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Mobility Management Division 44 Environment and Infrastructure Sector project: “Transport Policy Advice” Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities Module 2b: Mobility Management Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH OVERVIEW OF THE SOURCEBOOK Modules and contributors Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Sourcebook Overview, and Cross-cutting Issues of Policy-Makers in Developing Cities Urban Transport (GTZ) What is the Sourcebook? Institutional and policy orientation This Sourcebook on Sustainable Urban Transport 1a. The Role of Transport in Urban Development addresses the key areas of a sustainable transport Policy (Enrique Peñalosa) policy framework for a developing city. The 1b. Urban Transport Institutions (Richard Meakin) Sourcebook consists of 20 modules. 1c. Private Sector Participation in Transport Infra- structure Provision (Christopher Zegras, MIT) Who is it for? 1d. Economic Instruments (Manfred Breithaupt, The Sourcebook is intended for policy-makers GTZ) in developing cities, and their advisors. This 1e. Raising Public Awareness about Sustainable target audience is reflected in the content, which Urban Transport (Karl Fjellstrom, GTZ) provides policy tools appropriate for application in a range of developing cities. Land use planning and demand management 2a. Land Use Planning and Urban Transport How is it supposed to be used? (Rudolf Petersen, Wuppertal Institute) The Sourcebook can be used in a number of 2b. Mobility Management (Todd Litman, VTPI) ways. It should be kept in one location, and the different modules provided to officials involved Transit, walking and cycling in urban transport. The Sourcebook can be easily 3a. Mass Transit Options (Lloyd Wright, ITDP; adapted to fit a formal short course training GTZ) event, or can serve as a guide for developing a 3b. Bus Rapid Transit (Lloyd Wright, ITDP) curriculum or other training program in the area 3c. Bus Regulation & Planning (Richard Meakin) of urban transport; avenues GTZ is pursuing. 3d. Preserving and Expanding the Role of Non- motorised Transport (Walter Hook, ITDP) What are some of the key features? The key features of the Sourcebook include: Vehicles and fuels < A practical orientation, focusing on best 4a. Cleaner Fuels and Vehicle Technologies practices in planning and regulation and, (Michael Walsh; Reinhard Kolke, where possible, successful experience in Umweltbundesamt – UBA) developing cities. 4b. Inspection & Maintenance and < Contributors are leading experts in their fields. Roadworthiness (Reinhard Kolke, UBA) < An attractive and easy-to-read, colour layout. 4c. Two- and Three-Wheelers (Jitendra Shah, < Non-technical language (to the extent World Bank; N.V. Iyer, Bajaj Auto) possible), with technical terms explained. 4d. Natural Gas Vehicles (MVV InnoTec) < Updates via the Internet. Environmental and health impacts How do I get a copy? 5a. Air Quality Management (Dietrich Schwela, Please visit www.sutp-asia.org or www.gtz.de/ World Health Organisation) transport for details on how to order a copy. The 5b. Urban Road Safety (Jacqueline Lacroix, DVR; Sourcebook is not sold for profit. Any charges David Silcock, GRSP) imposed are only to cover the cost of printing 5c. Noise and its Abatement (Civic Exchange and distribution. Hong Kong; GTZ; UBA) Comments or feedback? Resources We would welcome any of your comments or 6. Resources for Policy-makers (GTZ) suggestions, on any aspect of the Sourcebook, by Further modules and resources email to [email protected], or by surface mail to: Further modules are anticipated in the areas Manfred Breithaupt of Driver Training; Financing Urban Transport; GTZ, Division 44 Benchmarking; and Participatory Planning. Postfach 5180 Additional resources are being developed, and 65726 Eschborn an Urban Transport Photo CD (GTZ 2002) is Germany now available. i Module 2b: About the author Mobility Management Todd Litman is founder and executive director of the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, an By Todd Litman independent research organization dedicated to (Victoria Transport Policy Institute) developing innovative solutions to transportation problems. He developed the Online TDM Editor: Karl Fjellstrom Encyclopedia and many other resources . His Manager: Manfred Breithaupt research is used worldwide in transportation planning and policy analysis. Todd lives with GTZ Transport and Mobility Group, 2003 his family in Victoria, British Columbia, a city that demonstrates the value of a balanced Findings, interpretations and conclusions transportation system: tourists come from all over expressed in this document are based on the world to walk around the city’s harbour, ride in information gathered by GTZ and its