chinese and Hearts’ Bliss (Nuzhat al-Qulūb). See Hamd Non-Chinese Territories from the Past Allah Mustawfıal-Qazwını through the Present” (Gujin huayi Henry the Navigator, 4, 162, 197 quyu zongyao tu), 34, 37 History of Ghazan. See Rashıd al-Dın Geniza records, 71 History of the Former Han (Hanshu), 31 “Geographic Map of the Land of China to History of the World Conqueror, 127 the East” (Dong zhendan dili tu), 41, 51 Hormuz, 92, 107, 117 Geographical Dictionary (Mu‘jam described by ʿAbd al-Razzaq al-buldan), 86 al-Samarqandı, 183 of al-Qazwını, 129 Ma Huan’s section about, 178 of Yaqūt, 86–87, 129 rivalry of, with Qais, 107, 151 geography route to, in a Chinese map, 107 descriptive, in China, 34 Yang Shu’s trip to, 112, 113 descriptive, of Abū al-Fidaʾ, 147 in the Zheng He sea chart, 174 descriptive, of Ibn al-Faqıh, 76 Zheng He’s voyages to, 170 descriptive, of Ibn Khurradadhbih, 60 Hourani, George, 198 physical and mathematical, as a field,11 Huang Chao Rebellion, 69, 87 physical and mathematical, of Caliph al- Huihui (Muslim), 99 Maʾmūn, 59 Huihui calendar (Huihui li), 100 Ghazan, 112, 128, 131, 133, 139, 140 Hülegü, 18, 94, 96 conversion to Islam during the reign of, Hyecho [Chinese: Huichao], 6 180 envoys to China dispatched by, 112, 140 Ibn al-Faqıh, 75 and Rashıd al-Dın, 131 Ibn al-Nadım. See Kitab al-Fihrist Ghazni, 47, 113 Ibn Amır Hajib, a sultan of Mali, 149 Ghiyath al-Dın Naqqash, 182–183, 188, 195 Ibn Battūta, 114, 124, 137, 152–160, 185, glass, 28 195, 200 Go Seonji [Chinese: Gao Xianzhi], 24 Ibn Fadlallah al-ʿUmarı, 148–150 Gog and Magog, 84, 134 Ibn Hawqal, 75 Golden Horde, 102 Ibn Jubayr, 153 Governmental Ship (guanben chuan), 111 Ibn Juzayy, 153, 155, 157 Grand Canal, 136 Ibn Khaldūn, 158, 161, 180–182, 189 Great Wall, 133 Ibn Khazar, 152

272 Index

Ibn Khurradadhbih, 58, 76, 133, 144, Juwaynı, ʿAtaMalik. See History of the See also Book of Routes and Realms World Conqueror (Kitab al-Masalik wa-ʾl-mamalik) Ibn Majid, 162, 174, 184–190 Kaʿbah, 177 Ibn Wahab, 68–69 kamal, 174 al-Idrısı, 2, 82–86, 89, 95, 129, 133, 141, Kangnido, 104–107, 173 148, 181, 189 Karimı, 152 Il-Khanate, 18 Kashgharı, 80, 87 Illustrated Treatise on the Sea Khanbaliq, 135–137, 184 Kingdoms(Haiguo tuzhi), 100 Khanfū. See Guangzhou Indian Ocean, 72 Khanjū. See Quanzhou ancient Greek and Roman sailors Khara Khorum, 94 in, 7, 12 kharaj (land tax), 170 Muslim merchants in, 12 Khitan Liao Empire, 87 seven seas of, 72 Khitans, 46, 78, 81 Zhou Qufei’s five great seas in,48 Khubilai, 18, 102, 132 Introduction (Muqaddimah). See Ibn and Bolad, 138 Khaldūn building the new capital Daidu Islamic Astronomical Bureau and (Dadu), 135 Observatory (Huihui Sitiantai), 99 conflict with Arigh Böke,97 Islamic Imperial Academy (Huihui conquest of the Southern Song Guozijian), 99 of, 98 the Islamic world. See also Dashi and elected as the fifth grand Khan of the Huihui (Chinese terms for the Mongol empire, 19, 97 Muslims) facilitating China’s sea trade, 98 breakup of, in the Late ʿAbbasid Grand Canal of, 108, 136 Period, 75 and Jamal al-Dın, 100, 103 definition of, in this book,5 , 19 and Prime Minister Ahmad, 138 rise of, 6 proclaiming the Yuan dynasty, 97 al-Istakhrı, 74, 75, 84 and Sayyid ʿAjall Shams al-Dın, 99, 111 Jamal al-Dın (Zhamaluding), Yuan scholar, Khumdan. See Chang’an 99–104, 125, 142 khutba (Friday prayers), 67, 151 astronomical work of, 100 Khwarazm Shah, 93, 126–128 Jamal al-Dın Ibrahım b. Muhammad al-Khwarizmı, 84, 142, 148. See also Shape al-Tıbı in Qais, 151 of the Earth (Sūrat al-ard) Japan, 63, 183 Kim Sahyung, 105 Jia Dan, 31–37, 45, 48, 65 Kitab al-Fihrist, 56–57, 63 Map of Chinese and Non-Chinese Korea, 2, 73 Territories in the World (Hainei Goryeo, 135, 147 huayi tu), 34 Silla (al-Shıla, Sıla), 62–63, 73, 135 “The Route to the Foreign Kūfa, 21, 26–27, 29 Countries across the Sea from Guangzhou” (Guangzhou Lambourn, Elizabeth, 151 tong haiyi dao), 31–34 lemon (limu), 114 Jin Dynasty. See Jurchens Li Zemin, 105, 166 Jingdezhen, 117 Liao Dynasty. See Khitans Jipangu. See Japan Lin Zhiqi, 51, 52 Jishui tan, 108 Liu Yu. See Record of an Embassy to the junk ships, 43, 49 Regions in the West (Xishi ji) construction technology of, 154, 170 Lumei. See Rūm, the Roman [Byzantine] Jurchens, 46, 93 Empire

