1 Aeschylus, Prometheus Vinctus Enter FORCE and VIOLENCE
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Sea Monsters in Antiquity: a Classical and Zoological Investigation
Sea Monsters in Antiquity: A Classical and Zoological Investigation Alexander L. Jaffe Harvard University Dept. of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Class of 2015 Abstract: Sea monsters inspired both fascination and fear in the minds of the ancients. In this paper, I aim to examine several traditional monsters of antiquity with a multi-faceted approach that couples classical background with modern day zoological knowledge. Looking at the examples of the ketos and the sea serpent in Roman and Greek societies, I evaluate the scientific bases for representations of these monsters across of variety of media, from poetry to ceramics. Through the juxtaposition of the classical material and modern science, I seek to gain a greater understanding of the ancient conception of sea monsters and explain the way in which they were rationalized and depicted by ancient cultures. A closer look at extant literature, historical accounts, and artwork also helps to reveal a human sentiment towards the ocean and its denizens penetrating through time even into the modern day. “The Sea-monsters, mighty of limb and huge, the wonders of the sea, heavy with strength invincible, a terror for the eyes to behold and ever armed with deadly rage—many of these there be that roam the spacious seas...”1 Oppian, Halieutica 1 As the Greek poet Oppian so eloquently reveals, sea monsters inspired both fascination and fear in the minds of the ancients. From the Old Testament to Ovid, sources from throughout the ancient world show authors exercising both imagination and observation in the description of these creatures. Mythology as well played a large role in the creation of these beliefs, with such classic examples as Perseus and Andromeda or Herakles and Hesione. -
Folktale Types and Motifs in Greek Heroic Myth Review P.11 Morphology of the Folktale, Vladimir Propp 1928 Heroic Quest
Mon Feb 13: Heracles/Hercules and the Greek world Ch. 15, pp. 361-397 Folktale types and motifs in Greek heroic myth review p.11 Morphology of the Folktale, Vladimir Propp 1928 Heroic quest NAME: Hera-kleos = (Gk) glory of Hera (his persecutor) >p.395 Roman name: Hercules divine heritage and birth: Alcmena +Zeus -> Heracles pp.362-5 + Amphitryo -> Iphicles Zeus impersonates Amphityron: "disguised as her husband he enjoyed the bed of Alcmena" “Alcmena, having submitted to a god and the best of mankind, in Thebes of the seven gates gave birth to a pair of twin brothers – brothers, but by no means alike in thought or in vigor of spirit. The one was by far the weaker, the other a much better man, terrible, mighty in battle, Heracles, the hero unconquered. Him she bore in submission to Cronus’ cloud-ruling son, the other, by name Iphicles, to Amphitryon, powerful lancer. Of different sires she conceived them, the one of a human father, the other of Zeus, son of Cronus, the ruler of all the gods” pseudo-Hesiod, Shield of Heracles Hera tries to block birth of twin sons (one per father) Eurystheus born on same day (Hera heard Zeus swear that a great ruler would be born that day, so she speeded up Eurystheus' birth) (Zeus threw her out of heaven when he realized what she had done) marvellous infancy: vs. Hera’s serpents Hera, Heracles and the origin of the MIlky Way Alienation: Madness of Heracles & Atonement pp.367,370 • murders wife Megara and children (agency of Hera) Euripides, Heracles verdict of Delphic oracle: must serve his cousin Eurystheus, king of Mycenae -> must perform 12 Labors (‘contests’) for Eurystheus -> immortality as reward The Twelve Labors pp.370ff. -
Child Abuse in Greek Mythology: a Review C Stavrianos, I Stavrianou, P Kafas
The Internet Journal of Forensic Science ISPUB.COM Volume 3 Number 1 Child Abuse in Greek Mythology: A Review C Stavrianos, I Stavrianou, P Kafas Citation C Stavrianos, I Stavrianou, P Kafas. Child Abuse in Greek Mythology: A Review. The Internet Journal of Forensic Science. 2007 Volume 3 Number 1. Abstract The aim of this review was to describe child abuse cases in ancient Greek mythology. Names like Hercules, Saturn, Aesculapius, Medea are very familiar. The stories can be divided into 3 categories: child abuse from gods to gods, from gods to humans and from humans to humans. In these stories children were abused in different ways and the reasons were of social, financial, political, religious, medical and sexual origin. The interpretations of the myths differed and the conclusions seemed controversial. Archaeologists, historians, and philosophers still try to bring these ancient stories into light in connection with the archaeological findings. The possibility for a dentist to face a child abuse case in the dental office nowadays proved the fact that child abuse was not only a phenomenon of the past but also a reality of the present. INTRODUCTION courses are easily available to everyone. Child abuse may be defined as any non-accidental trauma, On 1860 the forensic odontologist Ambroise Tardieu, neglect, failure to meet basic needs or abuse inflicted upon a referring to 32 cases, made a connection between subdural child by a caretaker that is beyond the acceptable norm of haematoma and abuse. In 1874 a church group in New York childcare in our culture. Abused children found in all 1 City took a child named Mary-Helen from home in which economic, social, ethnic and cultural backgrounds and she was being abused. -
