cartographic perspectives in this issue on the news

CARTOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE NEWS 1 THE INTERNATIONAL TASK FORCE ON WOMEN FEATURED ARTICLE 3 IN CARTOGRAPHY Ethical Problems in Cartography - a roundtable commentary The Secretariat of The Interna­ Patrick McHaffie, Michael Dobson, Sona Karentz Andrews and tional Task Force on Women in two anonymous employees of a federal mapping agency Cartography, established in Ottawa, Canada early in 1989, is CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 14 now embarking on its survey, CART LAB BULLETIN BOARD 15 report and recommendations on Introduction to Macintosh Graphics File Formats the status of women in cartogra­ David DiBiase phy. The survey will examine societal trends in equality of the FUGITIVE CARTOGRAPHIC LITERATURE 19 sexes, measure the status of Buchanan, Rex and Don Steeples (1990) On-demand 19 women in cartography, provide an map publication. Terry A. Slocum overview of the involvement of women in the ICA, determine CARTOGRAPHIC ARTIFACTS 19 what kinds of barriers have Kerr, Donald and Deryck W. Holdsworth, Editors; 19 contributed to the disproportion­ Geoffrey J. Matthews, Cartographer/Designer. ately low participation of women Historical Atlas of Canada, Volume ill: Addressing in the ICA and in cartographic tire Twentietl1Century,1891-1961. activities internationally, propose William G. Loy strategies for change, and make a variety of recommendations. Ri.mbert, Sylvie (1990) Carto-graphies. Peter Gould 20 Created by ICA President D.R.G. Taylor, the Task Force is co­ NEW MAPS 22 chaired by Dr. Eva Siekierska of NEW ATLASES 23 the Canada Centre for Mapping, Energy, Mines and Resources, CARTOGRAPHIC EVENTS 24 Canada, and by Ms. Edel Lundemo, Head of the Norwegian NACIS NEWS Exhibition, Norwegian Mapping NACIS OFFICERS 26 Authority. NACIS X PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 26 The Task Force itself is inter­ national, with members from ten members have received much collected data widely available for en rtogrnpli i c perspectives interest in tl1e project from col­ legitimate research and statistical leagues and scholars in the related uses. fields of remote sensing, geodesy In search of new ways to deal and surveying. The identification with this issue, the Committee on of professional, educational, National Statistics and the Social bulletin o f the personal and societal barriers to Science Research Council, with North American Cartographic women's participation in the ICA Information Society support from several Federal and in the profession generally has agencies, have convened a Panel implications far beyond the on Confidentiality and Data Ldil<>r boundaries of cartography. Task Access. As part of its two-year David DiBi11se Force members believe their final study, the Panel, which had its first J 1.,•,1'.'-y (;la<,(;r.1 pltil'~ I .1\bt ircih 1ry report will be of interest to all meeting in December of last year, Dl'p.1rtnw111 ol Ct«>gr.1phv involved in the study of women in :l02 W,1lkl'r Building will be compiling relevant infor­ l\•1m St.ill' Univl'rsity non-traditional occupations. mation from both producers and Univt·rsity l'.irk, l'A lh8ll2 The Ottawa Secretariat, users of Federal statistics. l'ln,1il : dibi,l~l{f~.'\.~sl:. p~u.l·du currently composed of three The scope of this panel study members, is designing the survey. includes publicly-supported Coeditor It will be distributed to about 2,000 statistical data collection activities 1\.11 rl f'roc/1 I women in more than 60 countries on individuals and establishments, C:202 l'.1ll t't' libr,1ry and the results and recommenda­ such as censuses, surveys, admin­ l\1nn Stale Unl\'t'r~itv tions made available before the istrative record data (when used next ICA international conference for statistical purposes), and t:tfilori11/ 1\ssisl1111/ in September/October 1991. The epidemiological studies. Data Su :11111H' Pel erso11 Task Force Secretariat has to date from clinical trials, while very l),·.i~y Cl'0Cr.1phk' L1borntory received support and partial important, will not be considered 1't·1111 Sl.1lt' Uniwr,ily funding from the Geographical in this study. There are some ISSC\: lll·l8-'IO:;:-; Services Division of the Canada special issues associated with C11rfo•sm1''1i1 · l'<'r>/•fflii'<'> Centre for Mapping, and addi­ clinical trial data that would is !'Uhli:-.hl."d 'llhH"l-..'rly tional support is being sought require a separate study focusing from Canadian industry and on the bioethical aspects of confi­ academia. dentiality and data access. countries: Australia, Canada, All women cartographers Readers are invited to submit Finland, Hungary, Mexico, interested in participating in the short statements on any or all of Norway, the People's Republic of survey should contact: Dr. Eva the following subjects: China, Sweden, the United King­ Siekierska, Chair, International Access Problems. Specific dom and the United States. A Task Force on Women in Cartogra­ examples of instances where series of formal and informal phy, Surveys, Mapping and Federal agency confidentiality meetings held at the Budapest Remote Sensing, Canada Centre laws or policies have made it conference in August drew for Mapping, 615 Booth St., impossible for you or your col­ participation from many female Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KlA leagues to obtain data needed in cartographers as well as interest OE9, (613) 992-4470. your work or caused excessive from a number of male delegates. Eva Siekierska, Co-Chair, ICA delays in arranging for access to Six of the ten Task Force members Newsletter 15, Mfly 1990 the data. Please indicate the were present in Budapest, and sources and specific kinds of data with written or oral submissions desired and the purposes for from those not present, approaches INVITATION FOR COMMENTS which the data were needed. to the survey and final report were ON DATA ACCESS AND Suggestions for improving thoroughly discussed. The Task CONFIDENTIALITY access. Have you had any experi­ Force is hopeful that a second Many users of Federal statistics ence in obtaining access to data not meeting can be held before the are aware of the balance that disclosed for general public use? survey recommendations are must be struck between protecting How was this arranged? Do you published. the confidentiality of information have suggestions for improving Although the work of the Task provided by persons and busi­ data access with appropriate Force on Women in Cartography nesses for statistical purposes safeguards to maintain confidenti­ focuses on cartographers, and the need to make publicly- (continued on page 34) :\umber 7, r.111 l'J'lll cartogmpltic perspectives 3 featured article

The problem of defining and actualizing standards of ethical conduct troubles many professions, including cartography. In an attempt to Ethical Problems formal ize the ethical discourse in cartography the editors of Carto­ in Cartography grapl1ic Perspectives invited five contributors to discuss what they perceive as important ethical problems in the discipline. The contribu­ tors were selected from the three major sectors of the cartographic a roundtable enterprise: commercial mapping organizations, government mapping agencies, and university geography departments offering cartography commentary programs. The contributors identify personal and institutional vigi­ lance in product quality assurance, map plagiarism through violation of copyright law, and conflicts of interest as important ethical issues. The commentary concludes by questioning the nature and validity of cartography's claim to truth ("accuracy"), and asserts that cartographic ethics cannot be extricated from the values of the larger society which commissions the production of cartographic information.

artography, as a discipline, has begun to pay an increasing amount Patrick McHaffie C of attention to ethical issues. Panel discussions devoted to ethics Department of Geography held at the annual meetings of the Association of American Geographers The University of Kentucky (AAG) and the North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS) attest to this trend. Published discussions of ethical issues Sona Ka rentz Andrews arising as a result of the adoption of GIS and computer assisted cartogra­ Department of Geography phy include Dangermond and Smith (1988), Visvalingam (1989) and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Dutton (1978). These examples point to an emerging discourse on ethics in cartography. We hope that this paper will further the discourse by Michael Dobson providing a diverse collection of perspectives on ethical problems in the Rand McNally Publishing Group field and a tentative synthesis of their implications. As a working defini­ Skokie, Illinois tion for the purposes of this discussion, we define ethics as "principles of conduct guiding the practices of an individual or professional group." Two anonymous employees of a Cartographers may be required to interact professionally in a number of federal mapping agencyt institutional/organizational milieus. The body of this article is comprised of three sections dealing with ethical problems within the commercial, government, and academic sectors of cartography. Our purpose will be to discuss a range of ethical problems which may develop from the normal practice of cartographers/information specialists in these three domains. A discussion of ethical problems in commercial cartography is contributed by Dobson. Two anonymous cartographers employed by a federal mapping agency address ethical problems in government cartography. Andrews considers ethical problems in academic cartography. Contribut­ ing authors were invited to present specific or hypothetical examples to illustrate the conditions which may lead to ethical dilemmas and to suggest strategies for their resolution. Impending ethical problems which may arise as a result of technological or broader societal changes are also discussed. The commentary concludes with McHaffie's summary and synthesis of the fundamental ethical problems faced by cartographers in these three sectors.

' These contributors were required by the terms of their employment contracts to seek the permission of agency superiors before publishing this paper. Permission was not granted (i.e., the paper was censored in its entirety). The authors have therefore consented to publishing their contribution anonymously. Their statements, therefore, should not be construed as representing the opinions of a major federal mapping agency, but rather those of two concerned private citizens. 4 cartogrnpllic perspectives Number 7, Fall 1990

Ethical Problems in Although there are various definitions of et.rues (indeed, one is provided Commercial Cartography by my colleague who wrote the introduction to this article) I feel most Michael Dobson comfortable by assuming that an ethical cartographer is one whose products reflect the fact that the cartographer's activities during the map making process conformed to the standards of conduct of our profession. While that may sound very thoughtful, I am forced to admit that my undergraduate, graduate, and professional training in cartography did not include issues such as ethics. Further, I would be hard pressed to produce any document that clearly or unambiguously defines the standards of conduct of our profession, or perhaps, one that I could agree with on such definition. In fact, I prefer to think of "ethical problems" as a working example of scruples and would be very comfortable if all cartographers were scrupu­ lous sorts who paid careful attention to details and attempted to make products that were precise, accurate, and exact. I spent much of my teaching career attempting to convey to introductory cartography stu­ dents the fact that maps are "generalizations" and that the appropriate cartographic processes do not necessarily produce results that are "right" as much as they help eliminate those that result in products that are "not I prefer to think of "ethical quite right." In addition, it is my opinion that most of the substandard problems" as a working cartographic products are the result of individuals who have not been properly trained and not the work of individuals who are consciously example of scruples and trying to mislead their audience. Tt is in this sense that 1 couch my would be very comfortable thoughts on ethical issues in commercial cartography. Commercial cartography is an interesting term. The range of commer­ if all cartographers were cial operations includes both the one-man or -woman shop and operations scrupulous sorts who paid consisting of several hundred cartographers and the accompanying layers careful attention to details of cartographic management, not to mention marketing and sales staffs of several hundred individuals. As a consequence product development and attempted to make issues and the related issue of scrupulous behavior may range from an products that were precise, individual decision in the former case to team decision making in the latter case. The very nature of complex business structures (i.e. the accurate, and exact. division of responsibilities for certain functions) mandates that the prod­ uct development process can be guided by the scruples of the corporate culture. Such structures cannot guarantee, however, that someone in one area of product responsibility will not make a decision that makes earlier decisions about product content less than appropriate. To be blunt, substandard products produced by large corporations are most frequently the result of inadequate communication on the part of marketing and sales personnel who are, in the main, unfamiliar with the cartographic process or the intricacies of cartographic production. Conversely, substandard products produced by "basement shops" most often reflect a lack of funds, rather than a real intent to mislead the customer. I suppose many may think that I have just painted a whitewash over commercial opera­ tions. There is, however, one indisputable fact about commercial opera­ tions: we exist to sell our maps to consumers. If we do a substandard job, they will respond by not buying our products and we will no longer be a viable commercial enterprise. Simply put, it is not in our best interests to be anything less than scrupulous in our cartographic activities, and we are extremely vigilant in the pursuit of ethical behavior. It is true, however, that every corporation has its own unique culture, and I can only represent the culture that exists at Rand McNally. We spend a tremendous amount of money on quality control and quality assurance. Further, I spend considerable time with my team stressing excellence and working to improve those areas of our operations that are "not quite right." Perhaps more to the point, I have terminated the Number 7, Fall 1990 cartograpltic perspectives 5 employment of employees who do not aspire to the standards that we have set and thus have set a high penalty for those personnel who do not actively support our goal of excellence in product. In my opinion, the single greatest ethical problem in our industry is one in which large commercial cartographers are victims rather than perpetra­ tors: copyright infringement. You know, like the section of some atlas that you used as a base for one of your projects, or the road map that you xeroxed and handed out to direct people to your conference. Or perhaps maps that are used as the backgrounds in advertisements, or a recent recording artist that put a Rand McNally map on an album cover but did not request a licensing agreement. These examples pale in comparison to a number of cases where someone has simply photographed or color separated one of our maps, put their cover on it and then sold it as their product. If I could come back in another life, J would choose to come back as a copyright lawyer specializing in print products. I suspect that the problem of copyright infringement will become one of the most significant issues related to the implementation of geographic information systems. After all, how many of you have not digitized a map copyrighted by a commercial publisher? Copyright law gives the copyright holder specific rights in respect to the product, and it is clearly If I could come back in the case that the copyright holder possesses the rights to derivative another life, I would choose products and presentations (read that to mean "pick up a 'go to jail' card" if you digitize the original product). Similarly, suppose that you refer to a to come back as a copyright commercial source that is copyrighted in order to resolve an ambiguity lawyer specializing in print found in a file. Copyright law precludes you from utilizing that sole source unless you seek and receive permission from that publisher (how products. often have you written for such permission?). Ah, but I am beating a dead horse since everybody (except commercial operations) digitizes copy­ righted sources. Is it fair to conclude, then, that this common practice constitutes a principle of conduct guiding the profession and is thus one of cartography's ethical codes? Finally, J urge you and your colleagues to continue examining the ethics issue. It is an initiative of the greatest importance to our future success as a profession.

The high volume of mapping and charting activity over the past thirty Ethical Problems in years, combined with the new technology, declining resources, and a Government Cartography volatile legal climate have indeed Jed to an ethical crisis in government Two anonymous employees of a mapping. It is sometimes difficult to do the "intellectually honest and federal mapping agency correct" thing with the pressures being exerted on employees at local, state, and federal levels. Robinson (1984) stated the solution while de­ scribing the problem: "just as basic as the quality of the data is ... the scholarly completeness and intellectual honesty of the cartographer." The ultimate solution to ethical problems is the individual and his/her standards and values. No matter what the pressure is to produce prod­ ucts that are not conveying the "correct intellectual meaning" nor imply­ ing a greater impression of completeness, accuracy and reliability than is warranted, we as cartographers must resist and exert our own personal values and ethical conscience to ensure that products live up to industry and government standards. The only way government or public cartographers will resolve the ethical crisis is, as individuals, to examine ourselves and:

§ Be sure of having our own ethical guidelines and standards in order § Be able to distinguish between ethical and legal actions (don't 6 cartogrnpl1ic perspectives Number 7, Fafl 11)90

assume the latter implies the former) § Continue to make ethical judgments and act in the public interest § Avoid being in any sort of conflict of interest situation § Continuously evaluate our own judgments using an ethical frame­ work for decision making

It is important that we have an understanding of the delicate balance between "objective" and "subjective" responsibility. Objective responsi­ If we want to serve the bility is an obligation to someone else or to an organization for a particular standard or category of performance (acting in the public interest); public well and not be at subjective responsibility derives from personal experiences, beliefs and odds with our inner drives, values which lead us to act in accordance with our "inner drives" (con­ our objective and subjective science). If we want to serve the public well and not be at odds with our inner drives, ou:r objective and subjective responsibilities must be closely responsibilities must be aligned. Cooper (1938) defines the ethical process as the means by which closely aligned. these internal sources of responsibility are related to external demands. As cartographers in the public sector, we need to remember that we serve the public and should always act in the public interest (external demand) with a clear conscience (internal demand). This has become a dilemma for some, resulting in such serious problems as:

§ Continual product liability cases where the government is sued because it has the "deepest pocket" - not because it erred in product design or produced a defective product § Budget cutbacks in the face of mounting pressures to produce more, or to produce the status quo with fewer resources. This trend towards cutting comers and costs has reached the point where some cartographers may be tempted to turn out substandard products § Automation of activities that are not technically or economically feasible at this time with an attendant loss of funds and/or the failure to produce timely or acceptable charts or maps

Mention any of these in a gathering of public sector cartographers and a lively discussion of ethical issues will follow. Resolution or the best possible approach to minimizing the effects of such problems involves individual cartographers in each government agency acting in an ethically responsible manner and not yielding to the various "external pressures." Where the question of product liability is concerned, we urge cartogra­ phers to ensure that solid standards are documented and put in place before a product is produced. If standards exist, and work performed and products produced meet tests for accuracy and authenticity, then litigants are not going to have an easy time of it. Go to court and exercise your rights-don't allow yourself to be browbeaten by the legal system! Remember that the decision to sue is not made on whether the plaintiff is "right" or "wrong'' but on whether the "expected benefits of winning exceed the possible costs of losing'' (Bradley 1983; McLauchlan 1977). This is a sad commentary but true. In short, fight if your design and product meet standards - don't compromise your values. As stated, budget cutbacks are creating pressures to cut comers and costs on product lines. If these cuts can be taken through better methodol­ ogy, technology, or less expensive materials without producing a substan­ dard product, then we should take the cuts as good public servants. However, if the cuts do lead to substandard products with attendant liability and quality problems, then we should exercise our ethical respon­ sibility. We have a duty to recommend restoration of funding to adequate levels or propose a halt to production. This takes intestinal fortitude but Number 7, 1.111 JCJlJO cartosmpllic paspectives 7 allows us to exercise our prerogatives in serving the public interest. Premature attempts to automate cartographic procedures before new technologies are adequately evolved is also a major problem in govern­ ment circles. In many cases substantial financial losses have been in­ curred. In addition to the economic drain, some charts or maps that the public has funded the government to produce have been only partially delivered, delivered in substandard condition, or not delivered at all We as public sector cartographers have a moral and ethical responsibility to stop these losses. How can we do this?

