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Sapiens Ubique Civis I SAPIENS UBIQUE CIVIS I. CIVIS I. UBIQUE SAPIENS UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICAL AND NEO-LATIN STUDIES & ELTE EÖTVÖS JÓZSEF COLLEGIUM SAPIENS UBIQUE CIVIS I. Antiquitas • Byzantium • Renascentia XLII. Series editors: Zoltán Farkas László Horváth Tamás Mészáros UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICAL AND NEO-LATIN STUDIES & ELTE EÖTVÖS JÓZSEF COLLEGIUM SAPIENS UBIQUE CIVIS I. Editor-in-chief János Nagyillés Editors Gergő Gellérfi Attila Hajdú Tamás Jászay Editorial Committee Nóra Dávid • Endre Ádám Hamvas • Imre Áron Illés • Péter Kasza • László Szörényi • Ibolya Tar • Iván Tóth ELTE Eötvös József Collegium Budapest, 2021 The publication of this volume was supported by National Research, Development and Innovation Office project nr. NKFIH NN 124539: Textual Criticism in the Interpretation of Social Context: Byzantium and Beyond. Sapiens Ubique Civis 1 (2020) Edited by the Department of Classical and Neo-Latin Studies Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Szeged Editorial contact address: [email protected] ELTE Eötvös József Collegium Budapest, 2021 Publisher: Dr László Horváth, director of ELTE Eötvös Collegium Type setting: Dr Gergő Gellérfi Cover design: Dorottya Vogt Copyright © Eötvös Collegium 2021 © The authors All rights reserved. Printed by CC Printing Szolgáltató Kft. 1118 Budapest, Rétköz utca 55/A fsz. 4. Manager: Ilona Szendy ISSN 2064-2369 (Antiquitas – Byzantium – Renascentia) ISSN 2732-317X (Sapiens ubique civis) TABLE OF CONTENTS JÁNOS NAGYILLÉS: Sapiens ubique civis – Preface....................................... 9 DAVID PRESTON: Empedocles’ Big Break: Pre-Socratic Cosmology and The Big Bounce .................................................................................. 11 ARMIN UNFRICHT: Guilt and Atonement? Communal Disasters and the Creation of Hero-Cults in Ancient Greece ................................... 29 MARTIN ŠMERDA: Quirinus and his Role in Original Capitoline Triad .... 57 FABRIZIO BIGLINO: The Silent Revolution: The Roman Army between Polybius and Marius .......................................................................... 65 SVETLANA IAKOVLEVA: Marcus Antonius’ Campaign against the Pirates in 102 BC ............................................................................... 89 HAGGAI OLSHANETSKY – YAEL ESCOJIDO: Different from Others? Jews as Slave Owners and Traders in the Persian and Hellenistic Periods ............................................................................. 97 PÉTER SOMFAI: The Loss of Innocence. Catullan Intertexts in Vergil’s Eclogue 8 and the Camilla Episode of the Aeneid ............................ 121 SHEANNA MURRAY: Identities in Roman Macedonia during the Early Imperial Period ................................................................................. 141 ATTILA HAJDÚ: Visions of Narcissus from the Late Imperial Period. Remarks on the Statue of Narcissus from Callistratus’ Ekphraseis ................................................................... 161 Notes on Contributors............................................................................ 186 DOI: 10.14232/suc.2020.1.9-10 JÁNOS NAGYILLÉS Sapiens ubique civis – Preface Our volume publishes nine of the presentations given at the Sapiens Ubique Civis VII conference – an event that took place in 2019 and was the seventh in a series of conferences organised for doctoral and post- doctoral students by the Department for Classical and Neo-Latin Studies of the University of Szeged. As the spectrum of the current selection will also reveal, it is traditional for the academic forum of this conference not to be organised around a certain topic but, rather, to provide visibility to the studies conducted by the doctoral students. This way we can assure that all participants present the materials that they have been the most invested in. At the conference, presentations are followed by lively and produc- tive discussions that often enrich the perspectives offered by the pre- senter. During the three-day event presentations were given by a total of 47 young researchers coming from 9 countries and various doctoral programmes. This great number of almost half a hundred participants shows that there is still interest in the academic research of classical studies, of ancient languages and especially of Latin and its use as a me- diator language; and that the next generation of scholars is currently in the making at various doctoral programmes. There is good reason to feel optimistic: researches in antiquity are persisting despite the decline of humanities classes. This can also be at- tributed to the fact that, next to presentations about ancient culture, the conference also featured talks about late antiquity, the