California Indian Warfare
47 CALIFORNIA INDIAN WARFARE Steven R. James Suzanne Graziani 49 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION NORTHERN CALIFORNIA TRIBES CENTRAL COAST TRIBES CENTRAL INTERIOR TRIBES SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRIBES COLORADO RIVER TRIBES DISCUSSION APPENDIX 1 A List of Warfare Encounters Between Tribes ILLUSTRATION Map Showing Names and Territories of California Tribes BIBLIOGRAPHY 51 INTRODUCTION With the exception of the Mohave and the Yuma Indians along the Colorado River, the tribes of California were considered to be peaceful, yet peaceful is an ambiguous word. While there was no large-scale or organized warfare outside the Colorado River area, all tribes seemed to be, at one time or another, engaged in fighting with their neighbors. There was a great deal of feuding between groups (tribelets or villages) within the individual tribes, also. The basic cause for warfare was economic competition, which included trespassing, and poaching, as well as murder. The Mohave and the Yuma, on the other hand, glorified war for itself. The ambiguity of the word "peaceful" is increased by the accounts in the ethnographies. For example, a tribe may be described as being "peaceful;" yet, warfare with certain neighbors was said to be "common." At times, there were actual contradictions in the information concerning tribal warfare and intertribal relationships. Apparently, each California tribe had contact with most of its neighbors, but for the purposes of this paper, we have divided the state into the following five areas of interaction: the Northern tribes, the Central Coast tribes, the Southern tribes, the Central Interior tribes, and tie Colorado River tribes. Within each area, we have attempted to ascertain which tribes were in agreement and which tribes were in conflict, and if the conflicts were chronic.
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