consultants, a horse-drawn wagon, and travel by double-decker partners, and contributors from reliable sources. bus. GTZ does not, however, guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or losses which emerge from its use. Cover photo: Suzhou, China, Jan. 2002. Photo by Karl Fjellstrom i Module 2b: Mobility Management 1. Introduction 1 5.4 Public transport improvements 21 5.5 Commute trip 2. Basic concepts 3 reduction programs 21 2.1 Rationale for mobility How it is implemented 21 management 6 Travel impacts 21 3. Mobility management Best practices 22 planning and evaluation 7 Commute trip reduction program resources 23 3.1 Introduction 7 5.6 Freight transport management 24 3.2 Best practices 8 Freight transport management resources 24 4. Mobility management policy 5.7 Tourist transport management 26 and institutional reforms 10 How it is implemented 26 Introduction 10 Travel Impacts 27 Best practices 11 Best practices 27 Institutional reform information resources 12 Tourist transport management resources 27 5. Examples of mobility 5.8 Parking management 27 management strategies 12 Parking management strategies 27 5.1 Smart growth – land use How it is implemented 30 management strategies 12 Travel impacts 32 Smart growth practices 12 Best practices 32 How it is implemented 14 Information resources for Smart growth resources 14 parking management 33 5.2 non-motorised 5.9 Vehicle fees, restrictions transport planning 15 and car-free planning 33 How it is implemented 15 Cordon / area pricing 33 Travel impacts 16 Odd / even schemes and their variations 35 Non-motorised transport resources 16 Mobility management resources 36 5.3 Transportation market and pricing reforms 17 Vehicle tariffs and industrial development 17 Commuter financial incentives 17 Road pricing 18 Revenue-neutral tax shifts 18 Improved transportation pricing methods 18 Neutral planning and investment policies 18 How it is implemented 19 Travel impacts 19 Best practices 19 Transportation market reform resources 20 ii 1 Module 2b: Mobility Management 1. Introduction travel and giving little support to other modes such as walking, cycling and public transit, Mobility management (also called the quality of these other modes declines. As Transportation Demand Management or a result, automobile travel tends to be faster, TDM) is a general term for strategies that result more convenient, more comfortable and safer in more efficient use of transportation resources, than other modes, so more people will try to as opposed to increasing transportation system own a car or travel by taxi whenever possible. supply by expanding roads, parking facilities, air- The resulting traffic congestion, parking conges- ports and other motor vehicle facilities. Mobility tion, pollution, crash risk and sprawl make all management emphasises the movement of travellers worse off. Improving the quality of people and goods, not just motor vehicles, and alternative modes can benefit everybody, and so gives priority to public transit, ridesharing placing constraints on the total amount of and non-motorised modes, particularly under driving that occurs in a community can benefit congested urban conditions. everybody, including people who must drive. For example, if mobility management strategies There are many potential mobility management improve transit service quality so wealthy com- strategies with a variety of impacts. Some im- muters shift from driving every day to riding prove transportation diversity (the travel options transit most days and only driving when necessary, available to users). Others provide incentives they will experience less traffic congestion and for users to change the frequency, mode, des- fewer parking problems on the days they drive. tination, route or timing of their travel. Some reduce the need for physical travel through Automobile dependency imposes large eco- mobility substitutes or more efficient land use. nomic, social and environmental costs, although Some involve policy reforms to correct current many of these costs are indirect and so not distortions in transportation planning practices. perceived by individual motorists. Mobility management is an increasingly com- mon response to transport problems. Mobility “Mobility management is management is particularly appropriate in de- particularly appropriate in veloping country cities, because of its low costs developing country cities, because of and multiple benefits. Table 1 lists some of the its low costs and multiple benefits” reasons to implement Mobility Management in developing countries. Developing countries have Highway investments sometimes appear more limited resources to devote to transportation cost effective than alternatives such as public infrastructure.
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