Index 273

Luo Hongxian, 165, 166, 167 Mecca, 47, 59, 76, 95, 113, 116, 152, Lūqın, 86. See also Hanoi 176, 185 “Middle Kingdom” (zhongguo), 5 Ma Huan, 161, 176–179 Min, Fujian, 112 Machın. See China Ming Dynasty, 19 Mahmūd of Ghazna, 78, 81 establishment of, 163 Malindi, 174 Möngke, 97, 109, 132, 135, 138, 140 Mamlūks, 19, 53, 127, 147, 152 Mongols, 8, 18 al-Mansūr, 32 conquest of Eurasia by, 93 Manzi. See China fall of the Mongol empire, 19 “Mao Kun map” (Zheng He Hanghai the Mongol empire established by, 18, tu), 15 91, 97 Map of Chinese and Non-Chinese Mountain of the Moon, 130, 141, Territories (Huayi tu), 35–37, 100, 133 144 Map of Foreign Countries (Zhufan tu), 50 Muhammad, the Prophet, 6, 20, 68, “Map of Foreign Lands in Southeast Sea” 111, 120 (Dongnan haiyi tu), 165 Muhammad ibn Najıb Bakran. See World “Map of Foreign Lands in Southwest Sea” Book (Jahan-namah) (Xinan haiyi tu), 165 Muhammad Ibn Tughluq, 153 Map of Integrated Regions and Terrains al-Muqaddası, 75, 77 (Hunyi jiangli tu). See Qing Jun Muslim communities Map of Integrated Regions and Terrains in China, 118, 123, 125, 155 and of Historical Countries and in Hangzhou, 118, 157 Capitals (Honil gangli yeokdae gukdo over the Indian Ocean, 44, 110 jido), 165. See also Kangnido in Quanzhou, 110, 121 “Map of the Five Indian States in the in South and Southeast Asia, 92, West” (Xitu wuyin zhi tu), 38–41 152 Map of the Resounding Teaching (of the in South Asia, 111, 151 Khan) Prevailing All Over the World in Southeast Asia, 87, 170 (Shengjiao guangbei tu). See Li Zemin in the ports of southeastern China, “Map of the States in the Western Regions 44, 159 in the Han Dynasty” (Han xiyu zhuguo tu), 38–40 Needham, Joseph, 154 “Map of the World Regions” (Guanglun New History of the Tang Dynasty (Xin jiangli tu), 107, 112 Tangshu), 31, 34 maps geography (dili) section, 31 as a historical source, 14–15 Nile River, 53 Mar Yaballaha III, Rabban Markos, 139 nisba, 111 Maragheh Notes from the Land beyond the Passes observatory at, 128 (Lingwai daida), 46–50, 172 Marvels of India (ʿAjaʾib al-Hind), 185 Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Office of the Court of State Ceremonial Aspects of Things ExistingʿAjaʾib (Honglü si), 11, 31 al-makhlūqat wa-ghara’ib Office of the Superintendent of Merchant al-mawjūdat), 129. See also Shipping (shibosi), 44, 48 al-Qazwını, Zakariyaʾ b. Muhammad Ögödei, 135 Marwazı, 81, 87 Ohji, Toshiaki, 84 al-Masʿudı̄ , 70–75, 76, 77, 84, 89, 95, 148, Öljeitü, 140, 180 180 sponsoring Rashıd al-Dın’s Compendium Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems of Chronicles, 131 (Murūj al-dhahab wa-maʿadin One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian al-jawhar). See al-Masʿūdı Nights), 64, 89

