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Cultural Resources The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14 th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Giant Sequoia National Monument Specialist Report Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Current Management Direction ................................................................................................................. 1 Types of Cultural Resources .................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Monitoring .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Current Management Direction Tribal and Native American Interests ..................................................... 7 Description of Proposal ............................................................................................................................. 11 Need for Change ................................................................................................................................... 11 Management Direction ......................................................................................................................... 11 Alternative B ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Alternative C ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Alternative D ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Alternative E.......................................................................................................................................... 15 Alternative F .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Standards/Guidelines for No Action Alternative (A)............................................................................. 15 Standards/Guidelines for All Action Alternatives (B, C, D, E, F) ............................................................ 16 Description of Proposal for Tribal and Native American Interests ........................................................... 18 Affected Environment ............................................................................................................................... 19 Geographic forces on human occupation ............................................................................................. 20 Prehistoric Background ......................................................................................................................... 21 Southern Sierra Nevada (McGuire and Garfinkel 1980) ....................................................................... 21 Great Basin (From Giambastiani and Sprengeler 2010) ....................................................................... 22 Ethnography .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Subsistence and Material Culture ......................................................................................................... 31 Native Americans, Vegetation Manipulation, and Fire ........................................................................ 33 Social Organization ............................................................................................................................... 34 Historical Background ............................................................................................................................... 35 Contact, Missionization, and Mexican Rule .......................................................................................... 35 The Gold Rush and Native Decline ........................................................................................................ 36 May 10, 2012 Cultural Resources and Tribal and Native American Interests i Giant Sequoia National Monument Specialist Report Emergence of Timber and Grazing ....................................................................................................... 38 The Ghost Dance and the Reservation ................................................................................................. 40 Expansion and Monopolies ................................................................................................................... 42 Logging Converse Basin and Hume Lake ............................................................................................... 43 Tourism and Recreational Development .............................................................................................. 45 Mining ................................................................................................................................................... 46 Hydroelectric Development .................................................................................................................. 46 Government Management: the Search for the Greatest Good, a Struggle of Utilitarian Conservation, Restoration and Preservation ................................................................................................................... 47 California’s Forest Conserved under Federal Control (1890-1904) ...................................................... 49 Rise and Early Development of National Forest System (1905-1911) .................................................. 52 California National Forest System Grows and Goes to War (1911-1918) ............................................ 54 Maturation of District 5 to Region 5 and the Great Depression (1919-1932) ...................................... 58 A New Deal for Region 5 (multiple-purpose and multiple-use management) (1933-1941) ................ 61 Region 5 at War (1941-1945) ................................................................................................................ 64 Golden State of Managing Growth and Multiple Use (1946-1954) ...................................................... 65 Programmed Multiple-Use Maximus (1955-1967) ............................................................................... 65 Tribal and Native American Interests ....................................................................................................... 66 Environmental Effects ............................................................................................................................... 68 Legal and Regulatory Compliance ......................................................................................................... 68 Assumptions and Methodology ............................................................................................................ 68 Archaeological Resources ..................................................................................................................... 72 Ethnographic Resources ....................................................................................................................... 73 Duration of impact .................................................................................................................................... 74 Cultural Landscape Resources, including Individually Significant Historic Sites and Structures .......... 74 Measures or Factors Used to Assess Environmental Consequences ........................................................ 75 Tribal and Native American Interests - Assumptions ............................................................................... 75 Direct Effects ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Direct Effects to Cultural Resources ......................................................................................................... 76 Direct Effects to Tribal and Native American Interests ............................................................................ 76 Indirect Effects .......................................................................................................................................... 76 Indirect Effects on Cultural Resources ...................................................................................................... 76 May 10, 2012 Cultural Resources and Tribal and Native American Interests ii Giant Sequoia National
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