Greek, Tamil and Sanskrit: Comparison Between the Myths of 29 Herakles (Related with Iole and Deianira) and Rama in Hinduism
2021-4155-AJP – 23 MAR 2021 1 Greek, Tamil and Sanskrit: Comparison between the 2 Myths of Prometheus, Sembian and Sibi 3 4 The Prometheus myth in Greek literature deals primarily with the theft of fire. 5 The mythological story unwinds such events as the sacrificial thigh bone, God’s 6 corporal punishment, and the eating of flesh by an eagle. A link with the Ocea- 7 nus race and with the continent of Asia is also seen. Interestingly resemblances 8 with this myth can be seen in some ancient literary sources from Tamil and San- 9 skrit languages. The Tamil myth of ‘Sembian’ and the Sanskrit myth of ‘Sibi’ 10 also have resemblances with the Greek myth of Prometheus. The parallels seen 11 between these myths are examined here. 12 13 Keywords: comparative study, Indian, myth, Prometheus, Sanskrit, Sembi- 14 an, Sibi, Tamil 15 16 17 Introduction 18 19 Myths can be considered to be the ancient sources of information on an- 20 cient history and culture. Some myths even though arising in different corners 21 of the world and in different languages strangely reflect one another. The simi- 22 larities in mythologies may indicate parallels and influences of one on another. 23 If the similarities are occasional they may be seen as parallels. If the similari- 24 ties are made by personal contact, they may be seen as influences. The Greek 25 myth of Prometheus has similarities with the Tamil myth of Sembian and the 26 Sanskrit myth of Sibi. 27 28 Prometheus 29 30 There are many myths related with Prometheus, among those myths some 31 noteworthy mentions are as follows: 32 33 1. -
Hercules Rescuing Hesione on a Stojnik Funerary Monument
https://doi.org/10.2298/STA2070111G UDC: 904:726.825.046"652"(497.11) Original research article NADEŽDA GAVRILOVIĆ VITAS, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade JELENA ANĐELKOVIĆ GRAŠAR, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade A MESSAGE FROM BEYOND THE GRAVE: HERCULES RESCUING HESIONE ON A STOJNIK FUNERARY MONUMENT email: [email protected] Abstract. – The research of this study is dedicated to a unique iconographical scene in the territory of the Central Balkan Roman provinces, of Hercules rescuing Hesione from a seamonster (ketos), depicted on a funerary monument found in 1931 at the site of Stojnik, in the vicinity of Belgrade, antique Singidunum, and now displayed in the lapidarium of the National Museum in Belgrade. The funerary monument was erected for the deceased, a veteran of cohors II Aurelia nova, Publius Aelius Victorinus, by his wife Aurelia Rufina and their son Publius Aelius Acutianus. The rich iconography of the monument makes it a very important example of funerary art in the period from the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century – the eschatological symbolism of the presented scenes and motifs is more than clear and underlines not only the hope of the deceased’s family for his eternal and blessed life after death, but also the deceased’s victory over death and presents him as a symbol of courage and virtue. The architectural scheme of the monument, along with its iconography, suggests strong artistic influences from Noricum and both the Pannonian provinces, while the the mythical tale of Hercules and Hesione was chosen, it is argued, not only because Hercules was one of the most favoured gods in the Roman army, but also because he was a protector of miners and mines. -
Heracles in Homer and Apollonius: Narratological Character Analysis in a Diachronic Perspective
Heracles in Homer and Apollonius: Narratological Character Analysis in a Diachronic Perspective Silvio Bär Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, University of Oslo, Norway For Winnie 1. Introduction Aristotle in his Poetics (1451a 16–22) mentions epics on the life and deeds of Heracles as a negative example of what he considers to be imperative for good dramatic progress and coherence, namely, the unity of action.1 According to Aristotle, unity of action is not automatically constituted by the sum of all the single events that occur in one and the same character’s lifetime. This verdict encapsulates two parameters that are going to be of eminent importance in this article. First, it shows that Aristotle did not see an inherent connection between a literary character and the idea of unity, but indeed rather viewed these two aspects as contradictory. As will be demonstrated, plausible as it sounds, this methodological proposition is often not taken for granted in literary character studies in classical scholarship. Secondly, the Aristotelian passage testifies to the fact that Heracles was indeed popular as an 1 µῦθος δ᾿ ἐστὶν εἷς οὐχ ὥσπερ τινὲς οἴονται ἐὰν περὶ ἕνα ᾖ· πολλὰ γὰρ καὶ ἄπειρα τῷ ἑνὶ συµβαίνει, ἐξ ὧν ἐνίων οὐδέν ἐστιν ἕν· οὕτως δὲ καὶ πράξεις ἑνὸς πολλαί εἰσιν, ἐξ ὧν µία οὐδεµία γίνεται πρᾶξις. διὸ πάντες ἐοίκασιν ἁµαρτάνειν ὅσοι τῶν ποιητῶν Ἡρακληίδα καὶ Θησηίδα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ποιήµατα πεποιήκασιν· οἴονται γάρ, ἐπεὶ εἷς ἦν ὁ Ἡρακλῆς, ἕνα καὶ τὸν µῦθον εἶναι προσήκειν. (“A plot is not one coherent thing, as some believe, if it is centred around one single [person]. -