§ Perform brief but authoritative cost analyses and technical feasibility studies § Run benchmark studies or cases, if possible, to verify costs, timing and technical performance § Check vendor performance by talking to previous customers (even if their applications are slightly different) § If systems are to be procured and installed, run in parallel with current manual or automated system to ensure comparable results § If the new system is a partial or total failure, report it immediately to management. 1£ they fail to take action, write to the Inspector General or your agency equivalent. How many times have we seen systems fail and more of the same equipment and software installed because no one intervened?

These are just a few of the many problems facing cartographers today in the public sector. The solution to these and other issues involves each and every one of us meeting his or her ethical responsibility in cartographic production.

Let me state from the onset that it is difficult to get a clear picture of how Ethical Problems in teachers of cartography define ethics; how they address ethical issues Academic Cartography either through their lectures, exercise requirements, or grading; or even if Sona Knrentz Andrews they consider this topic to be an important or integral part of their role as an educator. Some ideas on cartographic ethics have been exchanged at professional meetings. This discourse has been diverse and at times controversial. Different points of view about ethics and what constitutes ethical conduct have arisen. This is partly because of the nature of how different individuals and groups view the role of cartographers and the role of maps,1 and also because there are questions if cartography and cartographers really face any ethical issues. Academic cartographers have been part of these discussions and they are beginning to form opinions, examine and debate old epistemologies and ideas, and view ethical conduct in new and critical ways. As cartog­ raphy teachers we are confronted with all aspects of ethical questions regarding maps. The concepts put forth in this section are an attempt to formalize some ideas on the ethics of teaching cartography in order to begin an active debate on if and how we as educators should address these issues in the classroom. I will cite what I believe to be a few prob­ lems we are confronted with in teaching cartography and training future map makers and users. Along with these opinions I offer some examples of how we might make students aware of ethical issues and concerns surrounding maps. I have purposely avoided discussion of the ethics of mapping practices as they relate to metrical standards and accuracy, although I think these topics are important. If we take the definition of ethics offered at the beginning of this article 8 cartograpllic pcrspectii. 1cs \:uml>l'r i , I .ill l'Jllll

(the principles of conduct guiding the practices of an individual or profes­ sional group) we can see that our cartography journals and textbooks are full of map making suggestions, guidelines, and conventions. There are guidelines based on empirical (and sometimes not so empirical) research for just about every element contained on a map; from symbolization, to lettering size, design hierarchies, and so on. These are usually presented via a set of decisions the cartographer makes about a particular map element and its relation to prior and subsequent decisions about other elements. The majority of information we impart to students through these examples has little to do with ethics. Recommendations on what line widths or what lettering sizes are harmonious or discriminate from one another are perceptual and aesthetic issues, not ethical ones. Suggestions on title placement is a design issue, not an ethical one. Conventions on In many cases students coloring a forested area green, or a water body blue are iconicity issues, are given the false impres­ not ethical ones. I do not want to even remotely imply that this type of information is not useful to the cartographer. It is. It is most reassuring to sion that cartography is a the novice cartography student who is faced with a multitude of decisions science, based on objective that seem overwhelming at the start. But our cartography textbooks principles and criterion. provide very little information on ethical conduct. These books do address map accuracy, data, and data source reliability, topics which by definition to some constitute one aspect of ethical conduct; however, I think the approach taken even on these topics is misleading to students. In many cases students are given the false impression that cartography is a science, based on objective principles and criterion. The carto­ grapher's role is schematicized as one of transmitting knowledge and facts; of taking realms and realities and generalizing them; and of forming a message. For example, Dent refers to maps as "a vehicle for the trans­ mission of knowledge" (Dent 1990, 5), Robinson, Sale, Morrison, and Muehrcke as "a storage medium for spatially ordered information" (Robinson, et nl 1984, 12), and Campbell as "a retrieval system for spatial information" (Campbell 1984, 2). It is important to note that these phrases have been taken somewhat out of context. All of these authors acknowl­ edge the complexity of the mapping process and define maps in much broader terms than quoted here. They also discuss the personal influence the cartographer has on the map, but I fear that what is synthesized out of this by many students (and some teachers of cartography) are sets of structured mapping principles that lead them to believe that maps are mirrors of reality, and the cartographer's role is to accurately depict this information through a set of objective decisions and processes. This is where I think cartography instructors have a huge responsibility to tell and show students that maps are very subjective forms of expres­ sion. The cartographer is not performing a set of routine operations that always result in a true and accurate picture of the world. We need to let students know that there is not one solution or one way to say something. They need to know that maps can, do, and should reflect biases. One technique that can be used to do this is to give students an exercise where each of them is required to create a wide variety of maps with different meanings and messages from the same set of data. The instruc­ tions for the exercise are short paragraph descriptions of one or two cartographic principles or conventions dealing with symbology, generali­ zation, or categorization for each map in the exercise. One map, for example, conveys general patterns and contrasts by having students categorize data into three area-shaded classes. Seven area-shaded classes are used on the subsequent map. Another map uses evenly distributed point symbols. Another map has the shading scheme inversely related to Number 7, Filll 1990 c1 1rtograp/1ic perspectives 9 the values in the data set. In all, have them make about twenty or so different simple colored pencil or computer generated maps using a variety of graphic, linguistic, and iconic symbols. When they are done with the exercise they will have firsthand experience that demonstrates how appearances and meaning are structured by the cartographer and how resulting map images all represent something about the data, but from different viewpoints, different levels of detail, and different empha­ ses. Having done this exercise, some students still ask "Which viewpoint is right? Which one is the best one? Which one is the most accurate one?" It is important to convey to students that the answers to these could be "all of them, some of them, none of them." That what they need to do for each mapping situation and problem is to think about what they are going to say and how they plan to say it. Although it is risky to make map and text analogies too superfluously in the classroom, it is sometimes useful to remind them that the map maker Cartography instructors is like the story teller, and the way the information is structured and told should also take the is their responsibility. As cartography teachers we should try not to have such rigid restric­ responsibility of teaching tions on mapping exercises. These only help mislead students further into their students about the thinking there is only one way to depict a particular set of data, only one color scheme to use, only one scale to map it at. They need to learn to be ethical issues involving independent thinkers, guided by their own ethical standards. The kinds map copyright. of questions we should teach them to ask are "what are the consequences of what r have mapped? How do the decisions I make influence the decisions made by others? What is my role in shaping the image?" By asking these questions students learn that maps are very powerful tools and have tremendous influence on how people make decisions and form impressions of things. Cartography instructors should also take the responsibility of teaching their students about the ethical issues involving map copyright. This information should be presented clearly to students in order for them to realize the importance of this issue, the ramifications of copyright viola­ tions, and the unethical practice of map plagiarism. It is useful to draw analogies to the plagiarism of written information, but even these ex­ amples need clarification since some students do not fully realize what constitutes plagiarism of written material, Jet a lone maps. Students need to be told that copying a map (or part of it) is illegal. This pertains not only to making a reproduction of a map, but also to copying stylized features and design. ln many cases one only need write to the copyright holder to obtain permission to copy aU or part of a map. The exception to this are maps produced by the United States government and some state agencies. These maps are considered in the Public Domain and are not copyrighted. The copyright exception also generally covers outline maps (unless highly stylized), but students need to be careful here because the limitations in this area are vague at best. Students should know that lawsuits have been filed and map copyright violators have been fined for their inappropriate copying of another's work or product. Cartography instructors can provide their students with a brochure prepared by the International Map Dealer's Association on copyright information.2 The brochure answers many questions that students have, while also stressing the importance of this ethical issue in cartography. Technology has introduced new dimensions to ethical issues in the area of map copyrights. We can now quickly and inexpensively scan a map image onto our computer screens and into our map files and use it to generate other maps. I low the copyright laws will deal with this form of ------

10 cartogrnpliic perspectives Number 7, Fall 1990

plagiarism will greatly affect some of the ways this technology is applied to desktop mapping, and it will be important for us to keep our students abreast of these developments. Technology has fostered other ethical concerns in cartography in the areas of automated cartography and GIS. The introduction of the article refers to some of the literature in this area (Dangermond and Smith 1988, for example). Articles like these provide an excellent forum for classroom discussion and debate on how data is collected, categorized, inventoried, displayed and used in an automated environment. We should make students aware of all these ethical issues; however, the cartographic ethic our students develop once they are responsible for making and using mapped information is very much out of our control. The standards they adopt and/or accept are set individually; by groups, agencies, and governments; and cultures and societies. What we should teach them is that maps are powerful ways of communicating informa­ tion.

Synthesis and Summary Being the last to comment in a discussion of this type is quite a luxury. Patrick McHaffie [ hope I can avoid being accused of favoring one position over the other; however, given the subjective nature of ethical positions and indeed knowledge in general, any pretense at impartiality will more than likely be obvious. These commentaries are a striking illustration of at least three character­ istics of ethical discourse in cartography. First, they illustrate well the very different concerns of cartographers/cartographic information specialists in the three major sectors of commercial, government, and academic cartography. The commercial sector of Dobson, first and foremost, is concerned with the quality of the product, however quality may be dehned by "market pressures." Government cartographers are concerned with product quality as well, but the perspective of our anony­ mous government cartographers is one which allows more freedom for the cartographer to act in response to "external pressures" without the strict requirement of corporate loyalty to product standards (not to mention the employment contract). Academic cartography, as character­ ized by Andrews, is essentially concerned with balancing a sound founda­ tion for students in the techniques peculiar to cartography with a respect for the subjective nature of maps as information and the claims to truth which can be made from them. Second, the discussion illustrates the personal, individual nature of ethical questions, even within the three major sectors. I doubt that any cartographerI cartographic information specialist could wholeheartedly endorse any of these positions without reservation. Each, in its own way, reflects the subjective predilections of the author(s) derived from their experience with.in a particular professional environment. But, rather than invalidate the respective arguments, these viewpoints make this discus­ sion aU the richer, and at the same time reveal much about the nature of ethical discourse. T believe we must at once hold firmly to the principles which we revere, whether derived from experience or our particular professional situation, and admit that there may be others which are equally as valid given the wide range of personal/professional circum­ stances encountered by individuals within the three major sectors. Third, there are obviously common themes running through this group commentary. The nature and validity of cartography's claim to truth is the overriding concern which is always present in each of these commen­ taries. This concern is expressed by Dobson mo.;t obviously in his use of Number 7, Fall 1qqo cartogmpllic perspl'ctives 11 quotations around phrases like "right" and "not quite right." This per­ haps reflects an apprehension and a certain amount of reticence about the use of such subjective terms in referring to cartographic products. His later discussion of copyright law and its abuse in cartography (apparently only within the government and academic sectors) raises related questions regarding plagiarism, honesty, and ownership. These are addressed later by Andrews in a call for increased instruction for cartography students on copyright restrictions. The anonymous contributors feel it is the responsibility of the indi­ vidua I to ensure that maps reflect a "correct" intellectual meaning. The The gap between what is meaning of "correct" in this instance is assumed to reflect some pre­ established public or private standard of accuracy, precision, or fidelity. "correct" and what is The "rightness" of a particular piece of information suggests a broader, "right" can sometimes more value-laden conception reflecting the "justness" or "fairness" of the lead to unavoidable map. However, as Andrews states, a concern with correctness or right­ ness only reflects one aspect of the ethical debate, one addressed mainly in conflicts of interest, technical/scientific discourse rather than personal/professional ethical conflicts whose resolution debate. Obviously, the gap between what is "correct" and what is "right'' can sometimes lead to unavoidable conflicts of interest, conflicts whose apparently lies somewhere resolution apparently lies somewhere between an individual's "subjec­ between an individual's tive" and "objective" responsibilities. 11subjective" and Each contributor placed a high priority on the role of new technology, 11 GIS and computer-assisted cartography, in defining new ethical agendas objective" responsibilities. for cartographers/information specialists. The individual emphases were different, however. Both Dobson and Andrews feel that GJS will be the new terrain where questions of map copyright will be contested. The concern of the anonymous contributors, however, centered on the appro­ priate or inappropriate application of these technologies in relation to public cost. Interestingly, none of the contributors addressed the interface between GIS and remote sensing and the unresolved questions of surveil­ lance and privacy which arise therefrom. A recent PBS radio program heralded an increased interest in ethical issues in both the public and private sectors. Does this increased interest in ethics signal a more ethical society? No, actually most ethicists agree that society is no more ethical than it was in the past (as if anyone could measure something as nebulous as societal ethics). Instead the individual is faced now with complex and difficult choices in all areas including professional life. Recent widespread concern over ethical issues reflects the realization of the enigmatic character of many of these choices which we are forced to make. Perhaps, then, the reason we as cartographers and cartographic information specialists are paying more attention to ethical issues is a reflection of a larger trend, something outside the bounds of government, academic, and private sector cartography. In fact, if we consider the nature of what we do and its embeddedness within the larger society, it is difficult to imagine how cartographers can create ethical standards which do not in some way refer to values created outside the discipline. For example, government cartographers create maps - cartographic information - as a part of a larger state apparatus. This information is produced as a response to the needs of the state, needs defined through some sort of rationalized decision-making process. So the rationale for the production of the product is imposed upon the government cartographer /information specialist from outside the disci­ pline. A similar example could be drawn for the private sector cartogra­ pher who is not involved as either an owner or manager. Academic cartographers may feel compelled to structure their curricula in response to the perceived needs of students preparing to enter a competitive 12 cartograpltic 11erspectivcs :\:umber 7, l'all 1990

employment market in which the largest number of opportunities has historically been provided, directly and indirectly, by the defense indus­ try. All this is only to illustrate the difficulty of separating the activity we pursue from the larger society around us. Cartographers have worked to produce more precise and accurate maps and map accuracy standards reflect the concern which we have paid to questions of our product's fidelity. True ethical questions are much broader than mere questions of accuracy and precision. Accuracy stan­ dards, when considered generally, are indistinguishable from other claims to truth made by similar disciplines involved in the production of information such as surveyors, engineers, and photogrammetrists. In other words cartographers, as a discipline, cannot produce ethical stan­ dards which do not in some way reflect the general standards of conduct of the larger society. So it is important to remember that any true consid­ eration of cartographic ethics must be made with the understanding that we are after all an important but small subset of a larger community with common individual and shared responsibilities.

NOTES 1. Robinson, et al. (1984, #11) discuss some of these conflicts in writing about the complexity of cartography. Their "five focuses of attention" - the geometric (emphasizing metrical accuracy of cartography), the techno­ logic (emphasizing technical innovation in map preparation), the artistic (emphasizing creative expression), the presentation (emphasizing map design), and the comm1111icatio11 {emphasizing the map's ability to provide meaning) - might be a useful framework for future ethics discussions.

2. A copy of this publication can be obtained by writing or calling the International Map Dealer's Association, P.O. Box 1789, Kankakee, IL 60901, phone (815) 939-3509. Additional copies can be purchased at a nominal fee.

REFERENCES Bradley, M. D. The Scientist and Engineer in Court, American Ceop/1ysical journal. Washington, DC

Campbell, J. (1984) /11trod11ctory Cartograpliy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Cooper, T. L (1986) Tire Responsible Adn11111strator. Port Washington, NY· Associated Faculty Press, Inc.

Dangennond, J., and L.K. Smith, (1988) Geographic Information Systems and the revolution in cartography: the nature of the role played by a commercial organization. T11e Americau Cartograpl1er 15:3; pp. 301-310.

Dent, B. (1990) Cartogropl1y and thematic ma11 design. Second edition Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.

Dutton, G., editor (1978) Harvard Papers 011 Ceograpliic Information Systems: First lnlffllational Advanced Study Symposium 011 Topological Data Structures for Geograpliic /11fornmtio11 Systems Volume 1. Cambridge, MA Harvard University.

McLauchlan, W. P. American Legal Processes. New York: John Wiley and Sons, fnc.

Robinson, A., R. Sale, J. Morrison, and P. Muehrcke (1984) Elemenls of Cartograplry Fifth edition. "Jew York. Wiley and Sons.

