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Space Resources : Social Concerns / Editors, Mary Fae Mckay, David S Frontispiece Advanced Lunar Base In this panorama of an advanced lunar base, the main habitation modules in the background to the right are shown being covered by lunar soil for radiation protection. The modules on the far right are reactors in which lunar soil is being processed to provide oxygen. Each reactor is heated by a solar mirror. The vehicle near them is collecting liquid oxygen from the reactor complex and will transport it to the launch pad in the background, where a tanker is just lifting off. The mining pits are shown just behind the foreground figure on the left. The geologists in the foreground are looking for richer ores to mine. Artist: Dennis Davidson NASA SP-509, vol. 4 Space Resources Social Concerns Editors Mary Fae McKay, David S. McKay, and Michael B. Duke Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 1992 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Program Washington, DC 1992 For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16-038062-6 Technical papers derived from a NASA-ASEE summer study held at the California Space Institute in 1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Space resources : social concerns / editors, Mary Fae McKay, David S. McKay, and Michael B. Duke. xii, 302 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.—(NASA SP ; 509 : vol. 4) 1. Outer space—Exploration—United States. 2. Natural resources. 3. Space industrialization—United States. I. McKay, Mary Fae. II. McKay, David S. III. Duke, Michael B. IV. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program. V. Series. TL789.8.U5S595 1992 92-4468 333.7’0999—dc20 Preface Space resources must be used to by the California Space Institute support life on the Moon and and the Lyndon B. Johnson Space exploration of Mars. Just as the Center, under the direction of pioneers applied the tools they the Office of Aeronautics and brought with them to resources they Space Technology (OAST) at found along the way rather than NASA Headquarters. The study trying to haul all their needs over participants (listed in the a long supply line, so too must addendum) included a group of space travelers apply their high 18 university teachers and technology tools to local resources. researchers (faculty fellows) who were present for the entire The pioneers refilled their water 10-week period and a larger barrels at each river they forded; group of attendees from moonbase inhabitants may use universities, Government, and chemical reactors to combine industry who came for a series of hydrogen brought from Earth with four 1-week workshops. oxygen found in lunar soil to make their water. The pioneers sought The organization of this report temporary shelter under trees or in follows that of the summer study. the lee of a cliff and built sod Space Resources consists of a houses as their first homes on the brief overview and four detailed new land; settlers of the Moon may technical volumes: (1) Scenarios; seek out lava tubes for their shelter (2) Energy, Power, and Transport; or cover space station modules (3) Materials; (4) Social Concerns. with lunar regolith for radiation Although many of the included protection. The pioneers moved papers got their impetus from further west from their first workshop discussions, most have settlements, using wagons they been written since then, thus had built from local wood allowing the authors to base new and pack animals they had raised; applications on established space explorers may use propellant information and tested technology. made at a lunar base to take them All these papers have been on to Mars. updated to include the authors’ current work. The concept for this report was developed at a NASA-sponsored This volume—Social Concerns— summer study in 1984. The covers some of the most important program was held on the Scripps issues which must be addressed in campus of the University of any major program for the human California at San Diego (UCSD), exploration of space. The volume under the auspices of the American begins with a consideration of the Society for Engineering Education economics and management of (ASEE). It was jointly managed large-scale space activities. Then v the legal aspects of these activities and America’s Future in Space, are discussed, particularly the also emphasize expansion of the interpretation of treaty law with space infrastructure; more detailed respect to mining the Moon and exploration of the Moon, Mars, asteroids. The social and cultural and asteroids; an early start issues of moving people into space on the development of the are considered in some detail, and technology necessary for using the eventual emergence of a space space resources; and systematic culture different from our existing development of the skills necessary culture is envisioned. The for long-term human presence environmental issues raised by the in space. development of space settlements are faced. Finally, the authors of Our report does not represent any this volume, which concludes the Government-authorized view or report Space Resources, propose official NASA policy. NASA’s some innovative approaches to official response to these space communities and habitats and challenging opportunities must be consider self-sufficiency and human found in the reports of its Office of safety at a lunar base or outpost. Exploration, which was established in 1987. That office’s report, This is certainly not the first report released in November 1989, of a to urge the utilization of space 90-day study of possible plans for resources in the development of human exploration of the Moon space activities. In fact, Space and Mars is NASA’s response to Resources may be seen as the the new initiative proposed by third of a trilogy of NASA Special President Bush on July 20, 1989, Publications reporting such ideas the 20th anniversary of the arising from similar studies. It has Apollo 11 landing on the Moon: been preceded by Space “First, for the coming decade, for Settlements: A Design Study the 1990s, Space Station Freedom, (NASA SP-413) and Space our critical next step in all our Resources and Space Settlements space endeavors. And next, for the (NASA SP-428). new century, back to the Moon, back to the future, and this time, And other, contemporaneous back to stay. And then a journey reports have responded to the same into tomorrow, a journey to another themes. The National Commission planet, a manned mission to Mars.” on Space, led by Thomas Paine, in This report, Space Resources, Pioneering the Space Frontier, offers substantiation for NASA’s bid and the NASA task force led by to carry out that new initiative. astronaut Sally Ride, in Leadership vi Contents I. SYNTHESIS OF SPACE ACTIVITIES 1985-2010 ....................................................................... 1 by Philip R. Harris et al. Economics and System Tradeoffs ............................ 6 Management and Structure ........................................ 9 Legal, Political, Social, and Environmental Issues ....................................... 9 Overall Desirabilities and Probabilities ..................... 11 Conclusions ................................................................ 15 II. NEW SPACE MANAGEMENT AND STRUCTURE NASA in the 21st Century: A Vision of Greatness ................................................... 16 by Kathleen J. Murphy Section 1: Defining a Worthy Vision ......................... 18 Notions of Greatness .............................................. 18 The Kennedy Vision: Establish U.S. technological supremacy in the world. .................................... 19 The Nixon Vision: Provide economical access to space for military and commercial purposes. ... 22 The Reagan Vision: Foster a private-sector space industry. ................................................. 23 The Bush Vision: Establish the United States as the preeminent spacefaring nation. ................ 24 Alternate: The Havel Vision: Uncover the secrets of the universe. .................. 25 Expected Values ..................................................... 26 Develop products and services with clear economic advantages. ............................... 27 Uncover facts through the scientific method. .......... 27 Uplift mankind. .................................................... 28 Establish and sustain U.S. technological leadership. ....................................................... 28 Provide a religious or peak experience. ................. 28 vii Elements of Excellent Execution ................................. 30 The Skilled Professional ........................................... 30 The Pivotal Job ........................................................ 32 The Focused Team .................................................. 32 The Coordination of Complexity ................................. 34 The Brilliant Achievement ......................................... 34 Section 2: Scoping a Strategically Significant Mission Agenda ............................................................... 36 Consumer-Driven Innovation: The Business of Protecting Planet Earth ........................................... 38 Market Research: Point the way to save the planet. ............................................................ 40 Technical Design: Define environmentally safe products and processes. ................................ 42 Sourcing/Manufacturing/Distribution: Spearhead global industrial restructuring.
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