Remains of Old Latin; Newly Edited and Translated
THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOODED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY T. E. PAGE, C.H., Lirr.D. E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, liit.d. REMAINS OF OLD LATIN I ENNIUS AND CAECILIUS EEMAINS OF OLD LATIN newly edited axd translated by E7%.AVaRMINGT0N, m.a. RKAOER IN ANTIKST HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, king's COLLEGE (in three volumes y I ENNIUS AND CAECILIUS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMXXXV ?A Printed in Great Britain — CONTENTS PAOK INTEODUCTION vii BKNIUS 1 CAECILITTS 467 WORDS FBOM ENNniS AND CAECrLITJS NOT INCLUDED IN THE TEXT OE THE NOTES OF THIS VOLUME . 562 CONCOEDANCES I. —ENNius {for rej. from Vahlen's ed. to this) . 565 n.—EKNius (for ref. from this ed. to Vahleti'a) . 575 I.—CAECiLius (for ref. from Ribbeck's ed. to this) . 585 II. —CAECILIUS (for ref. from this ed. to Ribbeck's) . 587 INDEX 591 INTRODUCTION Scope of this nork. Limits of the archaic period. Archaic spelling. Contents In three volumes entitled Remains of Old Latin, of which this is the first volume, my object is to present a Latin text and an English translation of Latin remnants, literary and epigraphic, which belong to the archaic period of Roman literary historj-. I have fixed the limit of this archaic period at 81 —80 B.C., which are the years of Sulla's dictatorship. It is indeed true that the limit cannot really be defined with precision, partly because archaisms in spelling and in form survive, especially in epi- graphic records, during many years after the date here given. -
Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5022
The Trojan War Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present Second Edition D ia n e P. T h o m p s o n McFarland &. Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London 8. Transmission o f Troy Stories to the M iddle Ages 103 8 Transmission of Troy Stories to the Middle Ages In the gradual transition from the classical pagan world of Augustus and Virgil to the solidly Christian world of the European Latin Middle Ages, two major world-historical events affected the continuing tradition of Troy stories. The first event was the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire in 312 CE. Christians hated the pagan gods and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey were full of pagan gods, so Homer’s version of the Trojan War did not appeal to an increasingly Christian civilization. The second event Rome, Constantinople and Troy was the division of the Roman Empire into the Greek-speaking East and the Latin-speaking West in 395 CE. This split of the Roman Empire left the Greek East still reading Homer as or junior emperor, who was his adopted son and heir apparent. This system of four rulers part of their own cultural heritage, while Virgil’s Aeneid and a so-called eyewitness account was called the Tetrarchy. In 324 CE Constantine eliminated his co-emperor Licinius and of the Trojan War by Dares became the main versions of the Troy story transmitted in the became the single ruler of both East and West (Millar 175-77; Chuvin 23). -
ELECTRYONE ΗΛΕΚΤΡΥΩΝΗ Deukalion and Pyrrha
ELECTRYONE ΗΛΕΚΤΡΥΩΝΗ Deukalion and Pyrrha: Re-reading the Greek Flood myth Mercedes Aguirre Universidad Complutense, Madrid ABSTRACT: In recent years the most common way to interpret the Greek myth of the Flood has been through a comparative approach in the context of the relationship between Greek and Near Eastern cultures and the influences of the Near East on Greek traditions, literature, religion and myth. My article does not intend to re- examine the conclusions of this research, but, without diminishing the obvious importance of the comparative approach, to focus on the most 'canonical' Greek version of the myth and to highlight some aspects of it which in my view have not been so deeply explored. KEY-WORDS: flood, myth, Deukalion, Pyrrha, human origins Our evidence of the Flood myth in the Greek sources is very limited and not earlier than Pindar (Olympian 9. 62-71), although we have a possible reference in the Catalogue of Women (Fr.4 Merkelbach-West1). Fragments of the comic poet Epicharmos (from a play possibly entitled Pyrrha or Prometheus or even Deukalion) seem to mention the Flood, but the longest and most complete story is told by Apollodoros2. His account starts by presenting Deukalion, son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora: “Prometheus had a son, Deukalion, who ruled the area around Phthia, and married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus and of Pandora, whom the gods had fashioned as the first woman”. Other Greek literary sources also allude to the couple Deukalion and Pyrrha as descendants of Prometheus and Pandora, for instance some fragments of the Catalogue of Women, a genealogical poem ascribed to Hesiod but transmitted mainly 1 Merkelback, R.- West, M.L. -