VisvaJingam, M. (1989) Cartography, GIS, and maps in perspective. T11e Cartographic /oumal 26; pp. 26-32 Number7, Fall 1990 cartogmpltic pcrspecti1.1es 13

El problema de determinar y formular una medida de conducto etico Los Problema Eticos causa dificultad en muchas profesi6nes, incluyendo la profesi6n en la Cartografica cartogrcifica. Para procurar y formalisar un discurso etico en la profesi6n cartografica, los redactores de Cartographic Perspectives invitaron a cinco contribuidores a que examinaran sus percepci6nes de Comentario los problemas eticos en esta doctrina. Los contribuidores fueron selecci6nado de los tres mayores sectores de la empresa cartognifica: organizaci6nes cartogrfficas comerciantes, agendas cartogrcificas del gobiemo nacional, y universidades con departamentos de geografia que ofrecen cursos de cartografia. Los contribuidores indentificaron la vigilancia que ellos y sus instituci6nes siguier6n en asegurar la calidad Extracto del producto cartografico, el plagio cartografico a traves de la violaci6n Translation by Juan Jose Valdes de la propiedad de una obra cartografica, y el conflicto de intereses National Geographic Society como temas eticos importantes. El comentario concluye por cuestionar la inclinaci6n y validez de la pretension cartografica a la exactitud, y afirma que los eticos cartografic6s no pueden estar desconectados del significado exacto de nuestra sociedad que comisi6na la producci6n de la informaci6n cartografica. 14 cnrtograpl1ic perspectives Number 7, F.lll 1990

cartographic techniques CENSUS MAPPING International Space Year CTSY) CD-ROM PROJECT Celebration honoring the SOOth DESCRIPTION OF AN The Census Mapping CD-ROM anniversary of Columbus' discov­ ENHANCED DIGITAL LINE project is a cooperative effort of the ery of America. The $30 million GRAPH DESIGN AVAILABLE Department of Geography, Califor­ project was approved during a In response to increasing informa­ nia State University, Northridge, meeting in Kyoto, Japan, of space tion demands on its digital carto­ and the Inter-University Consor­ officials representing all the major graphic data, the U.S. Geological tium for Political and Social space agencies of the world. Survey has designed a new version Research, Ann Arbor, Ml. A Austria proposed the idea, which of the Digital Line Graph, termed principal goal of the project is to was adopted by the Space Agency Digital Line Graph-Enhanced simplify the mapping of both Forum on the ISY, the organization (DLG-E). Building upon the recent and historical U.S. census formed to coordinate cooperative topological data structure of the data. The project has produced a ISY projects. current Digital Line Graph prod­ CD-ROM disk containing over 500 Aviation Week & Space Tech1101ogy, uct, the DLG-E data model adds Mb of data in a mix of ASCII and July 9, 1990 layers of feature objects which dBASE formats, readable with represent real world geographic Macintosh microcomputers and cartographic entities. Ex­ equipped with CD-ROM drives. SOFrWARE REFERENCE amples of these entities, such as Included are locational data for all R.R. Bowker (1990) The Software the name of a stream, the number counties in the United States since Encyclopedia. Two volumes, of lanes of a road, or the opera­ 1790, all cities and smaller urban $189.95. Included are 21,192 tional status of a building, are places in the United States with at entries on available microcom­ assigned to these feature objects. least 2,500 inhabitants in 1980, all puter software packages: 3,448 are Relationships may be established named places in California, and all new and 6,129 are updated. This is between these feature objects. This census geography contained in the the most extensive and up-to-date data model will permit a more Master Area Reference File listing available. It is organized complete description of geo­ (MARF) 2 of the 1980 census. Also through five indexes: titles, graphic and cartographic entities. included are datasets from the publishers/titles, guide to systems, In addition to the data model, a federal economic censuses of 1977, guide to applications, and system new domain of features repre­ 1982, and 1987, the County City compatibility I applications. sented on Geological Survey map Data Book 1988, the federal Software can be found under products was established. To agriculture censuses of 1977, 1982, thirty-eight major application establish these features, an ap­ and 1987, and the Public Use headings, which are further proach using a set of classes, or Microdata Sample (PUMS - divided into 612 specific areas views, of spatial entities was .1 % sample of all individuals and (such as linear programming and adopted. These views include households) for the 1980 census. networking) in the guide-to­ those of entities portrayed on The CD-ROM disk may be ac­ applications index. Geological Survey map products: quired by sending a $90 check or Geotimes, November 1990 cover, division, ecosystem, money order (no cash or purchase geoposition, and morphology. orders, please) payable to "CSUN Using the five views, over 200 Trust" to the School of Social and NTIS CITATIONS features were identified and Behavioral Sciences, 107 Sierra The National Technical defined. This system is expand­ Hall North, California State Information Service (NTIS) is a able to include additional views of University, Northridge, self-supporting agency of the U.S. spatial features. Northridge, CA 91330. For further Department of Commerce. It The data model, domain of information, contact: William provides access to the results of features, and related background Bowen (bitnet: rdp001a@calstate) both U.S. and foreign govemment­ information are described in U.S. or Eugene Turner (bitnet: sponsored R&D and engineering Geological Survey Circular 1048, rclp001@calstate). activities. "An Enhanced Digital Line Graph CSG Newsletter and Ge11e Turner As the U.S. Government's Design." The publication is free on central source for scientific and written request from: USGS Books technical information, NTIS and Open File Reports Sales, Box SATEL LITE MAPS announces more than 60,000 25425, Denver, CO 80225. A global map of Earth based on summaries of R&D and engineer­ Stephen Guptill, FDC Newsletter, multinational satellite imagery will ing activities annually. It can Summer 1990 be compiled as part of the 1992 provide the complete technical Number 7, F.111 1990 cartograpllic pcrspccti11es 15 reports for most of these results. graphic databases can be utilized. uted by several public and private NTIS also manages the Federal 124 refs. organizations. Consequently, Computer Products Center which there are many different hardware provides access to sofhvare, data Computer Program for Convert­ configurations running GRASS. files, and databases produced by ing Rectangular Coordinates to This guide documents current Federal agencies. Latitude-Longitude Coordinates. procedures used to conduct To order reports and computer A. T. Rutledge. Geological system performance tests (bench­ products, call: (703) 487-4650. Survey, Tallahassee, FL, Water marks), to provide users Resources Division 1989, 21 pp. considering the acquisition of the USGS/WRl-89-4070. Also avail­ system a reliable means to com­ Line simplifications and digital able from Superintendent of pare the many systems that run cartographic databases. Documents. PB90-231796/WNR; GRASS. Relevant data that H. Walker. Lawrence Livermore price code: PC A03/MF AOL accompany benchmark results are: National Lab, CA, November 1989, machine specifications; system pp. 227, UCRL-LR-103168. Por­ A Fortran-77 computer program environment; GRASS program tions of this document are illegible was developed for converting the environment; GRASS graphics in microfiche products. Original coordinates of any rectangular grid environment; operation descrip­ copy available until stock is on a map to coordinates on a grid tions; data description; and exhausted. National Technical that is parallel to lines of equal benchmark execution notes. Information Service, 5285 Port latitude and longitude. Using the Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161. program in conjunction with DE90010194/WNR, price code: ground-water flow models, the cart lab PC A11/MF AOl. user can extract data and results from models with varying grid bulletin board This thesis examines one compo­ orientations and place these data This forum is offered to encourage communi­ nent of the cartographic generali­ into a grid structure that is ori­ cation among practitioners at a time of rapid zation process, line simplification, ented parallel to lines of equal technological transition. Questions, and its implementation with latitude and longitude. All cells in comments, and announcements are U1vited computer technology. The effec­ the rectangular grid must have tiveness of line simplification equal dimensions, and all cells in INTRODUCTION TO techniques in producing useful the latitude-longitude grid must MACINTOSH GRAPHICS maps from digital map data is measure 1 minute by 1 minute. FILE FORMATS studied. Many techniques have The program is applicable if the David DiBiase been proposed to simplify lines; map used shows lines of equal Deasy GeoGrnplzics , Penn State several of these have been imple­ latitude as arcs and lines of equal mented here. The approaches longitude as straight lines and Maps and other information have been compared on their assumes that the Earth's surface graphics can be produced with ability to simplify lines from two can be approximated as a sphere. microcomputers, but no one cartographic databases over both microcomputer-based software modest and extreme changes in package is adequate for all carto­ scale. The comparisons are based Guidelines for Running GRASS graphic production tasks. No on the simplification of individual Benchmarks. M. 0. Johnson. matter whether Apple Macintosh lines, on the production of com­ Construction Engineering Re­ or IBM-compatible PC hardware plete maps, and on mathematical search Lab (Army), Champaign, platforms are used, microcom­ measures of performance. One IL, February 1989, 11 pp. CERL-N- puter cartographers often must promising technique is enhanced 89/23. AD-A221 332/0/WNR; pass a digital map file from one to overcome certain limitations price code: PC A03/MF AOL special-purpose software package which are apparent during ex­ to another. Successful file transfers treme scale change. The effect of The Geographic Resources Analy­ result when both the exporting map projections on the perfor­ sis Support System (GRASS) is a and importing packages support mance of such techniques is geographic information and image the same file format specification, considered. While much addi­ processing system originally or when a file exported by one tional work is needed, this study designed to serve land managers program is reformatted to a indicates that line simplification and environment planners at specification compatible with the techniques can extend the range of Army installations. GRASS is importing program. Familiarity scales over which certain carto- public domain software distrib- with characteristics of various ·16 cnrtogrnphic perspecti'l'L'S Number 7, rall 1990 digital file formats is therefore value is assigned to each grid cell, utility programs like Stufflt. TIFF useful. so that MacPaint files can only files can be generated and manipu­ This note presents descriptions store monochrome imagery. Gray lated in paint-type packages such of several file formats common to values are roughly approximated as Studio/8, Pixe/Paint and graphics and page layout software by dithered patterns; lines and DeskPaint, image retouching for the Apple Macintosh. It typography are caricatured by packages like PllotoShop, concludes with observations about jagged mosaics of black and white lmageStudio and Digital Darkroom, the status of PostScript, a page pixels. The MacPaint format is and packages that integrate bitmap description language that facili­ supported by most paint-type and object editing tools, such as tates graphics data transfer be­ programs for the Macintosh, and Canvas, MacDraw ll and SuperPaint. tween software packages as well as can be generated by most desktop A version of the format exists in control of high-resolution output scanners. Its fixed, low resolution the OOS world (TIF), and utility devices. The descriptions are makes it inappropriate for profes­ programs are available to translate based on articles in trade journals, sional graphics applications, the OOS form to the Mac (such as technical manuals, and discussions except perhaps for the temporary Hewlett Packard's TIF to TIFF). with Macintosh graph.ks users and storage of scanned drawing TIFF is particularly useful where developers, as well as on three templates. shading effects are required; years' personal experience creating lmageStudio, for example, can be graphics with Macintosh software. TIFF used to create high-resolution The discussion deals with just the The 'Tag Image File Format' was shaded relief. TIFF files are not few most common formats. Many developed by Aldus Corp. specifi­ well suited for iterative revisions programs offer their own propri­ cally for storing gray scale image of linework and typography, etary options. Further, there is no data captured with digital scan­ however, since these elements (like absolute standardization of ners and making it compatible all others) are stored as grid formats; users will encounter with page layout programs like patterns and cannot be addressed numerous variations between PngeMaker. Unlike the fixed as discrete objects. formats implemented by different MacPaint format, TIFF allows for applications. variation in file structure by OBJECT-BASED FORMATS including a directory of 'tag' PICT Two types of formats headers that describe image data Graphics data are stored as a list of Graphics data formats for Macin­ contained elsewhere in the file. 'QuickDraw' drawing instructions tosh graphics programs are of two The format imposes virtually no in PICT files. QuickDraw comes as types: grid-based (raster) and object­ limits on grid resolution or the part of every Macintosh's firm­ based (vector). Grid-based formats range of grays or colors that can be ware, providing a set of proce­ (such as MacPaint and TIFF) store stored. Practical limits are im­ dures by which graphics and text image data as matrices of numeri­ posed on the resolution of TIFF are rendered on the Mac's monitor. cal values which correspond to images by scanning hardware, PICT files contain drawing instruc­ black and white, gray scale or graphics boards, and the amount tions for several types of two­ color pixels, depending on the of random access memory (RAM) dimensional objects, including range of values assigned to each installed in the computer. Near­ vector drawings, raster images, grid cell. Object-based formats photographic image quality can be and fonts. The resolution of an (PICT, PostScript and EPS) store preserved in the TIFF format, but image described by a PICT file is lists of instructions by which line at an enormous storage cost. For limited only by application soft­ segments are plotted, but can also example, an 8.5" by 11" 8-bit gray ware and the display device. More incorporate raster image data. scale image scanned at 600 dpi problematic is the limited (1/72") Both types can store high-resolu­ would require more than 33 Mb of precision of coordinate definitions tion, near-continuous tone gray memory - too much to be ma­ in the PICT format, which can scale and color image data. nipulated on a Macintosh, even frustrate attempts to import after its virtual RAM ceiling is detailed CAD drawings into PICT­ GRID-BASED FORMATS raised with the forthcoming based drawing programs. The MacPaint introduction of Apple's System 7. earliest version of the PICT format The MacPaint format was devel­ Fortunately, images are often supported only 1-bit monochrome oped for the original Macintosh smaller than page size, and the images, but latest version (some­ graphics program. It is based on a TIFF format supports various data times called "PICT2") supports up fixed point-system grid of 72 dots compression schemes imple­ to 24-bit color. per inch (dpi). A single binary mented in widely distributed Some version of the PICT format Number 7, Fall 1990 cartogrnpllic perspectives 17 is supported by virtually every half of the laser printers on the PostScript is an extensible lan­ graphics package for the Mac. market are PostScript-compatible guage that does not require driver PICT graphics can be easily passed (Anderson 1990). Laser printers developers to conform to a stan­ among Macintosh-based mapping, (including laserwriters and dardized program format. The statistical graphics and drawing imagesetters) interpret graphics lack of a standardized format programs via the clipboard, a and text files sent from software explains why PostScript files portion of the Mac's main memory applications as PostScript pro­ written to disk from mapping and reserved for data transfer. The grams in ASCII text form into statistical graphics programs format supports "picture com­ bitmaps that are imaged with usually cannot be opened and ments," statements which describe toner on plain paper or direct to graphically edited in illustration object groupings. Software photographic films and papers. programs. Fortunately, since packages that take full advantage PostScript is a high-level program­ PostScript files are coded in ASCII of picture comments can generate ming language developed by text, they can be reformatted by PICT files in which objects can be Adobe Systems Inc. specifically for end users without expertise in "ungrouped" and graphically describing the appearance of machine language programming. manipulated in other packages. graphics and text on printed pages. Utility programs that convert This feature enables Mac users to Like PICT files, PostScript docu­ Postscript files to the Adobe cut and paste maps generated (for ments can describe two-dimen­ illustrator file format show prom­ instance) in Strategic Mapping's sional vector or raster objects ise for linking mapping and MapMaker into an Aldus FreeHand whose resolution is limited only by illustration programs so that document, preserving enumera­ the display device. Unlike the cartographers can take ad vantage tion units as discrete objects whose PICT format, however, PostScript of the specialized capabilities of graphic attributes can be modified. does not limit the precision of both (DiBiase, forthcoming). Not all packages take full advan­ coordinate positions to 1/72". The ''Encapsulated PostScript tage of picture comments, how­ PostScript also exceeds the PICT Format" (EPS) consists of ordinary ever. Graphics generated in some format in supporting process color PostScript ASCII code with a spreadsheets and statistical separations. corresponding 72 dpi PICT-format graphics programs cannot be Adobe has documented and screen image imbedded. The ungrouped and customized in released to the public domain most format was developed to ease the drawing packages. of the specifications of the integration of graphics with text in Users who rely solely on Macin­ PostScript language, but guarded page layout programs like AJdus' tosh-based software find the PICT details of its PostScript interpreter PageMaker. When a user places an format satisfactory for many, but technology, whicl1 it licenses to BPS-format graphic into a page not all, applications. A few laser printer manufacturers. The layout document, a bitmapped important Macintosh programs company has also produced a screen representation is added to (Adobe's fllustrator 3, for example) proprietary library of more than the page layout file along with a do not support the PICT format. 550 fonts coded as PostScript link to the original EPS file. When Those who need to integrate more objects with 'hints' that guide the the document is directed to a than one computing system will necessary non-linear scaling of printer, the page layout program's find file format conversion utilities letterform proportions at extreme PostScript driver ignores the that translate PICT files (Kandu sizes. PostScript has become the de screen image and sends the Software's CAD Mover [which runs facto standard imaging model for PostScript drawing instructions on Macs] and Inset Systems' HiJaak printed text and graphics in the from the EPS file to the output [which runs on PCs], for example) publishing industry. Nearly every device. This redundancy of image very useful. Since PICT files are text- or graphics-generating information has serious storage coded in machine language-­ software package for microcom­ implications, and reflects the which fewer people know how to puters offers driver software that unfortunate duality in screen and edit than ASCII text-they are not generates PostScript. The most printer imaging models adopted easily transformed by the end user. powerful illustration programs for by both Macintosh and DOS­ thematic cartography and informa­ based microcomputer systems. PostScript and EPS tion graphic design on the Macin­ Workstations like the NeXT and Along with microcomputers and tosh (such as lllustrntor and Sun avoid this problem by em­ page layout software, laser print­ FreeHand) are those based on ploying PostScript both as a ers constitute the technological PostScript, because these are most display and printing model, base of the $1 billion "desktop compatible with high-resolution though the relatively slow re­ publishing" industry. More than PostScript laser printers. sponse rate of display PostScript 18 cnrtograpl1ic perspectives Number 7, Fall 1990 causes some dissatisfaction. generating products. Future REFERENCES A powerful feature of the EPS versions of Apple's LaserWriter Adobe Systems, Inc. (1985) PostScripl format is that it allows the user to series will be equipped with La11g11agt Reference Man11al. Addison­ resize an image without affecting Microsoft's PostScript-clone Wcsley the resolution on the printed page. interpreter firmware. lmagesetter Adobe Systems, Inc. (1989) Adobe Unlike an ordinary PostScript manufacturers will be forced to lllustrator"" Document Format Specilica­ document, however, the elements support both Adobe and Mi­ hon (draft). Special Systems Croup. of an EPS file cannot readily be crosoft/ Apple PostScript imaging manipulated in a drawing or Anders, J.K. and K. Lathan (1990) The ins models. Software developers will and outs of CAD data exchange. Maci11tosh­ painting package, since two sets of also be compelled to follow market Aided Desig11 , August, pp. 37-45. image data (using different image trends. While these events do not models) would have to be modi­ bode well for the prospect of a Anderson, B. (1990) Unraveling the fied simultaneously. standardized graphics file format, upheaval under way in PostScript. commentators have predicted that Cc>111p11tc>r Graphics Review, March, pp. 20-24. Implications of the "font wars" "PostScript can be expected to DiBiase, D. Lu\king illustration and At the Seybold Computer Publish­ remain an industry standard." mapping software through PostScript (in ing Conference held in September, Instead of one unified format, preparation). 1989, Microsoft President Bill "look for two font and page­ Gates announced an agreement £lectro11ic Publishing a11d Printing (1989) description standards coexisting 2nd annual service bureau directory. whereby Microsoft would develop with printer manufacturers Maclean-Hunter. a clone version of PostScript's generally supporting both" interpreter technology in return for (Anderson 1990). Lewis, P.H. (1990) On the battlefront, an the right to use Apple's newly Predictions of this sort seemed uneasy truce raises hopes. The New York developed "TrueType" scalable to have been fulfilled in agree­ Tmre:;, Sunday, October 14. outline font technology in its 05/2 ments reached between Apple and 011-IER SOURCES Presentation Manager and Win­ Adobe at the 1990 Seybold confer­ Apple Computer, Inc. (1985) Inside dows user interfaces. Most ence. While terms of the agree­ Mac111to:;l1 Volume I. Addison-Wesley. accounts in the trade press have ment have not been officially since focused on Macintosh users' Apple Computer, Inc. (1986) Inside disclosed, one report suggests that Maci11tosl1 Volume V. Addison-Wesley. concern for the future compatibil­ " ... Apple will make it easy for ity of their expensive collections of Adobe fonts to be used with Hewlett-Packard Company (1987) A guide Adobe type 1 fonts (hence "font System 7 Macintosh operating to the Tag-Image File Fonnat. wars"). A more important issue software, and Adobe will make it seems to be the adverse effect this McClelland, O. and C. Oanuloff (1989) easy for TrueType fonts to be used Mastcri11g Aldus FreeHa11d. Dow deal is likely to have on the with its PostScript printer lan­ Jones-Irwin. prospect of a standard imaging guage" (Lewis 1990). model for desktop publishing and Because the products we create Parascandolo, S. (1989) Putting it graphi­ information graphics. are diverse, microcomputer c.illy. MacU~er, March, pp. 189-194. Adobe Systems has reaped cartographers must contend with a Parascandolo, S. (1990) Drawing the hne. enormous profits from licensing variety of software packages and MacUser, April, pp. 93-107. fees for its PostScript interpreter digital file formats. I hope the technology and sales of its propri­ information assembled above Roth, S.F. (1988) Real World PostScript. etary PostScript fonts. The desk­ proves useful to new users who Addison-Wesley. top publishing industry's reliance inevitably will be confronted with Standardized Postscript Association (198?) on these products, coupled with this knotty problem. It would be Renewing the promise of PostScript. Adobe's unyielding defense of its nice to see a comparable note for Unpublished manifesto. proprietary rights, led to the IBM-compatible PC file formats in perception that the industry was a subsequent CP. <.p contending with a PostScript "cartel." The Microsoft/ Apple agreement (along with increas­ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ingly successful clone PostScript The comments of Tony Canike interpreters like Custom (Accu-Weather), john Krygier Application's Freedom of Press) has (Penn State), Bill Peterson (Penn broken the cartel, threatening both State) and three anonymous of Adobe's principal revenue- reviewers are appreciated. ·fugitive cartograpliic cartographic artifacts literature chased it) and maintain (in excess of $1,000 per month), but it is Interesting articles about cartographic infor­ useful because of its capability to mation often appear in unexpected outlets. The goal of this section is to bring those pub­ produce high-quality unique (one­ ATLAS REVIEW lications to the attention of our readership. of-a-kind) maps from the Kerr, Donald and Deryck W. We invite synopses of papers appearing in GIMMAP system on demand. Holdsworth, Editors; Geoffrey J. joumalsotherthanthose devoted to cartogra­ Many of these maps would be far Matthews, Cartographer/ phy, geography, and map librarianship. too expensive to create in a manual Designer. Historical Atlas of environment. (Those wishing to Canada, Volume ill: Addressing