medieval period, and early modern history, what is more, the influence of classical texts lent itself to analysis up until contemporary history. The organisers of the conference would like to express their gratitude to the Faculty of 10 Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Szeged for sponsor- ing the academic event and to the Eötvös József Collegium of ELTE and its director, László Horváth, for publishing this volume as part of the institute’s acclaimed scientific series. Our intention is to find new channels to organise and implement the conference regardless of the pandemic, and in 2021 to resume the tradi- tion that has been temporarily discontinued due to uncertainties sur- rounding the global health situation. Dr János Nagyillés Associate Professor Head of Department University of Szeged Department for Classical and Neo-Latin Studies DOI: 10.14232/suc.2020.1.11-28 DAVID PRESTON Empedocles’ Big Break: Pre-Socratic Cosmology and The Big Bounce This paper endeavours to demonstrate that certain strands of ancient and modern cosmo- logical thought are not as dissimilar as one might initially believe. In doing so, it will ex- amine two accounts of the fundamental nature and origin of the universe – one put for- ward in the 5th century BCE by the Pre-Socratic Empedocles, and one favoured by a fac- tion of 21st Century CE physical cosmologists. After said parallels are highlighted, there will be some speculation on how Empedocles may have arrived at such conclusions two and a half millennia ago, followed by a defence of him being classified only as an ancient poet.1 Keywords: Empedocles, Pre-Socratic cosmology, Big Bounce, Ancient Science Hands up – who’s heard of Empedocles? If the answer is ‘not me’ then the chances are you’ve spent your life doing something more productive than scrawling through dusty pages of Diels-Kranz’s Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker. If the answer is ‘somewhat’, you might be a recovering philosopher (or classicist) with a vague memory of a tale about a mad- man jumping into a volcano interrupting your slumbers as you dosed through a first-year Ancient Philosophy lecture. If your answer is ‘but of course, who hasn’t?’, then – like me – you probably need to get out a little more. Indeed, people like ‘us’ – by which I mean those who spend their lives studying Pre-Socratic Philosophy – spend much of our time espousing its virtues, relevance, and practicality in relation to 21st centu- 1 I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Gergő Gellérfi and Dr János Nagyillés (Universi- ty of Szeged) for their feedback when this paper was presented as a keynote at the Sapiens Ubique Civis conference in August 2019. I would also like to thank Dr. Mia Hughes (Imperial College London) for her patience and lucid responses to my count- less annoying questions on physical cosmology. 12 David Preston ry thinking, but this often falls on deaf ears—even within academic dis- cussions. Aside from the occasional nod given in the general direction of Plato and Aristotle (and, increasingly, the Stoics), Ancient Philosophy largely continues to be viewed as something perhaps necessary to study as a starting point on a ‘History of Ideas’ module, but its perceived use- fulness and practicality ends around there. Thales, for example, holds the distinction of being classified as the first ‘philosopher’ due to him challenging the traditional theological narrative with his claim that eve- rything came not from the gods, but from water.2 Owing to him positing a natural source as the origin of all things, Thales might be seen more as a proto-scientist than a philosopher, something which leads him to be treated as too much of a scientist for the philosophers, but too much of a philosopher for the scientists. This is a sentiment echoed recently by Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate in Physics, who claims that “the early Greeks had very little in common with today’s physicists. Their theories had no bite. Empedocles could speculate about the elements, and Democritus about atoms, but their speculations led to no new infor- mation about nature—and certainly to nothing that would allow their theories to be tested. It is better to think of them not as physicists or sci- entists or even philosophers, but as poets”.3 It isn’t difficult to understand why opinions like those of Weinberg’s arise; Pre-Socratic philosophy can be abstract at best and downright bonkers at worst, yet they were grappling with the same problems many philosophers and scientists are today, these being the fundamen- tal nature and origin both of our universe and existence itself. The acces- sibility of their ideas, however, are often hampered by the dense poetic style they are delivered through, and this
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