274 Index

ortagh, 109, 152 Ibn Battūta’s descriptions of, 156 Ottoman Empire, 162 Ibn Battūta’s stay in, 153 Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores local gazetteer from, 115 (Yingyai shenglan). See Ma Huan mosque in, 120 Overall Survey of the Star Raft (Xingcha Muslim tombstones in, 52, 110, 111 shenglan). See Fei Xin Office of the Superintendent of Merchant Shipping in, 48, 50, 98 Palace Library (xing mishujianshi), 99 Quilon, 48, 49, 117 paper money, 156 Qurʾan, 8, 11, 12, 27, 67, 120 Parthian Empire, 10, 38 Pax Mongolica, 19, 193 Rabban Bar Sauma, 139 Pei Xiu, 35 Rashıd al-Dın, 131–141, 146, 147, 157 Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 7 Record of an Embassy to the Regions in Pleasure of He who Longs to Cross the the West (Xishi ji), 94–96 Horizons (Nuzhat al-mushtaq fı Record of Routes to the Western Regions ikhtiraq al-afaq). See Book of Roger (Xiyu xingcheng ji). See Chen Cheng Polo, Marco, 4, 124–126, 194, 197 Record of the Southern Sea (Nanhai zhi), accompanying a Mongol princess named 113–114 Kokaqin from China to Iran, 139 Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), compared to Bolad, 138 9–11, 116. See also Sima Qian compared to Wang Dayuan, 91, Regions of the World (Hudūd al-ʿAlam), 81 114, 115 Renaissance, 197 description about China by, 145, 157 rihla, 153. See also travel accounts description of a grand canal by, 136 Rise of the Two Auspicious Constellations exchange of envoys between the Yuan and the Confluence of the Two Dynasty and the Il-Khanate mentioned Oceans (Matlaʿ-i Saʿdayn wa-Majmaʿ-i by, 112 Bahrayn). See ʿAbd al-Razzaq inspiring Henry the Navigator and al-Samarqandı Christopher Columbus, 162 Roger II of Sicily, 83, 86 junk ship’s advantages described by, 154 Roman Empire, 6 the last days of the Abbasid Caliphate “The Route to the Foreign Countries confirmed by,95 across the Sea from Guangzhou” skepticism on the account by, 153 (Guangzhou tong haiyi dao). See Jia use of paper money in China referred to Dan by, 156 Rūm, the Roman [Byzantine] Empire, Portuguese, 150, 162, 163, 182, 197 51, 65 Ptolemy of Alexandria, 12, 76, 83, 142, sea of, 73 193, 197 Geography, 12, 15, 59 Saʿd b. Abı Waqqas, 6 Pu Shougeng, 98, 111 Safineh-yi Tabrız, 140, 144 sahıfah (compass chart), 182 Qara Khitai (Western Liao), 87, 93, Sanfoqi. See Srivijaya 126, 131 Sassanids, 5, 60 al-Qazwını, Zakariya’ b. Muhammad, Sayyid ʿAjall Shams al-Dın, 99, 111 129–131, 141 sea bans (haijin), 167, 188 Qibla, 185 Seljuks, 126 Qin Dynasty, 133 semuren, 98 Qing Dynasty, 165 Serica [Serike]. See China Qing Jun, 105 Shangdu (Xanadu), 139 Quanzhou, 61, 115, 137 Shape of the Earth (Sūrat al-ard), 59–60 ceramic production of, 45 Sharia, 27 Chinese shipwreck in, 45 Shenzhong, Northern Song Dynasty, 44