Buchanan, Rex and Don Steeples develop a similar production the Twentieth Centun11 1891-1961. (1990) On-demand map environment should realize that Toronto: University of Toronto publication. Geotimes, cheaper smaller-format plotters are Press, 1990. xxiv, 212 pages. ISBN April 1990, pp. 19-21. available.) 0-8020-3448-9 (v. 3) $95.00 cloth. Reviewed by Terry A. Slocum, In addition to providing unique C87-094228-x. The French edition University of Kansas cartographic products to custom­ is available from Les presses de ers and the KGS research staff in a l'Universite de Montreal. This article deals with the advan­ cost effective and timely manner, Reviewed by William G. Loy, tages of computer cartography the automated production system University of Oregon within the production environ­ 1) saves space by not having to ment of the Kansas Geological store numerous hardcopy versions Canada is rich in atlases. The Survey (KGS). Until about 10 of maps, and 2) saves money by National Atlases of 1906, 1915, years ago, KGS published only two only producing the hardcopy 1957, 1974 and 1985 give synoptic or three large-format maps a year, maps that are certain to be used. views for those dates and now a at a cost of several thousand There are some problems, how­ three-volume set of historical dollars per map product. With the ever, in implementing an on­ atlases will provide a time-phased development of the GIMMAP demand production environment. view of the nation. This atlas is automated mapping system and One is the nature of archival. another jewel in the crown of associated hardware, KGS is now For each unique map produced, Canadian atlases. able to provide a much greater should one attempt to store a As a book this atlas is large, but variety of maps on demand; for hardcopy version, a softcopy not huge, and reasonably priced at example, for a request of a carto­ version, or both? Currently, KGS $95. It measures 37.7 cm in height graphic base map (e.g. county is considering optical disk storage (14.8 in.), 27.7 cm in width (10.9 boundaries and hydrology) of a because of its 1,000,000 Mb capac­ in.), 3 cm in thickness (12 in.), and portion of Kansas, a customer can ity. Other problems include 1) it weighs 2.3 kilos (5.1 lbs.). The be given a hardcopy color map at a whether one-of-a-kind maps atlas comes plastic-sealed in a cost of $10-15 within 4 hours. should be designated as published sturdy box. The cover is a very The GIMMAP mapping system or unpublished, and 2) the estab­ substantial binder board covered is an in-house product developed lishment of a referencing system in a top-quality black cloth at KGS over the last 10 years. It for maps. With regard to the stamped in gold on both the cover permits one to overlay, update, latter, should each unique map and the spine. There are no and correct geographic databases receive a new reference number, or endpapers. The paper is matte and for Kansas such as the public-land should only major revisions unusually heavy, approaching the survey system, political bound­ receive different reference num­ weight of index card stock. The aries, hydrography, transportation bers? Others who are involved in eye-catching dust jacket is dark networks, earthquake epicenters, an on-demand map production with shining railroad rails reflect­ gravity data, magnetic data, oil environment may wish to contact ing a sky lit by the sun below the and gas field boundaries, and KGS to find out how they are horizon. The reader is left to locations of dry holes. handling some of these problems. ponder the significance. Perhaps A key hardware component of the sunrise of a nation, perhaps the automated production envi­ the sunset of an atlas project, ronment is a 44-inch electrostatic perhaps... plotter with a resolution of 400 The three-volume historical atlas dots per inch, and a display palette project began in 1969. By 1979 of 1,024 colors at one ti.me. Such a financial backing from the Social plotter is very expensive to pur­ Sciences and Humanities Research chase ($60,000 when KGS pur- Council of Canada (SSHRCC) was 20 cnrtographic perspectives Number 7, Fall 1990 obtained and research began. In followed by the full-color double­ such a long time is likely to 1987, Volume I: From the Beginning page plates; there are four plates in include too much in every topic. A to 1800 appeared to critical ac­ the overview, thirty-five plates in little more space between elements claim; now in 1990 we have Volume Part One, and twenty-seven plates even at the expense of some data ill; in 1993/4 we expect Volume II: in Part Two. Supporting the plates would be welcome. A few other The Nineteenth Cenhtrtj. The over­ is an extensive Notes section from criticisms, in order of the plates, all project is monumental - pages 163to197. The Notes will be offered. On plate 5, I find involving hundreds of people, include comments, bibliography, the use of multiple-colored dots decades of time, and millions of and suggested further readings. confusing. Also, red dots on the dollars in effort. While the The sixty-six plates are the upper map equal black, red and SSHRCC provided the basic cartographic heart of this en­ green dots on the lower map. On funding, significant amounts were deavor. Chief cartographer plate 12, the legend of Industrial obtained from other sources, Geoffrey J. Matthews of the Generating Capacity, the word notably from the Bank of Montreal University of Toronto is credited 'hydraulic' seems misused. Either for this volume. with seventeen previous atlases. 'water' or 'hydro-electric' seems The acknowledgments page His experience shows in the better. On plate 14 and elsewhere contains four long columns of variety and excellence of the the photographs are printed too names of people who worked on design of the plates. Each plate is dark. On plate 21 the drainage this atlas from 1979 to the present. a unique and complex assemblage does not fit the shaded relief plate, Gold leaf on the spine singles out of diverse graphics masterfully especially in the upper Peace River the primary persons - editors juxtaposed into a visual feast of drainage. Finally, slight Donald Kerr and Deryck W. informational graphics. Color misregistry may be seen occasion­ Holdsworth plus cartographerI choices are uniformly excellent. ally where the linework does not designer Geoffrey]. Matthews. Open the volume to any plate - trap the colors. Inattention by the The first name listed in the ac­ you will see maps of diverse scale printer is assumed to be the cause. knowledgments is the director of and positioning deftly separated In sum, however, the flaws are the executive committee, William visually from one another by slight. G. Dean. The last Acknowledg­ devices such as feathered edges. Canada has a right to be proud ments section, "Translator for the There are many numerical and of this atlas. Every library and as French Edition," reminds us that graphical scale notations but, no many citizens as possible should bilingual Canada has produced a references to map projections. own a copy. It will answer many French language edition simulta­ Blocks of text relate to the graphics questions and afford many hours neously to the English language naturally without boxes. An of enjoyable and enlightening version. Yet another monumental endless variety of symbols abound perusing. We look forward to the task! - proportional divided circles, final volume of the trilogy. The contents are organized into flow lines, bar charts, graphs of all two parts. Part One, The Great sorts, drawings and innovative Transfonnation, 1891-1929, depicts diagrams. BOOK REVIEW/COMMENTAR Y the change in Canada from a rural, All are produced to technical Rimbert, Sylvie (1990) mostly British or French society to perfection. Ca rto-graphies, Hermes, 175 pp. a more urban and multi-cultural For sheer volume of information 260F. ISBN 2-86601-233-X land. Part Two, Crisis and Re­ presented it is difficult to excel reviewed btJ Peter Gould, sponse, 1929-1961, chronicles the plate 47, Military Activity in the Penn State University .. Great Depression, the Second Second World War. On one World War, and the pust-war double-page spread informatiou is The hyphen in the title of this book boom years. The stage is set before presented on mobilization, mili­ should warn us that this is not a these major parts by a short tary fatalities, war graves, and text on cartography in any of the overview section covering territo­ military actions down to where usual senses. Rather, it is a series ria I evolution, economic growth, and when which ship sunk which of reflections, couched in both and the composition of the popula­ U-boat! Incredible! written text and graphic illustra­ tion from 1891to1961. Can any cartographic flaws be tion, by a geo-cartographer who The basic organization of each discerned? This reviewer feels that directs one of FraJ1ce's major section or part is an introductory the plates suffer a little from being centers of cartographic research. essay of three to five pages telling over-full, and too many map scales Her subject is what I would like to the story and referencing the are employed. Any project call the 'missing potentialities' of appropriate maps. This essay is involving so many people over the graphic revolution brought Number 7, Fall 1q90 rnrtogrnpl1ic perspectives 21 about by the personal computer. mized from the material and and see the splendid expanse of This theme comes as a bit of a historical dimensions of human northern France's maternal bosom, surprise to someone living on the existence. Epidemiologists grind and the withered womb of the high plateau of geographic illit­ out numbers with their differential south. Thought you could picture eracy on the west bank of the equations, never asking where the Switzerland? Which Switzerland? Atlantic River, because in many epidemic might be; people in The one on the schoolroom wall? ways the French seem to be much medicine collect what are in Or the one of the bloated Ziirich better than we are at getting essence spatio-temporal data spider, a center with its peripheries powerful graphic images into the cubes, but then sit on them be­ if there ever was one? An 'imbal­ intellectual bloodstream. 1t is no cause they cannot think of any­ ance' north and south? How can accident that the book appears in a thing better to do. Somehow we people visualize trillions of series edited by the geographer have to enhance peoples knowl­ dollars? But show them how a Roger Brunet, with a strong edge of the potentiality of visual­ contracted Latin America fits 8-10 supporting Preface by Abraham ization, and help them to become times into an expanded Anglo Moles, a psychologist who helped more familiar with the ready-at­ America, and people say "Hm... so many of us to think towards the hand tools that help them to see. That's what GNP means!" Nor are power of the graphic image. But As human beings, we have the we confined to static images. recent developments, though capacity to create written, graphic Tobler's flows and 'winds of encouraging, are not good enough and algebraic 'texts,' and then influence' might be animated, and for Sylvie Rimbert, and I agree impress them with meaning. Our many processes of spatial transfor­ with her. It is going to take schools emphasize the first and mations might be visualized in prolonged and patient effort to last, language and symbolization. moving images, so people can see mend the intellectual rent of the What has happened to that third how we get from 'here' to 'there.' 19th century that tore the spatial leg of the tripos, the graphic? The What about generalizations? domain from thinking in the democratization of information Starting with Borges' delightful human realm. depends upon it. story (or was it true?) of the map The book is structured in five One of the things we can do is as big as the country it repre­ parts (an Introduction, three transform one space into another, sented, we are led through a chapters, and a short Conclusion), often with startling and thought­ careful discussion of 'information raising the question of the graphic provoking results. Which, pre­ loss' that paradoxically allows us imagination, and how this might sumably, is the whole point. We to see more. Well, not 'more,' but be enhanced by transformations, want people to say "Hm, I never more clearly, at least the forest generalizations and simulations, thought about it in that way now that the trees have been each 'genre' pointing to still­ before!" Pixels arrayed in a list are cleared away a bit. It involves us, unrealized potentialities of graphic useless: mapped (literally of course, in the matter of hierar­ presentation. Some of these have 'mapped,' in both a mathematical chical organizations; what shall we been with us (in a sense of being and geographical sense) onto a 30 clump together and aggregate to technically avaiJable) for some -720 'projection,' and SEASAT's see the major outlines; what time, but simple availability does 'surface of wind velocity' appears. general trends illuminate the not mean that these imaginative Sheer numbers arrayed in their x,y particular residuals? approaches are actually used. In a coordinates are pointless: but What about simulations, pre­ very deep-seated sense, this smoothed, interpolated (you had sented either in static or animated 'paradox of reluctance' is embed­ better know what you are doing!), form? Here Sylvie Rimbert points ded in the larger educational and and displayed as a 30 perspective, to a future, a future of research, political sphere. Educationally, we and the valley of a meandering and a future of potentialities to have failed to put into place those stream appears. Want to show the come. Her purpose is to encour­ conditions of possibility that geographical research power of age thinking in this direction, and would allow a person to take for Paris? Transform France in her approach is deliberately granted the power of visualization. proportion to the scientific re­ touched with the pedagogic brush. And I am not referring simply to sources given, and we see how the She creates Yonabourg, a small, the common, but never ordinary, 'Sun King' still lives in Versailles, quite imaginary village, named 'person-in-the-street,' but to highly surrounded by his satellites, more after the architect Yona Friedman, specialized professionals in many than two hundred years after the who created Machinebourg in of the sciences. Too many seem to Revolution - the second Revolu­ 1975, a town taken over by the have been thrown into a world tion, please. Where are the young technocrats because the people, the with their spatial thinking loboto- people? Transform France again, unwashed 'they,' were not compe- 22 cartograpllic perspectives Num bcr7, fa ll 1990

