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Giant Sequoia National Monument Specialist Report Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Current Management Direction ................................................................................................................. 1 Types of Cultural Resources .................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Monitoring .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Current Management Direction Tribal and Native American Interests ..................................................... 7 Description of Proposal ............................................................................................................................. 11 Need for Change ................................................................................................................................... 11 Management Direction ......................................................................................................................... 11 Alternative B ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Alternative C ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Alternative D ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Alternative E.......................................................................................................................................... 15 Alternative F .......................................................................................................................................... 15 Standards/Guidelines for No Action Alternative (A)............................................................................. 15 Standards/Guidelines for All Action Alternatives (B, C, D, E, F) ............................................................ 16 Description of Proposal for Tribal and Native American Interests ........................................................... 18 Affected Environment ............................................................................................................................... 19 Geographic forces on human occupation ............................................................................................. 20 Prehistoric Background ......................................................................................................................... 21 Southern Sierra Nevada (McGuire and Garfinkel 1980) ....................................................................... 21 Great Basin (From Giambastiani and Sprengeler 2010) ....................................................................... 22 Ethnography .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Subsistence and Material Culture ......................................................................................................... 31 Native Americans, Vegetation Manipulation, and Fire ........................................................................ 33 Social Organization ............................................................................................................................... 34 Historical Background ............................................................................................................................... 35 Contact, Missionization, and Mexican Rule .......................................................................................... 35 The Gold Rush and Native Decline ........................................................................................................ 36 May 10, 2012 Cultural Resources and Tribal and Native American Interests i Giant Sequoia National Monument Specialist Report Emergence of Timber and Grazing ....................................................................................................... 38 The Ghost Dance and the Reservation ................................................................................................. 40 Expansion and Monopolies ................................................................................................................... 42 Logging Converse Basin and Hume Lake ............................................................................................... 43 Tourism and Recreational Development .............................................................................................. 45 Mining ................................................................................................................................................... 46 Hydroelectric Development .................................................................................................................. 46 Government Management: the Search for the Greatest Good, a Struggle of Utilitarian Conservation, Restoration and Preservation ................................................................................................................... 47 California’s Forest Conserved under Federal Control (1890-1904) ...................................................... 49 Rise and Early Development of National Forest System (1905-1911) .................................................. 52 California National Forest System Grows and Goes to War (1911-1918) ............................................ 54 Maturation of District 5 to Region 5 and the Great Depression (1919-1932) ...................................... 58 A New Deal for Region 5 (multiple-purpose and multiple-use management) (1933-1941) ................ 61 Region 5 at War (1941-1945) ................................................................................................................ 64 Golden State of Managing Growth and Multiple Use (1946-1954) ...................................................... 65 Programmed Multiple-Use Maximus (1955-1967) ............................................................................... 65 Tribal and Native American Interests ....................................................................................................... 66 Environmental Effects ............................................................................................................................... 68 Legal and Regulatory Compliance ......................................................................................................... 68 Assumptions and Methodology ............................................................................................................ 68 Archaeological Resources ..................................................................................................................... 72 Ethnographic Resources ....................................................................................................................... 73 Duration of impact .................................................................................................................................... 74 Cultural Landscape Resources, including Individually Significant Historic Sites and Structures .......... 74 Measures or Factors Used to Assess Environmental Consequences ........................................................ 75 Tribal and Native American Interests - Assumptions ............................................................................... 75 Direct Effects ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Direct Effects to Cultural Resources ......................................................................................................... 76 Direct Effects to Tribal and Native American Interests ............................................................................ 76 Indirect Effects .......................................................................................................................................... 76 Indirect Effects on Cultural Resources ...................................................................................................... 76 May 10, 2012 Cultural Resources and Tribal and Native American Interests ii Giant Sequoia National