Index 275

Shi Nawei, 51–52, 110 Timurid Dynasty, 19, 162, 182, 188 Shıʿa Ismaʿılıs, 127, 128 Tiyu. See Daibul al-Shıla. See Korea Toghun Temür, 157 shipwrecks Tracks of Yu (Yuji tu), 35, 100 in Belitung, 65 transfer of Islamic cartographic techniques in Quanzhou Bay, Song Dynasty, 16, 45 into China, 100–107 in Sinan, Korea, 45 transfer of Islamic scholarship into China, Shiraz, 95 99–100 Shortened Account of the Non-Chinese transfer of papermaking, 56, 57 Island Peoples (Daoyi zhilüe), travel accounts, 13 114–118 reliability of, as sources of historical Sıla. See Korea geographical information, 13 Silk Road, 2, 5, 7, 21 Travels of Ibn Batuta. See Ibn Battūta Silla. See Korea Treatise of Military Preparation (Wubei Sima Qian, 91, 116. See also Records of zhi), 172–175 the Grand Historian (Shiji) Treatise on the Great Unified Realm of the al-Sın. See China Great Yuan (Dayuan da yitong zhi), Sın al-Sın. See China 103–104 Sin Kalan. See Guangzhou tribute-based diplomatic order, 169 Sıraf, 33, 65, 66, 68, 107 Tufan. See Tibet excavations at, 16 Tūsı, Nasır al-Dın, 128 So, Billy K. L., 45 Sogdians, 5, 6, 29 al-Ubullah, 32–33 geographical knowledge possessed Umayyads, Umayyad caliphate, 7, 27, 29 by, 60 ummah, 6 Song Dynasty Unno Kazutaka, 142 Northern Song, 44 Southern Song, 46, 93, 97–98, 110–111 Wang Dayuan, 91, 161, 176, 178, Srivijaya, 46, 70 See also Shortened Account of the Non- Sugiyama Masaaki, 18 Chinese Island Peoples (Daoyi zhilüe) Sunnah, 27 skepticism on the travel of, to West Asia, Survey of the Lands (Taqwım al-buldan). 153 See Abū al-Fidaʾ Wang Yinglin, 37 Wang Yun, 96 “T-in-the-O” map, 4, 197 al-Waqwaq, 62, 63 Taizong, Tang Dynasty, 35 Wassaf, 139, 151 Taizu, Ming Dynasty, 178 Ways of Perception Concerning Talas the Most Populous [Civilized] Battle of, 53, 56, 191 Provinces (Masalik al-absar Tang Code, 67 fi mamalik al-amsar). See Ibn Tangiers, Morocco, 152 Fadlallah al-ʿUmarı al-Tawhıdı, 68 Wei Yuan. See Illustrated Treatise on the terra cognita, 63, 89 Sea Kingdoms(Haiguo tuzhi) terra incognita, 9, 76, 78, 89 Western Barbarians (Xirong), 22, 23 Thınai (Sinae). See China Western Regions (Xiyu), 9 Tibbetts, Gerald, 188 Western Sea, 24 Tibet, 29 Western Sea (Xihai), 24 Tigris, 32 “Western Sea of the Muslims” (Xi Dashi Timur (Tamerlane), 161, 167, 180, hai), 48 188, 195 World Book (Jahan-namah), 88, 142 recruiting Ibn Khaldūn, 180 Wu Jian, 91, 115, 119 setting out to conquer China, 168 Wusili. See Egypt

276 Index

Xinya Tuoluo, 44 Zhao Rugua, 89, 93, 113. See also Description of the Foreign Yamagata Kinya, 171 Lands (Zhufan zhi) Yang Shu, 92, 112–113, 140, 170 Zheng He, 15, 19, 161, 169–179, 184, 189, Yang You, 171 196, 200 Yangzhou, 61 treasure ships (baochuan) of, 171 Yaqūt. See Geographical Dictionary Zheng Sixiao, 118 (Mu‘jam al-buldan) Zhipan, 38–41 Yeke Mongol Ulus. See Mongol empire Zhou Mi, 118 Yongle Encyclopaedia (Yongle Zhou Qufei, 53, 75, 89, 114. dadian), 102 See also Notes from the Land beyond Yuan Dynasty, 18, 97 the Passes (Lingwai daida) “Yugong tu”, 14 Zhu Siben, 165 Zhu Yuanzhang, 163 Zaitun. See Quanzhou Zıj-i Īlkhanı, 128 Zhang Qian, 96 Zou Yan, 115