tent to handle their own affafrs. GESTURES FOR JARGON the depository arrangement, Yonabourg is transformed into Hand Signs for Technical Tenns higher prices, copyright restric- simple structures, numerical Used in Thematic and Topographic tions on users, with spotty cover- tables, surfaces of accessibility, Mapping evolved from needs of age of areas and uncertain revision transversed for its gradients, hearing impaired employees at the of maps due to variable demand. constrained by one-way systems, Rocky Mountair Mapping Center, called to the center by day, pushed USGS. Co-authors Richard Will to the periphery by night, gridded, and William E. Krohn recognized EOSAT PUBLISHES TM BAND weighed, measured, and otherwise the need for more accurate COMBINATION POSTER massaged in something close to a communication than possible in A new poster created by EOSAT prurient manner - is that standard sign language and describes in words and images the 'attractivite nocturne' really just the developed a book to show technical capabilities and practical Maison de la Culture? Finally, the workable signs for the mapping applications of Landsat Thematic poor little village is subject to an industry. Single copies are free Mapper data. On one side, the TM invasion of mice during one from the USGS, Books and Open- poster features color images of especially warm winter favoring File Section, Box 25425, Denver, Charleston, SC, to illustrate the their reproduction, an invasion C080225. differences in applications of fought desperately by the inhabit- Geofimes, November 1990 various TM band combinations. ants of Yonabourg with barriers of The reverse side uses graphs and cats! Along the way, we learn a lot charts to describe some fundamen- about planar graphs, potential Rockwell, Ken (1990) ta! aspects of multispectral remote models, spatial constraints, gravity Privatization of U.S. Geological sensing and how the Thematic calculations, least-cost paths, Survey Topographic Maps: Mapper sensor acquires imagery. diffusion simulation, predator- A Survey. Government Publica- EOSAT is distributing the TM prey models, Markov chains, and tions Review, May/ June 1990, Band Combination Poster at no even what happens to a central pp. 199-211. charge. Contact your regional place under fractal disintegration. sales representative or call EOSAT In animated, perhaps interactive Abstract: Topographic mapping is Customer Services at (301) 552- form, we could actually change a a long-established government 0537 or (800) 344-9933. barrier (stay there Minou!), or a activity. Libraries have been Landsat World Update 3:8 one-way street, and see what receiving maps from the United August 1990 happens to the invisible land- States Geological Survey for over scapes of probability and accessi- 90 years; recently this and other bility overlying the town. If this map depository arrangements does not open the eyes of readers with federal mapping agencies to new ways of seeing and think- have been consolidated into the new maps ing, I do not know what will. Government Printing Office's Unless, of course, we could put library depository program. This Carto-grapl1ies into the VCR and long relationship could be jeopar- WORLD. Earth by night. Salt play it. dized by an Interior Department Lake City: Hansen Planetarium, Hm? proposal to privatize the 1990. $7.50. Hansen Planetarium, mapmaking activities of the U.S. 1098 South 200 West, Salt Lake Geological Survey. This proposal City, UT 84101. • LIST OF MAPPING VIDEOS is consistent with the philosophy Mark Maclennan of the prevailing during the Reagan WORLD. Economy of the World. Department of Geography at administration that government Chicago: George F. Cram Co., SUNY-Buffalo has compiled a list should not compete with the 1990. $270. For more information, of video tapes about GIS, LIS, private sector in the provision of call 800-227-4199. map-making, surveying and products and services, including visualization. The list of twenty- the publication of government WORLD. Ecoregions of the seven tapes provides information information. Just as the cutback in continents. Washington: U.S. on the title, formal, length, date, government publications has Forest Service, 1989. Scale sources, and subject description. negatively affected depository 1:30,000,000. Supplement to The list is published in the libraries in general, so the transfer Environmental Conservation, vol. Newsletter (16:2) of the Canadian of topographic mapping to private 16, no. 4, Winter 1989. For copies, Cartographic Association. concerns could lead to the end of write to Robert Bailey, U.S. Forest Number 7, Fall 1990 cartogrnpllic perspectives 23

Service, 2825 E. Mulberry St., Fort Utah I-1847, Nevada I-1849, and MIDDLE EAST. Middle East oil Collins, CO 80524. California 1-1848. and gas. Tulsa: PennWell, 1989. Scale 1 :4,500,000. $85. NORTH AMERICA. Crude oil MASSACHUSETTS. A physi­ pipelines of the United States and ographic map of Massachusetts. ISRAEL. Geological photomap of Canada. Tulsa: PennWell, 1989. Chelsea, VT.: John F. Berthelsen, Israel and adjacent areas. Jerusa­ Scale 1:3,600,000. $105. 1990. Scale 1:380,160. $15. John F. lem: Geological Survey of Israel, Berthelsen, HCR, Box 12 A, 1990. Scale 1:750,000. $20. Geo­ CANADA. Environment in peril Chelsea, VT. 05038. logical Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhel map. Vanier, Ont.: Canadian Israel St., Jerusalem 95501, Israel. Geographic, 1989. Supplement to PENNSYLVANIA. SEPTA'S the December 1989 /January 1990 Philadelphia street and transit PACIFIC OCEAN. Natural issue of Canadian Geographic. map. Philadelphia: Southeastern hazards map of the Circum-Pacific $8.50. Canadian Geographic Pennsylvania Transportation region. Circum-Pacific Series, CP- Products, 39 McArthur A venue, Authority, 1990. $3.00. SEPTA, 35. Reston, VA.: U.S. Geological Vanier, Ont., Canada, KIL 8L7. 200 West Wyoming Avenue, Survey, 1990. Scale 1:17,000,000. Philadelphia, PA 19140. CANADA. Map of Canada's P ACTFIC OCEAN. Pacific island eastern continental shelf. Vanier, EUROPE. The European Commu­ nations and their 200 mile exclu­ Ont.: Canadian Geographic, nity: a community with no internal sive economic zones. Honolulu: 1989. Supplement to the June/July frontiers, deadline 1992. Brussels: Department of Business and 1989 issue. Office for Official Pubications of Economic Development, 1990. the European Communities, 1990. Free from the State of Hawaii, UNITED STA TES. Forest indus­ Scale 1:8,000,000. Department of Business and tries mill map. Gilroy, CA: Free­ Economic Development, P.O. Box man Publications, 1990. $48. EUROPE. North Sea map. 2359, Honolulu, HI 96804. Tulsa: PennWell, 1990. Scale UNITED STATES. United States 1:1,000,000. $99.95. satellite view. National Atlas sheet. Reston, VA.: U.S. Geological SOVIET UNION. Ethnicity and new atlases Survey, 1990. Scale 1:7,500,000. political boundaries in the Soviet $3.10. Maps on both sides: the Union. Washington: Office of the image of the conterminous U.S. Geographer, 1989. Scale ca. AA 3 mile map series. London: and the reverse side highlights 1:20,000,000. Supplement to AA Publishing, 1990. Seven twenty-four major areas in the Geographic Notes, no. 12, volumes; each £2.95. Series United States. June 1990. includes the following titles: Scotland and borders, northern UNITED STATES . Average SOVIET UNION. Soviet pipeline Scotland, Southwest, Midlands, annual runoff in the United States, map. London, Ont.: Department Southeast and East Anglia, and 1951-1980. H ydrologic In vestiga­ of Geography, University of Wales. tions Atlas HA-70. Reston, VA: Western Ontario, 1989. $27.00. U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, repr. Milford Green, Department of Asante, Molefi and Mark 1989. Scale 1:7,500,000. Geography, Social Science Center, Mattson. Historical and University of Western Ontario, Cultllral Atlas of African Ameri­ UNITED STATES - SOUTH­ London, Ont., Canada N6A 5C2. cans. New York: MacMillan WEST. Experimental digital Publishing Co., 1990. pp192; shaded relief maps of southwest­ SOVIET UNION. Soviet Union. ISBN 0-02-897021-7. $90. ern United States. Miscellaneous Washington: National Geographic Investigations Series, Map 1-1850. Society, 1990. Scale 1:10,140,000. Atlas of tlte People's Republic of Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Chitia. Foreign Language Press, Survey, 1990. Scale 1 :2,000,000. 2 MIDDLE EAST. Middle East 1989. pp122; $49.50. Distributed maps: sheet 1, digital shaded relief area: oil and gas. Washington: by China Cultural Center, P.O. Box with color-coded elevations; sheet U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 221658, Sacramento, CA 95822. 2, digital shaded relief. Maps are 1990. Scale 1:4,500,000. SuDoc No. available for the following states: PrEx 3.10/4:M84/17. Baker, Felix. The HistonJ of Arizona 1-1821, Wyoming 1-1846, London in Maps. London: Barrie 24 cartograplric perspectives :\lumhl•r7, Fall 1990 and Jenkins, 1990. pp192; ISBN 0- Maps and Mapping. The National Stem, Geoffrey. Atlas of Comm11- 7126-3650-1. £19.95. Atlas of Sweden, vol. 1. nism. New York: MacMillan Stockholm: Kartbutiken, 1990. Publishing Co., 1990. pp256, Benvenisti, Meron. The West and First of 17 volumes with a pur­ including 75 maps. ISBN 0-02- Gaza Atlas. Boulder, CO: posed completion date of 1995; 897265-1. $90. Westview, 1990. $54.50. price SEK 272; Kartbutiken, Kungsgatan 74, S-111 22 Wilkie, Richard. Historical Atlas Ca11adiatt Atlas F.S.A. Postal Stockholm, Sweden. of Massachusetts. Amherst: Areas. Scarborough, Ont.: Artscan University of Massachusetts Press, Marketing, 1990. pp132; $125. Mason, Robert and Mark 1990. ISBN 0-87023-697-0. Artscan Marketing, 56 Mattson. Atlas of Environmental Oakmeadow Boulevard, Issues. New York: MacMillan Scarborough, Ontario, Canada Publishing Co., 1990. pp192; ISBN M1E4Gl. 0-02-897261-9. $90. cartographic events

Ce 11sus Atlas: National Volume Mattson, Catherine and Mark 1981. Delhi: Controller of Publica­ Mattson. Contemporary Atlas of EVENTS CALENDAR tions, 1988. pp212; $50. Distrib­ tire United States. New York: 1991 uted by D.K Agencies P Ltd., MacMillan Publishing Co., 1990. March 23-29: ACSM/ASPRS H-12, Bali Nagar, New Delhi pp142, including 62 maps. ISBN Annual Convention, Baltimore, 110015 India. 0-02-897281-3. $90. MD. Contact: ACSM, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Bethesda, MD Friesel, Evyatar. Atlas of Modern Murray, Jocelyn. Atlas of Africa. 20814, (301) 493-0200. History. Studies in Jewish His­ New York: Facts on File, 1990. tory. New York: Oxford Univer­ ISBN 0-8160-2209-7. $17.95. March 25-28: Auto-Carto 10: sity Press, 1990. pp160; ISBN 0-19- Tenth International Symposium 505393-1. $49.95. Nebenzahl, Kenneth. Atlas on Automated Cartography, of Columbus and tl1e Great Baltimore, MD. Contact: Auto Himalayan Trekking Atlas. Scales Discoveries. Chicago: Rand Carto 10, Department of Geogra­ 1:180,000 and 1:2,500,000. Thirty McNally, 1990. $75. phy, 105 Wilkeson, North Campus, maps L33. Distributed by State University of New York at Robertson McCarta, 122 .Kings Pltillips' Road Atlas of Scotland Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14260. Cross Road, London WC1X 9DS, and tire Borders. London: George England. Phillip, 1990. pp100; ISBN 0-540- April 13-17: Association of 05567-0. £8.95. American Geographers 87th Hugo, Graeme. Atlas of the Annual Meeting. Hyatt Regency, A ustralian People: So11th A11stra­ RAC Atlas France. London: Miami, FL. Contact: AAG, 1710 lia - 1986 Census. Canberra: William Curtis, 1990. pp144; ISBN 16th St. N.W., Washington, DC Australian Government Publishing 1-87196--713-9. £:7.95. 20009-3198. Service, 1989. pp396; ISBN 0-664- 10569-0. $34.95. Distributed in the Sahab, Abbas. Atlas of Geo­ April 22-25: NCGA 1991 National U.S. and Canada: ISBN Inc., 6502 graphical Maps and Historical Computer Graphics Association, NE Hassalo St., Portland, OR Documents on the Persian Gulf. Chicago, ILL. Contact: Michael 97213-3640. Tehran: Sahab Geographic and Weiner or Sharon Sutton, 2722 Drafting Institute, 1990. Volume 3. Merrilee Drive, Suite 200, Fairfax, The Imperial Gazetteer Atlas of pp150; 210 OM. Distributed by VA 22031, (703) 698-9600. India. Delhi: Low Price GeoCenter. Publications, 1990,repr.of1931 May 6-10: 84th Annual Meeting edition ISBN 81-85412-29-2. Scott, James W. Was11i11gton: A of the Canadian Institute of $41.70. Distributed by D.K. Centennial Atlas. Bellingham, Surveying and Mapping and 14th Agencies P Ltd. WA: Western Washington Canadian Symposium on Remote University Center of Pacific Sensing of the Canadian Remote Lasker, G.W. (ed.). Atlas of Northwest, 1990. pp155; Sensing Society, Calgary, Alberta, British Surnames. Detroit Wayne ISBN 0-929008-24-3. $42. Canada. For CISM information State Univeristy Press, 1990. pp96; contact: Dave McLintock, Shell JSNB 0-8143-2253-0. $16.95. Canada Ltd., 400 4th Ave. S.W., :-.Jumber 7, l·all 1990 cartograpl1ic perspectives 25