Attitudes Towards Paganism in Medieval Irish and Old Norse Texts of the Trojan War
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Apollo Faculty of English (Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic) Attitudes towards Paganism in Medieval Irish and Old Norse Texts of the Trojan War Radu Razvan Stanciu St John’s College University of Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 The thesis compares the depictions of paganism found in the Middle Irish Togail Troí (‘The Destruction of Troy’; first half of the twelfth century) and the Old Norse Trójumanna saga (‘The Story of the Trojans’; first half of the thirteenth century), which are both based on Dares Phrygius’s Late Antique De excidio Troiae historia. The two vernacular adaptations are presented in the wider context of the medieval popularity of Dares’s text. The in-depth analysis of the pagan references (most of which relate to mythology and ritual), reveals Togail Troí’s and Trójumanna saga’s general source-based approach and their shared reliance on Latin mythographic scholarship, but also a different approach concerning the literary presentation of paganism. The Irish text’s ‘Christian’ approach to the issue (as seen through authorial comments and historical contextualisation) is shown to be in contrast to the Norse text’s ‘classicising’ approach (i.e. paganism presented as in the classical sources themselves). The findings of this analysis are then compared with the literary attitudes towards paganism encountered in medieval Irish and Norse texts more widely (especially in those set in Ireland or Nordic countries). This comparison reveals a general sympathy for many pagan characters that finds some parallels in the Trojan texts as well, but also a different representation of pagan deities in the two traditions. -
Warrior with Shield, Henry Moore, 1953-4, G375 1. Think of One Or Two
Warrior with Shield, Henry Moore, 1953-4, G375 Think of one or two adjectives to describe this bronze by Henry Moore. What seems surprising or unusual to you? How does this sculpture differ from the way the ancient Greeks portrayed a warrior? (responses: not realistic or idealized? grotesquely abstracted head? “crudely-shaped” and mutilated body? unrefined texture?) Look at this photo of the Dying Warrior originally part of a Greek temple pediment from 500BCE. Do you see any similarities? English sculptor Henry Moore (1898-1986) became one of the greatest sculptors of the twentieth century. He is known for “ his groundbreaking work following World War I and his experimentation with abstraction and surrealism in the 1930s, to his patriotic engagement as an official war artist during World War II, his postwar humanism, and his interest in large-scale public sculpture during the last four decades of his life.” (http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/mooreintro.shtm) He was influenced by his experiences living through both World Wars. His Falling Warrior and Warrior with Shield pay homage to the soldiers who sacrificed to preserve independence and democracy in Europe. Though he states he is inspired in general by his visit to Greece in the early 1951, I wonder if he was not inspired in part by the figure of Dying Warrior, surviving in fragments found at the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece. The pediment fragments are on display at the Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich, iPad image. 3. Moore writes in a letter dated 15 January, 1955, to Richard S. Davies: "The idea for The Warrior came to me at the end of 1952 or very early in 1953. -
Divine Riddles: a Sourcebook for Greek and Roman Mythology March, 2014
Divine Riddles: A Sourcebook for Greek and Roman Mythology March, 2014 E. Edward Garvin, Editor What follows is a collection of excerpts from Greek literary sources in translation. The intent is to give students an overview of Greek mythology as expressed by the Greeks themselves. But any such collection is inherently flawed: the process of selection and abridgement produces a falsehood because both the narrative and meta-narrative are destroyed when the continuity of the composition is interrupted. Nevertheless, this seems the most expedient way to expose students to a wide range of primary source information. I have tried to keep my voice out of it as much as possible and will intervene as editor (in this Times New Roman font) only to give background or exegesis to the text. All of the texts in Goudy Old Style are excerpts from Greek or Latin texts (primary sources) that have been translated into English. Ancient Texts In the field of Classics, we refer to texts by Author, name of the book, book number, chapter number and line number.1 Every text, regardless of language, uses the same numbering system. Homer’s Iliad, for example, is divided into 24 books and the lines in each book are numbered. Hesiod’s Theogony is much shorter so no book divisions are necessary but the lines are numbered. Below is an example from Homer’s Iliad, Book One, showing the English translation on the left and the Greek original on the right. When citing this text we might say that Achilles is first mentioned by Homer in Iliad 1.7 (i.7 is also acceptable).