Box 100, Station M, Calgary, 1992 materials for the production of test Alberta, Canada T2P 2H5; (403) March 22-28: ACSM/ASPRS maps, and human subject fees. ln 232-3004, fax: (403) 232-4955. For Annual Convention, Albuquer­ the case of human subject research, CRSS information contact: Diane que, N. M. Contact: ACSM, 5410 evidence of human subject clear­ Thompson, lntera Technologies Grosvenor Lane Bethesda, MD ance is not required at the time of Ltd., 2500-101, 6th Avenue, S.W., 20814, (301) 493-0200. application but must be submitted Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3P4; before an award is made (i.e. within (403) 266-0900, fax: (403) 265-0599. Summer: Fifth International two months). Applicants must be Symposium on Spatial Data currently enrolled in a geography May 31-June 3: The Annual Handling, USA. Contact: Prof. Master's degree program. Conference of the Canadian Duane F. Marble, Department of Cartography must be the centraJ Cartographic Association, St. Geography, The Ohio State focus of the research, and not Catharines, Ontario. Contact: University, Columbus, OH 43210, merely a tool used in support of Alun Hughes, Department of (614) 292-2250. other research. Research proposals Geography, Brock University, St. will be judged based upon (1) their Catharines, Ont., Canada L2S 3Al. August 9-16: 27th International originality, (2) their research Email: [email protected]. Geographical Congress, Washing­ design, or plan of work, and (3) ton, DC. Contact: Anthony de their budget and justification. The June 22-28: CG International '91: Sousa, 27th JGC, 17th and M Sts. research proposal must describe Visualization of Physical N.W., Washington, DC 20036, the research, and contain the Phenomena, MIT, Cambridge, (202) 828-6688. following elements: MA. Contact: Barbara Dullea, CGI '91 Secretariat, MIT Rm 5-430, October: North American § Personal data form 77 Massachusetts A venue, Cam­ Cartographic Information Society § The research plan bridge, MA 02139. Twelfth Annual Meeting, § The budget and its justification Minneapolis, MN. (Applications missing any of September 23-0ctober 1: Mapping these items will not be considered.) the Nations - 15th Conference of November 6-12: GIS/LIS 1992 the International Cartographic Annual Conference and Exposi­ The CSG will have three funding Association, Bournemouth Inter­ tion and ACSM/ASPRS Fall periods per year. Due dates for national Centre, Bournemouth, Convention, San Jose, CA. receipt of grant applications for England. Contact: Conference Contact: ACSM, 5410 Grosvenor each funding period are Novem­ Services Limited, Congress House, Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814, (301) ber 1, March 15, and June 1. Grant 55 New Cavendish St., London 493-0200. monies will be awarded to success­ WlM 7RE, England, 01-4860531, ful appplicants two months after fax: 01-935-7559, telex: 1993 the due dates for each granting 934346CONFAS G. February 15-18: ACSMJASPRS period. Applications must be Annual Convention, New Or­ received by the CSG Non-Aca­ October 20-23: North American leans, LA. Contact: ACSM, 5410 demic Director by the targeted due Cartographic Information Society Grosvenor Lane, Bethesda, MD date (postmarks do not count); late Eleventh Annual Meeting, Mil­ 20814, (301) 493--0200. proposals will be held until the waukee, WI. Contact: Sona next funding period. Proposals Karentz Andrews, Department of CSG Thesis Research Fund will be reviewed in a non-blind Geography, University of Wiscon­ The Cartography Specialty Group process, with reviewers selected by sin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI (CSG) Researcl1 Fund has been the CSG Non-Academic Director 53201; (414) 229-4872. established to support Master in consultation witl1 the CSG chair. thesis work in cartography. CSG Award amounts will generally not October 27-30: GIS/LIS 1991 grants are intended to help defer exceed $300. Annual Conference and Exposi­ the expenses directly related to the For more in.formation and tion and ACSMJASPRS Fall collection of data for research. applications contact: Ann Convention, Atlanta, GA. Funding is restricted to items Goulette, CSG Non-Academic Contact: ACSM, 5410 Grosvenor necessary and intrinsic to the Director, Intergraph Corporation, Lane, Bethesda, MD 20814, (301) applicant's thesis. Examples 1051 Mercator Drive, Reston, VA 493-0200. include travel to study areas, data 22091-3414; (714) 264-5600. tapes, maps, small items of special -Cartography Specialhj Group equipment, supplies such as Newsletter 11:1. 26 cnrtog rnpllic perspecl ives Number 7, Fall 1990

NACISnews Craig Remington, Department of Geography, Box 870322, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, (205) 348-1536 NACIS OFFICERS n n Society President: James F. Fryman, Nancy Ryckman, Reference Department of Geography, Department, 152 Jackson Library, University of Northern Iowa, Unjversity of North Carolina at Cedar Falls, IA 50613; Greensboro, Greensboro, NC (319) 273-6245 27412;(919)334-5419 program and abstracts Vice President: Jack L. Dodd, 101 John Sutherland, Map CoUection, Haney Building, Tennessee ValJey Science Library, University of Authority, Chattanooga, TN Georgia Libraries, Athens, GA 37402-2801; (615) 751-MAPS 30602; (404) 542-0690 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24 1:00-8:00 p.m. Registratio11 1:00-3:00 p.m. NACJS Committee Meetings Secretary: James R. Anderson, Jr., CARTOGRAPIDC 3:00-5:00 p.m. NACTS Board Meeting Florida Resources and Environ­ PERSPECTIVES 5:00-7:00 p.m. Dilwer Break ment Analysis Center, Florida Editor: David DiBiase, 7:30-9:00 p.111. Opening Session State University, Tallahassee, FL Department of Geography, 32306;(904)644-2883 Welcome 302 Walker Building, Penn State jam~ F. Fryman University, University Park, PA Vice President and Program Chairperson Treasurer: Edward J. Hall, 406 16802; (814) 863-4562; email: University of Northern Iowa McGilvrey I IaU, Kent State Univer­ [email protected]. sity, Kent, OH 44240-0001; (216) Coeditor: Karl Proehl, C202 Pattee Keynote Address 672.-2017 Mr. Thomas Hammond Library, Penn State University, NASA University Park, PA 16802; (814) Kennedy Space Center Pnst President: Diana Rivera, 863-0094 Libraries W310, Michigan State 9:00-11 :()() p.m. Rtupt1011 and Cas11 Bar University, East LaMing, MI INTER-AMERICAN 9.-00-11:00 p.m . Poster Sessio11: 48823; (517) 353-4737 Products a11d Resources of COMMI'ITEE U11ivers1ty Cartographic Labs Chnir: Jerry Thornton, Map Room, NACIS EXECUTlVE OFFICER Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library, Chris Baruth, NACIS, American University of Michigan, Ann Geographic Society Collection, Arbor, MI 48103 THURSDAY, OCTOBER 25 P.O. 399, Milwaukee, W1 53201; 8:00 a.111.-7:00 p.m. Registration 9:00 n.111.-Noon Exltibits (800) 558-8993 or (414) 229-6282 MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE 8:30 10:00 n.111. Sessilms Chair: Sona Karentz Andrews, BOARD OF DIRECTORS Department of Geography, Uni­ SESSION A: Ron Bolton, 6010 Executive Blvd, versity of Wisconsin - Milwau­ CARTOGRAPHIC PRODUCTION A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Computer­ Room 1013, Rockville, MD 20852; kee, Milwaukee, W1 53201; (414) (301) 443-8075 Aided Map Design and Production 229-4872. Charles P Rader and Ellen R. White, Department of Geography, Michigan State Will Fontanez, Department of NOMINATIONS COMMITTEE University, East Lansing, MI Geography, 408 G & G Building, Chair: Juan Jose Valdes, Carto­ University of Tennessee, Knox­ Within the last five years, microcomputer­ graphic Division, National Geo­ ba..00 map de5ign and production have ville, TN 37996; (615) 974-2418 graphic Society, 1615 M Street, become viable alternatives to manual N.W., Washington, DC 20036; design and production for cartographic Patrick McHaffie, Department of (202) 775-7873 production labs. A cost-benefit analysis Geography, University of Ken­ between computer-aided map production tucky, Lexington, KY 4050&-0027; and manual map production was carried PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE out to determine their relative advantages. (606) 257-6956 Chair: Jeff Patton, Department of Two essenhal qu~tions guided the Geography, University of North analysis: (1) what are the relative capital Hull Mclean, 1602 Society Court, Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, investments in faciJjties and equjpment, Herndon, VA 22070; (703) 834-3123 NC 27412, (919) 334-5388 and (2) what are the relative costs of labor and materials in the design and production of maps between computer-assisted and Number7, Fall 1990 cartograpltic pNspectives 27 manual technique:;? A survey of vendors Laserprinter or Linotronic lettering. Key to to use hue, value, chroma, or a combination was conducted to determine the invest­ this process is the expectation by both client of those attributes to help separate (igure ments m setting up two new labs, one and cartographer that the first-draft map from ground information. which empha~ized manual technologies will be modified and improved. Time for Designing a map for broadcast television and the other computer-a5i>1sted technolo­ corrections and improvements must be adds a number of additional constraints gies. Two map design problems, a thematic allowed and money budgeted for produc­ and opportunities to the decision process. map and a reference map, were each ing second or third drafts of the original The low rewlution of a television image produced twice. once using traditional effort. The final product will probably be a makes type selection difficult, but simulta­ manual technique!. and once using PMT at printing scale neous narration can reduce the need foron­ computer-assisted techniques, to determine screen type. Similarly, the ability to zoom relative production costs for each design. Textbook Graphic Production in or out through time can make locational The re:.ults from this study indicate that the Bonnie Sines, Department of Geography, mset maps unnecessary The analog nature computer-assisted technologies and University of l\lorthem Iowa, of the broadcast signal poses some unique techniques compare favorably to more Cedar Falls, TA problems: the legal limits on color intensity traditional ones. The results of the analysis are different for dilferent colors, and the are discussed m the context of the types of The maps in geography textbooks appear to message <:hould still be legible on black­ cartographic products that are customarily be the work of the cartographer, who must and-white receivers. The designer of produced by labs, the expanding capabili­ accept the compliments or the criticism. animated maps can employ a variety of ties brought to cartographic representation However, the fact remains that often lhl' techniques, including nicker, gradient by computer-assisted techniques, and the final product is the result of decisions made 5creens, patterned backgrounds, and future role of cartographic labs m providing by other technicians, who may lack the changes in intensity through time, in order services. While no cost-benefit analysis is cartographic knowledge needed in to maintain visual headroom for the points definitive, this study "hould contribute to understanding the intent of the original that are to be emphasized. We will understanding the tradeoffs m the ongoing graphic This paper will examine the lllustrate some of these choices by demon­ change from older to newer technologies. problems encountered in creating maps and strating a series of animated maps we have graphics for textbooks. ln addition, designed for a 10-part television-based Communicating with a Cartographer po<:~ible solutions and alternatives will be correspondence course. William G Loy, Department of Geography, discussed. Univer:.lty of Oregon, Eugene, OR Visualizing Paleo Ocean Circulation SESSION B: DEMONSTRATION David DiBiase and William Peterson, The Like an architect designing a building. a Map Grafix d emonstration. Detailed Pennsylvania State University, Umversity cartographer designing a map needs to mapping software for the Macintosh. Park, PA establish clear communications ,,,;th the Paul Toomey client. As a city building permit depart­ Four-dimensional cartography enables ment limits the size of a building on a lot, a earth system scientists to represent the publisher limits the unage area on a page. behavior of dynamic environmental Before a cartographer can design a map a 10:00-10:30 11 m Break processes in space and time. This presenta­ copy of the publisher's 'lnstn1ctions for 10:30 n.m.-Noo11 Co11c11rre11t Sessions tion will include a five-minute animated Contributors' setting the above limits and video simulation of Mid-cretaceous and providing other infonnabon must be given SESSION C: A L\1A TED CARTOGRAPHY Eocene ocean circulation patterns ba~ on to the cartographer It is also useful to have Tips and Techniques for Maintaining the research of Eric Barron and William a sample of a recent publication in the Visual "Headroom" on Animated Maps Peterson at Penn State's Earth System series for which the map is being designed Don Pirius and Phil Ger:.mehl, Department Science Center. Discussion will focus on to reveal actual publisher'., practices of Geography, University of Minnesota, technical and design issues involved in regarding graphics. The client must also Minneapolis, \.iN producing the video with a Macintosh provide a recent good-quality somewhat microcomputer at the Deasy GeoCraphics oversi2e base map on which lo compile. On It is convenient to approach the topic of Laboratory. a photocopy of this map the area of the four-dimensional cartographic design by thematic map to be created must be way of analogy a televi<:ed map has a Summary Graphics to Supplement delineated (north to the top, if possible) in relationship to its narrauon that resembles Animated Cartographic Sequences the proportion of the final image area. The the connection between a printed map and Mark Monmonier, Department o( Geogra­ information to be c;hown on the new map surrounding text This analogy may help phy, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY must be indicated clearly or referenced to clarify the similarities and differences the compilation map, probably in red on between the de:.1gn decisions for pnnt and Viewers of animated sequences of maps the photocopy. The cartographer must television maps. might benefit from a single, more stress that it 1s the responsibility of the For example, establishing a visual cognitively friendly graphic that summa­ client to provide all of thi:. necessary hierarchy on a printed black-and-white rizes dominant trends, 5alient relationships, informahon before map design can map is a relatively simple conceptual and significant deviations introduced in the proceed. Matters of schedule and cost problem: the cartographer can select from a dynamic presentation. The theory of should be settled at this time. range of grays that fall along a single human information processing suggests With publisher'<: information, client's continuum from the color of the ink to the that becauc;e the human eye-brain system inform.1tion, and time/cost decisions made color of the paper. That constraint can does not inst.intaneously process patterns the cartographer can proceed to prepare an make it difficult to design type that is from short-term memory through to long­ over-scale first-draft map using an easy-to­ legible across -.cveral intennL'

earlier m the sequence. Four types of perceptual model of color space is useful as System Sla/11s - The Global Positioning summary graphics hold particular promise well as some t>xperience in discriminating System CGPS) space segment has eleven as animation supplements. The simplest colors by their perceptual dimensions. satellites in operation, and another was and oldest of these IS the cmtrograpllic llmr­ Both of these skills can be demortstrated scheduled for launch in January, 1990. If serio map, used since the late nineteenth and enhanced with a color box based on the spaced properly in their orbits, these century to portray the march westward of Munsell color system. The box is made up twelve satellites will provide 24-hour, the center of the United States population. or cubes whose facets vary systematically two-dimensional (latitude and longitude) Useful modifications include disagg;ega· by hue, value and chroma Fortunately for global positioning capability - a milestone tion by population subgroups and point geography teachers, these perceptuaJ in history! Around 1993, the entire CPS symbols for which size or value portrays dunensions of color can be related to the configuration of twenty-one satellites relative dispersion about the geographic earth itself, its axis, poles and equator; should be in place. Three active spares average. A second promismg supplemen­ latitude and longitude; and dtstance below will be orbited c;ometime later to ensure tary graphic is the biplot, a joint two­ the earth's surface. system integrity and continuous operation dimensional representation or time uru~ The workshop will involve hands-on CPS receiver developments have been and places based upon two principal activities with the color box as a way of astounding - over 100 models are now components. Among the points in the demortstratmg these skills and suggesting manufactured These sets allow prt>cision b1plot representing time penods, similar how color can be more eHechvely utilized. survey and time transfer, and development instants or period-; of time plot as closely of marine and aviation navigation clustered points whereas highly dissimik1r equipment Is gaining momentum. hmt! units are more widely separated. Noon -1:00 p.111. L1111ch Brrok 1~s11es - The key tssues affecting the Similarly, among the points representing 1:00·5:00 p.m . Field Tnps future of CPS are: places, similar places are cl messagt> sent to usen: is a foster.. an understandmg of geographic downtown Winter Park and/or visit local significant issue. The Radio Technical correlation, which is more complex than art museum. Commission for Aeronautics CRTCA) is statistical correlation. Because an studying these issues animated sequence of map:. can promote (5) The fin.ii issue is the full partiopation underst.1nding of an olherwtse complicated 6:30-7:15 p.m. Rt"CeptiJ11 and Cash Bar of the GPS civil community m GPS summary graphic, the two approaches are 7:15·9:00 p.m. Ammal Banquet planning. unplementahon and operation complementary. to ertsure that the DOD does not overlook President's Address cost and technical considerations of civil SESSIO D: WORKSHOP Diana Rivera users. Color as a Map Skill and a Mich1gan State Libraries The CPS will service more users than any Descriptive Tool Michigan State University surveying/navigation system in the history Henry W. Castner, Department of East Lansing, Ml of the world. It can meet survey or 3-D Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, needs with the use of signals from four Ontario, Canada Banquet Address satellitel>, or 1t can meet less stringent 2-D Thomas Cosby navigational requirements by monitoring DESCRIPTION - A hands-on workshop American Automobile Association the signals or three satellites. All told, CPS Orlando, Fl using color cubes Ill various activities to 1s an important national and international demonstrate various perceptual principles resource. of color and to develop concepts of color FRIDAY, OCTOBER 26 description useful in the application of 8:00 a.m.-4:00 p.111. Reg1strati1m Implementing a Cartographic Database to color in graphic communication. 9:00 a.m.·3:00 p.m Exhibits Enable Automation BACKGROUND - One essential 'map 8:30-10:00 a.m. ~SIOllS Virginia Galvin, NationaJ Oceanic and skill' 11wolves the ability or children to use Atmospheric Administrntion, colors effectively in the maps and graphics SESSION A: ALITOMATION Rockville, \fD that they produce in classroom assign· IN CARTOGRAPHY men ts. There are a small number of Global Positioning System: The Aeronautical Chart Branch CA.CB) of perceptual principles that govern that u~e. Status and Issues lhe National Ocean Service is beginning to and they can easily be demonstrated. Ronald M. Bolton and Claudette M Dellon, automate the production of some of its A related 'geographic skill' involves the Aeronautical Charting Division, National charts. The transformation of the produc· ability to descnbe accurately the colors in Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, hon proces:> is an ongoing effort, depending our environment. For this, some sort o( Rockville, MD on human considerations and technical Number 7, l";ill 1990 cartograpllic perspt'Ctives 29

factors for success. Currently, production new technology has been applied in The main contents of the National Atlas of techniques for the Branch's products range updating and creating maps. Mexico arc: I. General maps; II. History; ID. from traditional manual compilation, Society; IV. Nature; V. Environment; VI. engraving. and stick-up to the use of SESSION B: ROUNDTABLE ­ Economy, VII. Mexico and the world. various levels of computer-assisted ETHICS IN CARTOGRAPHY cartographic tools. Each chart series, with Ethics in Cartography Rounduble Changing Directions: Historical its standard scale, complexity of feature Discussion Atlas of Canada representation, revision cycle, and other Organizer- Sona Karentz Andrews, Geoffrey j. Matthews, Department of characteristic., poses more or less of a University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Geography, University of Toronto, challenge in the process of automation. Panelists: Palrick McHaffie, University of Toronto, Canada This paper describes the extent of Kentucky; Elke Owen, Head Cartographer, current automation at ACB and evaluates Volume Ill of the Historical Atlas of Canada is 1. Amencan Automobile Association; Mark the feasibihty of introducing further Williams, Editorial Art Director, Orlando scheduled to be published in October 1990 automated o;olutions with regard to various Sen/me/. after four years of intense production and is types of charts. By implementing a expected to emulate the critical success cartographic database, using a commer­ McHaffie reVJewed the ongms of the Ethics achieved by Volume I. Rising production cially available relational database Round table, pointing out that cartography's costs, a depleted budget and a paucity of management system, increased efficiency increased interest in ethics is part of a larger new funding have compelled the project to and flexibility can be realized in the societal trend. Williams described how examine more cost effective methods of production of a significant number of short deadlines affect decisions aboul the production than are now being ut:il.i.zed. charts. The paper summarizes the use of copyrighted materials: "it is easier to As a result of that study, the atlas executive concepts that define a cartographic ask forgivenei.s than to ask pennission." and the University of Toronto in order to database and how these concepts serve to Andrews discussed ethical implications of rescue the remaining volume m the project, resolve problems of redundancy in the cartographic education, arguing that have decided to cease operations for one revision of charts, mcrease flexibility in the cartographic expressions are impressionis­ year while the cartography office is refitted creation of new products, and enable the tic, and thal "it is not our role to act as to a computer-based operation. A automatic flow of cartographic information cartographic police." Subsequent com­ drastically smaller nucleus of computer from lhe database to the digital chart ments from the floor were diverse, but trained cartographers will commence product. tended to revolve vaguely around the production of Volume Il m 1991 with the Finally, the paper presents an overview question of the perceived responsibilities of goal of completion within two years. The of the operation of a commercial carto­ cartographic educators. style, design and integrity of the two graphic database developed for production previous volumes will be maintained, of aeronautical charts by the lntergraph only the method of production will Corporation. It describes the software 20:00-10:30 a.111. Break dramatically change. components of the Intergraph Aeronautical 10:30 n.m.-Noon Co11c11rrenl Sessions Charting System (lACS) to be installed by The Climatic Allas of Michigan the Branch and provides a scenario of the SESSION C· ATLASES Hans J. Stolle, Department of Geography, cartographer's mteraction with the system, National Atlas of Mexico Western Michigan University, emphasizing the expansion of his responsi­ AtJantida Coll-Hurtado, lnstituto de Kalamazoo, Ml bilities in controlling the automated Geografia, UNAM, Mexico, D.F. compilation process. The Climatic Atlas of Michigan is the The National Atlas of Mexico will be product of a nine year cooperative Cartographic Change at National finished in December, 1990. It will show undertaking of two Western Michigan Geographic the actual knowledge we have of Mexico's University faculty members, the state David Miller, National Geographic Society, nature, society and economy in the 1980's climatologist, and one member of the Waslungton, OC through more than 600 maps, scales Miclugan State University faculty. The ranging from 1.16,000,000to1:4,000,000, atlas was published by the Notre Dame The discipline of cartography is being published in 164 separate sheets. Umven;1ty Press and it is one of just a few buffeted by technological change. These Being the first atlas of this kind in existing state climate atlases. changes have transformed National Mexico, its construction presented This paper summarizes the production of I Geographic's Cartography Division over interesting aspects - academic, financial, the atlas from its early planning to the * • the last ten years from an elite group, organizational, etc. - which could be print-ready color separations. Problems of vested in traditional mapping methods, discussed within the Latin American data collection and compilation are modestly produang some of the best maps realities: the main contents; analysis of explained, the design of the atlas format as in the world - to an elite group, sustained quantity and quality of data available; well as individual maps is illustrated, and by digital revolution, modestly producing mastering of cartographic language with or the methods of cartographic production some of the best maps in the world. Our without the use of hardware and software; and proiect management are discussed. Scitex system brought us the benefits of editing and publishing aspects; etc. Helpful insights gained during this raster technology in 1982, but it was not Prom another point of view, this National project are pointed out and a sabbatical until the introduction of ARC/INFO in Atlas is the result of teamwork involving research project which is a direct result of 1988 that computer technology began academic personnel of the National work done for the atlas is briefly described. affecting every smgle person in Carto- University of Mexico as well as other gra ph1c. ARC/ INFO has changed the way professionals from academic and govern­ SESSION D: ROUNDTABLE­ we manipulate the fundamental qualities of ment institutions. The inner organization is CARTOGRAPHY LABS fN THE NINETIES a map: pro)CCtion, symbolism, and scaJe. worth discussing: 120 authors working in Cartography l a boratories in the '90s The Society's new Atlas of lite World more than 15 different institutions in Roundtable Discussion provides numerous examples of how our Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey. Organizer: James Anderson, Florida State 30 cartograpl1ic perspectiPes :'\umber 7, I all 1990

University. Panelists: Greg Chu, University mental requirements grow, facilities of Minnesota, Will Fontanez, University of managers face a critical need for more Tennessee, Craig Remington, University of timely access to geographic-based 3:00-3:15 p.m. Break Alabama; Ellen White, Michigan State information to achieve regulatory compli­ 3:15-5:00 p.m. Amrua/ 811si11ess University ance. Geographic Information Systems Ml!etmg (GIS) can successfully satisfy this need for The panelists described their laboratories' large municipalities. But for managers at staff, clientele, products, rates, and smaller-scale facilities, a traditional GIS equipment, then discussed trends foreseen often exceeds what is needed and afford­ SATURDAY, OCTOBER 27 for the coming decade. In general, able. One can gam similar benefits of a GIS 8:00-11:00 a.m. Rtg1strat1011 computer-a~isted techniques are preferred with minimal staff, budget. and equipment 8:30-10:00 a.m. Sess1011s for small format production, but most mvestrnents by developing a microcom­ panelists felt that traditional methods puter-based system, using CAD/CAM SESSION A: would continue to be required for large software as a mappmg package hnked with CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION format work The .lppropriaten~ and third-party database management software. Cartographic Information Sources on value of off-campus contract work was the This paper d~bes how a military Topographic, Hydrographic and central topic of subsequent d1SCUssion. mstallation in Hawai'i - an urban Cadastral Maps microcosm innuenced by a myriad of A. J. Brandenberger and S. K. Ghosh, Laval environmental issu~ - successfully built University, Quebec, Canada such a system usmg AutoCAD and dBASE Noon-1:30 p.m . L1111cheo11 ITI+. A team led by a government environ­ Topographic, hydrographic and cadastral 1:30-3:00 p.m. Concurrent St'SSio11s mental specialist and a geographer, , ...;th maps are mdispensable tools to provide the support of cartographers, facilities quantitative information on the earth's Lunc:heon Speaker managers, and engineers, used a unique surface on land and under water. How­ Dr. Robert Aangeenbrug developmental approach resulting in an ever, in the context of the enormity .md Chau, Department of Geography automated grapluc and non-graphic complexity of such mappings, the obt.1ining 1.Jmversity of South Florida emironmental information management and retrieving of such information remain Tampa, FL svstem. This system allows for. (a) working perpetual exigencies. The paper identifies within a mode:.t budget to procure minimal the specifics and pertinent map producbon and expandable equipment; (b) on-the-job organizations. The information sources and SESSION E: GEOGRAPHIC staff participation in the creation and use of their limitations are discussed. Finally o INFORMATION SYSTEMS real·time products as the system evolved; data bank developed at Laval University GIS Applications for (c) further refinement by the user as with world-wide potentiality is presented. Transportation Planning additional requirements surface; and (d) Its feasibility IS discu,.sed. Eckart F. leistikow, Pennsylvania later expansion from environmental Department of Transportation, compliance to aU areas of facilities Main factors of Land Harrisburg, PA management applications. Degradation in Mexico Examples show U!>e of this system in the Maria Concepoon Garcia Aguirre and This presentation will identify and describe areas of: wildlife law enforcement, Graciela Perez Villegas, the essential components that define an em;ronmental impact assessment, Umversity of Mexico automated cartographic operation It endangered species management, historic further introduces the concept of computer preservation compliance, hazardou!I waste In Mexico, problems related to polluhon assisted cartography and describes the training, oil and hazardous substances spill and land degradation became more relationships between manual and contingency planning, c;election of sites for notorious in the beginning of the fifties. automated on~. Special emphasis focuses military housing and training, and leak However, 1t was until the seventies when on the cartographer's role in facilitating detection management of underground several institutions undertook project:> to cartographic automation ¥.;thin the storage tanks. study and soh·e these problems. \.tost of framework of an ever growing Geographic Recommendotions cover: (a) other the present informallon about this topic Information System for Transportation. practitioners with similar needs and refers to local s tudies. For this reason, the The paper will demonstrate the idea of constraints; (b) novice and professional coordinator of the project Atlll$ Naciona/ de teaching cartographers to use computers - cartographers who know of others with Mexico, devoted a special section to rather than teaching computer operators to similar requirements; (c) GIS system thematic maps about impact of human make maps; thereby promoting the rapid designers regarding the needs of belea­ activities on land resources, water proliferation of automated cartography guered bureaucrats and other potential resources, air, etc. The map of land among State DOT's and leading Metropoli­ users with little or no computer literacy. degradation shows the main factors causing tan Planning Organizations. the deterioration of land resources, such as SESSION F: ROU OTABLE- MAPS AND deforestation, fires, erosion, grazing Computer Mapping for Decision Support TiiEIR KEEPERS I THE NINETIES activittes, several types of industry (011, in Facilities Management and Environ­ Maps and Their Keepers Roundtable thermoelectric, c:hemical, etc.) and the effect mental Compliance in Spite of Shrinking Discussion produced by human settlements and Funds and Increasing Requirements John D. Sutherland, University of GL>orgia tourism. lt indicates the distribution of Diane Drigot, and Karen Glyn, Marine Libraries, Athens, GA these factors and i~ level of impact Corps Air Station, Kaneohe Bay, Hi and (medium or severe) throughout the Marge Elliott, Insight lntemational, Handling of non-standard cartographic Mexican Republic. In the top right i.ide of Ventura, CA formats and new tec:hnologies m carto­ this map, there is a small map scale graphic information delivery was dis· (1:16,000,000) that indicates the level of As staff and budgets shrink and environ- cussed. degradation of natural resources. The 1'umber 7, r.111 19lJO cartogmp/1ic pc>rSJ)(' Cthics 31

evaluation was based on the measurement cultural sites which are shown on the maps, developing flexible attitudes m individuals, of area transformed into grassland, crops, including them in our database collect1on. and replacing the traditional luerarch1cal "l'COndary vegetahon and soil erosion. In this paper, we de:>enbe how wedding management structure with a 'team Impact on wildlife was estimated consider­ data from the literature to information approach.' ing species extinction, level of endemism containL'd on O'ahu maps serves to create a and percentage of disturbed habitat. mappable pre-historic record of sites for Finally, a table indicates the land cover use by native Hawaiians, and by land use change in three periods. It was estimated managers and developers, among others. 10:00-10:3011.m. Break by measuring e.xisting vegetation maps We also analyze future step;. to be taken, 10:30-Noou Sessio11s with a digitizing program (AU220). utili.zmg computers, for greater public access1b1hty to expanded cultural maps, SESSION C: GENERAL CARTOGRAPHY Recovering an Ancient Hawaiian Cultural and toward obtaining greater protection Deconstructing Brian Harley (Or, How Landscape for Purposes of Modem Land and maintenance for unusually vulnerable Cartography Lost Its Innocence) Use Planning early maps of Hawai'i. Jeremy Crampton, The Pennsylvania State Munel B. Seto, Donna Wong and Mikilani Uruvers1ty, University Park, PA I lo, Hawaii's Thousand Friends, Kailua, 1-U SESSION' B: ROUNDTABLE - AUTOMA TED CARTOGRAPHY At first glance, it is surpri.c;ing that a 1lawaii is target for a host of investment IN TITE NINETIES practical discipline like cartography should interests, but OUT land use planners too Automated Cartography in the '90s greet Brian Harley's exhortations toward often find evidences of native culture lying Roundtable Discussion probably its most radically theoretical (and where least expected in pathways of Orgaruzer Ronald \1 Bolton, Aeronautical theoretically radical) 'elements of cartogra­ modem progress, after construction IS well Charting Division, National Oceanic and phy' 1f not with total acceptance, then at underway. Unfortunately, early cartogra­ Atmospheric Administration. Panelists. least with a dawn chorus of recognition phers brought bias to Hawai'i mapping: Will Fontanez, University of Tennessee; unparalleled for the discipline. Yet it is that "The names of many geographical features Dewey Hicks, Alexandria Drafting very practicality, in comparison with in the islands known to the Hawaiians are Company; John Krygier, The Pennsylvania academically more prestigious (and not given in the gazetteer -outstanding State Umversity; David Miller, National theoretical) colleagues in the humanities cliffs, rocks, small streams and gulches, and Geographic Society; Elke Owen, Amencan that no doubt fuels the welcome. Out of some trivial land marks. Such names were Automobile Association; Craig Remington, insecurity, cartographers have sighted/ thought not to be of enough importance to University of Alabama. cited a tasty fad to call their own. Yet while include in the work" (A Gazetteer of tile the praise is justified, it would be a mistake Temtorv of H11wt11i, J W Coulter, 1935, Remington described the technical and to have cartography shape itself around his University of Hawaii, Honolulu). This institutional implicallons of the Intergraph exact formulations. For one thing, Harley 1s attitude comes home to haunt us GIS and mapping system at the University only one voice among the clamor of Hawaiian activists, applying historic of Alabama Krygier described the all­ 'postmodernists,' 'poststructuralists,' and preservation and environmental laws, are digital production scenario al the Deasy 'deconstructionists,' and brings his own occasionally able to modify, delay, or halt GeoGraphics Lab, and argued that human particularly historical agenda to the public and private developments perceived interaction with computers, rather than discipline. Harley does not pretend to be detrimental to cultural, land-centered value automation per se, is the important issue for offering 'The Way' in the evangelical systems. Aoimomous confrontations have the future of computer-ass1Sted cartogra­ manner (pace GodJewska), but is offering resulted at great financial cost to develop­ phy. Owen described the on-going an example. For another, he has not yet ment interests, but without generating long computerization of cartographic p roduction come close to pushing the boundaries of term solutions. at AAA as an evolutionary process that exploration that, map in hand, we expect of For five years, Hawaii's Thousand never quite reaches equilibrium due to cartographers. By this, I refer to the Friends has authored an ambitious effort to continuing technological developmenb. theoretical side of his writing (which is, fill the void through federal Library Fontanez presented the 'small lab perspec­ after all, what has caused the excitement). Services funds employing knowledgeable tive' on combining photomechanical and While Harley has begun the critique of native Hawaiian researchers for a comput­ computer-assisted production methods. maps as records of the landscape to be erized database of cultural sites. Ln our Miller recounted the ten-year history of examined mathematically (for example, he I paper we show how we developed criteria computerization at NGS, observing that the rejects the cartographic criticism of the Gall­ I, for rediscovery of the original Hawaiian blurring of previously discrete design, Peters projection as scientific reductionism) cultural land.scape through recording sites research editorial, and production he would still allow maps, problematically, mentioned in publicly available standard functions requires difficult structural to have full representational status. That is, te,ts, many of which are early observatior1S adjustments in a large institution. Hicks that graphic symbols simply 'stand for' made by post-contact western residents a1ld stressed the necessity of generating profit as something else ('reality,' 'the world,' 'the I ' visitors, or are from the writings of early a private-sector mapping business; valuable landscape,' or whatever). This position, to literate Hawaiiar1S. existing stocks of film-based artwork and me, is outmoded and difficult to sustain We will also describe how, with a small the exorbitant costs of suitable output convincingly. I would like to propose an state grant for a pilot project, we concen­ devices compels AOC to combme com­ alternative to the 'maps as representations' trated on inventorying early maps for the puter-assisted and traditional production position, one which more radically Island of O'ahu, recording their locations, methods. Bolton presented perceived in corporates postmodern critiques of conditions, and public availability. Many trends 10 computer hardware and operating representation; perhaps even to subvert it early maps are not officially recorded, systems for mapping, and focused on altogether controlled, nor are they properly archived. implications of automation on personnel Some are believed to have been lost, and inshtutional structures. Expecting that Affordances and Invariants in Navigation strayed, or stolen. We show how, using OUT 'hybrid' production technologies will and Landscape Analysis data collection forms, we recorded those persist, Bolton d iscussed the importance of Henry W. Castner, Department of Ceogra- 32 cartogrnpl1ic pt'rspcctiv es Numbcr 7, rall J

The balance in our bank account today is produce a more current data base during co-sponsoring a conference with NACIS to $16,157.04. The mten-st gained from this this next year. be held in Mexico Oty. Bolton suggested account between I I I and 7 /13 (date of Bolton reported on the results of the that we pre:.ent the idea to the membership. bank statement) is $553.67 AU major bills election. Bolton, Fontanez, and McLean A que:.tionnaire is going to be circulated have been paid. The cost of producing the were elected to the Board. Ed Hall was to the membership concemmg future last two issues of Cnrtograpltic Perspectives elected Treasurer and Jack Dodd was meeting sites. Bolton cautioned that wa~ $3850. As we head into the Orlando elected Vice President. membership should be told that final meeting, our financial situation is very Ryckman reported on subscription decision would be made by the Board stable. services. She stated that these services were based on criteria such as hotel cost, airfare -Cregory C/111, Treasurer given a discount by the orgaruzation or cost, and local arrangements availability. charged a fee to the library. Ryckman Bolton reported that Minneapolis, Philadel­ suggested getting the journal indexed. phia, and San Antonio had been asked to Ryckman also recommended that we not submit bids. White suggested that we go to NACJS BOARD MEETING MINUTES, offer CP on a subscription basis. Minneapolis since Chu has volunteered to OCTOBER 24, 1990, Orlando, Florida Sutherland moved that we not offer CP on a do local arrangements. Anderson moved l Pre:.1dent Rivera called the board meeting subscription basis. Ryckman seconded. that we go to Minneapolis in 1992. Fryman to order at 3:10 p.m. The following Unanimous. Rivera asked about distinction seconded. Unanimous. Rivera thanked Pat members were present: Pat McHaffie, Ellen between individual and institutional Gilmartin and EUen White for thcirservice White, Jim Anderson, Fred Fryman, Diana memberships. Sutherland moved that we on the Board. Rivera, Nancy Ryckman, John Sutherland, do not offer subscription services at a -fames R. Anderson, fr., Secretary Pat Gilmartin, Jack Dodd, Ron Bolton, jerry discount. Second by Chu Unanimous. Thornton and Craig Remmgton. Bolton commented that if we offer discount Minutes of the last meeting were to one we needed to be able to explam why NACIS BUSINESS MEETING, approved with one correction. Fryman we didn't offer to all. Rivera asked about OCTOBER 26, 1990, reported that meeting planning was paying for back issues. Chu suggested for Orlando, Florida progressing well. The Census Bureau has back issues that the requcstor be asked to The meeting was called to order by been forced to cancel their presentation due join '1ACIS. Ryckman moved that we President Rivera at 3:26 p.m. Anderson to federal budget problems and Mapgrafix charge 1I4 of the current institutional rate made local arrangement announcements. has been substituted Anderson reported plus $2.00 postage and handlmg. Ryckman Bolton reported that 72 people had voted. that the budget for the meeting was being withdrew motion after further discussion. jack Dodd was elected Vice President, Ed met Rivera opened discussion on search Sutherland moved that we charge $10 for HaU was elected Treasurer. Ron Bolton, for new CEO by summanz.ing what had each back issue. Second by McHaffie. Will Fontanez, and Hull McLean were occurred to date. Two candidates have McHaffie moved that we define a back elected to the Board. Rivera asked for vote been proposed but thev have not been able issue as any 1SSUe before the current issue. on the proposed change to the Constitution. to accept at this time. Gilmartin proposed Passed 2-0 with the remaining members Unanimous. Anderson reported that allO<'aling money for the Executive Director. abstaining. Anderson suggested that we approximately 100 had registered for the Anderson proposed up to $400 a year for monitor the purchase of back issues. meeting. MacEachren reported that Jeff Executive Director expenses. Gilmartin McHaffie moved that we limit sale of back Patton would be the new chairman of the seconded. Unanimous. Bolton agreed to issues to 10 copies per buyer. Second by Publicabons Committee. MacEachren serve as CEO until a successor was White. Unanimous. Ryckman ""ill research asl-.ed that anyone who would like to have appointed. Whlte moved to allow Fryman indexing of CP. therr paper considered for publication to appoint new CEO from candidates Rivera discussed the replacement of the submit a copy to Patton. Rivera announced suggested. Unarumous. CP editor. Pat Gilmartin was approached that we would need a new editor for CP Bolton reported that the straw vote on about the position. Gilmarhn declined due next year. the constitutional change had passed by an to a possible con.flict with her assistant Sona Karentz Andrews, co-chair of local overwhelming margin He suggested that editorship of another journal and the fact arrangements for next year's Milwaukee this fact be mentioned at the business that she had turned down their offer of an meeting announced that the meeting would meeting, but that according to the Constitu­ editorship. Rivera asked Gilmartin to assist be held at the Astor Hotel. The dates will tion the membership would have to vote. incoming President Fryman in proposing be October 20-23. Room rates are $61 for a Chu presented the Treasurer's report He names for a new editor single. The luncheon will be on Monday stated that for the year we had basically Sutherland reported that Bob Lyon with the banquet on Tuesday Suggestions broken even. The cost of CP has increased would like to have exhibitors given better for field trips include GlS facilities, BLM, and may be a problem m the future. Chu consideration. Anderson reported that we Forest Service, ACS, breweries, and the reported that we are not listed as non-profit are not encouraging exhibitors and that public art museum. Andrews asked for according to the IRS. Chu consulted with they were offered exhibit space in exchange input on the MiJwaukee meeting. The 1992 an accountant who provided him with for registering for the ml>cling. Rivera and meeting will be in Minneapolis with Greg necessary forms. Chu volunteered to work White asked about the use of the NACIS Chu serving as local arrangements chair. with the new treasurer to file the necessary name and logo without Board approval. Rivera reported that an invitation had been forms Bolton suggested that we draft a letter extended from Costa Rica to meet in San Rivera asked about the status of the data stating that any future use of our logo be Jose. Mexico has also extended an base. Chu highlighted some problems. The approved by the Board. Lyon also invitation to have a joint mC?cting in Mexico issue of membership being paid at the expressed a desire to advertise in CP. Chu City. Thc:.e meetings would be in the form meet.mg was discussed. It was suggested reported that advertising could jeopardize of a mid-year meeting. Rivera asked for that dues be for calendar year only It was our non-profit status. members to submit nominations for NACIS recommended that explanation of dues be Thornton on behalf of the Inter American officers and board members. made in CP, dues notices, and new society Committee reported that partiopants from Chu presented the Treasurer's report and brochure. An effort will be made to Mexico had asked about the possibility of reported that our balance was about the I_ 34 cartographic perspectivl's Number 7, L11l 1990

same as this hme last year. Current of information they provided to Dufferin Street, Downsview, Ontario, membership IS 317. Expenses are up due to the government under the condi­ Canada M3H ST8; (416) 667-ml. the increased costs of CP but this has tion that the information was to be mostly be<'n offset by increased dues and Cnrtogrnplzic /011rnal. Biannual Journal of membership. DiB1ase ~uggested allocating used only for statistical purposes? the British Cartographic Society. Includes money to fund student:. to attend meetings How did this happen? What were research arhcles, 'shorter' articles, official or to provide scholarships. MacEachren the consequences? (This category records of the Society, book reviews, and noted that the production costs of CP were differs from the first two in that list of recent cartographic literature. being absorb\.>d by Penn State's Deasy Lab. statements need not be based on Contact· Hon. Secretary, Charles Beattie, 13 Rivera reported that the Board was Sheldrake Gardens, Hordle, Lymington, searching for a new execuhve officer to your O\.vn personal experience.) Hants. 50-1 IOFJ England. replace Ron Bolton. Remington thanked aU Please submit your statements to of those who had participated in the poster George T. Duncan c/o Committee Cnrtogrnplzy. Biannual Journal of the session Donna Schenstrom objected to on NationaJ Statistics, National Australian Institute of Cartographers Each introducing the Latin American visitors at Research Council, 2101 Constitu­ issue con tams two parts, the Journal proper the banquet smce the orgamzation and the Bulletin The Jou ma I contains encompasses those countries. Sutherland tion Avenue N.W., Washington, original research papers, papers describing suggested introducing alJ first time DC 20418. If you have any ques­ applied cartographic projects, reviews of attendee!> instead. Andrews suggested tions, please call Virginia de Wolf, current cartographic literature and abstracts publishing meeting parhc1pants in the Study Director, at {202) 334-2550. from related publications. ISSN 0069-0805. program. Rivera introduced new officers. We look fonvard to hearing from Contact: john Payne, Circulation Manager, Bolton urged everyone to attend the GPO Box 1292. Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Milwaukee meeting. The meeting was you. Auslralla. adjourned at 4'.10 p.m AAG Newsletter 25:9November1990 -fames R. Anderson, fr., S«retary C.Ortograp/111 Specialty Croup Newsletter. EXCHANGE PUBLICATIONS Dishngwshed biannual publication of the C.Ortograpluc Pers1>ectrocs gratefully Cartography Specialty Group of the CP WINS AN ozzm acknowledges Lhe publications listed Association of American Geographers. The trade periodical Magazine De:;1s11 & below, with which we enjoy exchange Features vital news announcemenL'l and Product1011 has recognu:ed Cartograpl11c agreements. We continue to -;eek agree­ comics. Contact Ellen White, E.xecutive Perspect1~ with an "Ozzie" award for ments with other publications. Editor, CSG Central Office, Department of Design Excellence, Honorable Mention, Geography, Mjchigan State University, East Best Overall Design, New Association, ACSM Bu/le/111. Offering feature articles, Lansing, Ml 48824; (517) 355-4658. Nonprofit or Government Publication CP regular commentaries, letters, and news on also is featured in the "Gallery" section of legislation, people, products and publica­ C.Ortoma11U1. This quarterly newsletter of the the September / October 1990 issue of Aldus tions, the American Congress on Surveying Association of Map Memorabilia Collectors Mngazm e, a periodical for users of Aldus and Mapping's 8111/etm is published six offers a unique mix of feature articles, Corp.'s PngeMnker and FreeHnnd desktop times a year. Contact: Membership news, puzzles, and announcements of publishing software. CP'!1 original design Dirl'Ctor, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Bethesda, interest to cartophiles. ISSN 0894-2595. was realized by David DiBiase with crucial MD 20814; (3012) -193-0200. Contact: Siegfned Feller, publisher/editor, encouragement from Alan MacEachren. 8 Amhe..... t Road, Pelham, MA 01002; (413) Editorial assistant Suzanne Peterson has 8111/1•/111 of tlze Society of Urziversity C.Orto­ 253-3115. been responsible for the look of the bulletin grnpl1ers. Published twice a year, the since issue number 5. The production, 8111/t•tm features articles on techniques and Ceotm11'S. Monthly publication of the printing and distribution of CP is sup­ ideas applicable to the cartographic American Geological Institute. Offers news ported with the annual dues of NACIS drawmg office. Contact John Dysart, feature articles, and regular departmenb membe...... Subscriptions Manager, Room 514, including notices of new software, maps Middlesex Polytechnic, Qucen.c;way, and books of interest to the geologic Enfield, Middle.-.ex, E.'13 4SF, England. community Articles frequenUy addres:. mapping issues. ISSN 0016-8556. Contact Omad1arr Cnrtogra11lric As50CU1t1011 Newsletter Ceotim~, 4220 King Street, Alexandria, VA A quarterly publication offermg news and 22302-1507. INVITATION FOR COMMENTS announcements to members of the CCA. ON DATA ACCESS AND Contact: Canadian Cartographic Associa­ CJS World. Published six times annually, CONFIDENTIALITY tion, c/oJim Britton, Sir Sandford Heming th1S news magazine of Geographic (co11ti1111ed from pnge 2) College, School of Natural Re:.ources, PO lnfonnallon Systems tl>chnology offers Box 8000, Lindsay, ONT K9V 5E6; (705) news, features, and coverage of events 324-9144; e-mail: [email protected]; fax: pertinent to GIS. Contact: Julie Stutheit, ality and without undue risk of (705) 324-9716. Managing Editor, GlS World, Inc., P.O. Box adverse effects on public coopera­ 8090, Fort Collins, CO 80526; (303) 223-4848; tion with censuses and surveys? Cartograpluca A quarterly ioumal endorsed fax: (303) 223-5700. Persons or business harmed by by the Canadian Cartographic Association/ disclosure. Do you know of any Association Canadienne de Cartographie lnfonna/1011 design jounral. Triannual that features articles, reviews and mono­ publication of the lnfonnation Design Unit. instances in which persons or graphs. B V Gutsell, founder and editor. Featu.re:. research articl~ reporting on a businesses were harmed by ISSN 0317-7173. Contact: Umversity of wide range of problems concerning the unlawful or unintended disclosure Toronto Press journals Department, 5201 design and use of visual information. Number7, r.11119qo rnrtogrnplzic perspectives 35

Contact: Information design journal, P.O. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES Box 185, Milton Keynes MK7 6BL, England. Cartographic Perspeclit>eS 1s designed and produced in a microcomputer environment. BRITISH CARTOGRA­ Map 011/i11e U;ers Group Newslrtter. This Therefore, contributions to CP !>hould be PHERS SEEK WORK quarterly pubhcabon offers feature articles, submitted in digital form on 3.5'" or 5.25" EXCHANGE regular columns, product reports and diskettes. Please send paper copy along Two employees of university indexes of interest to users of onlme map with the disk, in case it is damaged 1n data base systems. ISSN 0749-338X. transit. drawing offices (cartographic Contact: Edward J. Hall, editor, Map Text documents processed with laboratories) in England are Library, Room 410 McCilvrey Hall, Kent Macintosh software such as WrileNuw, mterested in pursuing six­ State Universitv Libranes, Kent, OH 44242. WordPerfect, Word, and Mac Write are month work exchanges with preferred, as well as documents generated cartographers in the United on IBM PCs and compatibles using WordPerfect or Word. ASCH text files are States. Elaine Watts, of the also acceptable. University of Nottingham, has iustructio11s PostScript graphics generated wllh seven years of cartographic to contributors Adobe If/11slra/or or Aldus FreeH1111d for the design experience using Macintosh or Corel Systems' Corel Draw, traditional drafting tech­ MicroGrafx Desig11er, or Computer Support Corporation's Aris n11d Leflers are most niques. Robert Bradbrook has FEATURED PAPERS preferred, but generic PICT or TIFF formal worked for two years at All featured papers will be solicited by the graphics files are usually compatible as University College London, J\ACIS Publications Committee. The goals well. producing a variety of maps, of the solicitation procedure will be to select For those lacking access to microcomput­ diagrams, and publications high quality papers that provide a balanced ers, typed submissions will be tolerated. repr~ntabon of the dwer;e interests of the Manually produced graphics should be no usmg primarily Macintosh membership. The primary mechanism for larger than t t" by 17 ,"designed for technology. Anyone inter­ solicit mg featured papers will be a paper scanning at 600 dpi resolution (avoid fine­ ested in discussing an ex­ competition held m con1unction with the grained tint screens). Continuous-tone change with either person Annual Meeting. All papers prepared for photographs will also be scanned. may contact them at: Elaine the meeting and submitted in wntten and/ Submissions may be sent to· David or d1g1tal form will be considered. Three of DiBiase, Department of Geography, 302 Watts, Department of Geogra­ these will be selected to appear in Carter Walker Building, Pennsylvania State phy, Nottingham University, grapluc Perspectives during the next year. University, University Park, PA 16802; (814) University Park, Nottingham In addition to the competition winners, 863-4562; email:dibiase@essc. psu.ed u. N98 2QW, England; Robert the Publicationi; Committee (in consultation Bradbrook, Drawing Office, with the editors) will sohc1t one or more COLOPHON paper.. each year from other sources. The This document was desktop-published at Department of Geography, goal here is to ensure that all aspects of the the Deasy GeoGraphics Laboratory University College London, 26 membership are served and to attract some Department of Geography, Penn State Bedford Way, London WClH thought-provoking ideas from authors who University, using an Apple Macintosh llcx. OAP, England. may not be able to attend lhe annual Word processing was accomplished meeting. primarily with WordPerfect 1.03; page Authors of selected papers will be given layout with PngeMnkt•r 4.0. The PngeMnker an opportunity to respond to suggestions of document was output by a Linotronic 300 the Publications Committee before at PSU Printing Services. The bulletin was submitting a final version. The writing printed by offset lithography on Warren quality must adhere to high professional Patina 7Q!I text stock. Te).t type is set in standards. Due to the interdisciplinary Palatino, a face designed by Herman Zapf. nature of the organization, it is particularly The featured color b PMS 139C. important that papers are carefully structured with ideas presented succincUy. The editor.; reserve the right to make editori

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Make all checks payable to/ Hagan sus cheques a: NACIS cl o Edward J. Hall, Treasurer University Libraries 406 McGilvrey H all Kent State University Kent, OH 44242-0001 *Membership fees include subscription to Cartograpltic Perspectives and are due Januaryl. The North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS) was founded in 1980 in response to the need for a multidisciplinary organization to facilitate communication in the map information commu­ nity. Principal objectives of NACIS are:

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