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Using Local Aggregate of Bangkalan Regency for Normal Concrete Mixture

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Using Local Aggregate of Bangkalan Regency for Normal Concrete Mixture International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 5, May 2018, pp. 672–678, Article ID: IJCIET_09_05_073 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=5 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed USING LOCAL AGGREGATE OF BANGKALAN REGENCY FOR NORMAL CONCRETE MIXTURE Dewi Pertiwi Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology Adhi Tama Surabaya-60117, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia Siti Choiriyah Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology Adhi Tama Surabaya-60117, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia ABSTRACT Madura Island is a developing region in which building structure widely used in this region is made of reinforced concrete. Aggregate consumed for its concrete mixture is imported from Java Island, however, currently some good-quality sand excavation sites in East Java (particularly in Lumajang) are not allowed to operate. Hence, an alternative use of fine aggregate for concrete mixture is needed. Bangkalan Regency contains some potential aggregate for concrete mixture, namely fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel). Its sand has an extremely fine structure and is rarely used in concrete mixture, because fine structure generates a poor-quality concrete. This research aims to maximize the aggregate usage from Bangkalan Regency as concrete mixture by conducting a laboratory research to test physical properties of the fine and coarse aggregates. The test includes analyses of specific gravity, sludge level, sieve analysis, and its absorption level. It is then continued by producing 30 testing cylinders sized 15 x 30 cm. Each variation has its own specimen and tested with Water cement factor 0.4; 0.5; and 0.6. From the aggregate physical properties’ test, fine aggregate’s specific gravity was verified at 2.50 and coarse aggregate’s specific gravity at 2.60; thus, it fulfilled ASTM C 128-93 requirement which was 1.60–3.30. Absorption of fine aggregate was 3.30% and absorption of coarse aggregate was 3.45% ASTM C128 – 93 with a maximum rate of 4.0%. However, the sludge rate of fine aggregate of 15.38% did not fulfil the standard, so it should be washed. After being washed, the sludge rate of fine aggregate was at 3.44% which conformed to SII.0052 standards for maximum 5% rate. Moreover, the coarse aggregate of sludge content was documented at 2%, so it should be washed. After being washed, it recorded 0.09% which followed SII.0052 standards at maximum rate of 1%. Fine aggregate’s gradation is found at 30% which http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 672 [email protected] Dewi Pertiwi and Siti Choiriyah fulfils SNI 03-2417-1991 with less than 40 per cent, while the result of concrete compressive strength test from Bangkalan Regency is recorded at maximum of 14.41 Mpa and water-cement factor of 0.4. For this case, the concrete compressive strength test using aggregate from Bangkalan Regency has not reached normal concrete weight, as the fine aggregate’s grains are too soft. Keywords: physical properties, aggregate, Bangkalan Regency, concrete compressive strength test. Cite this Article: Dewi Pertiwi and Siti Choiriyah, Using Local Aggregate of Bangkalan Regency for Normal Concrete Mixture, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(5), 2018, pp. 672–678. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=5 1. INTRODUCTION Madura Island, which is a developing region, has been constructing many buildings. The building structure in this region is mainly used reinforced concrete. The aggregate for concrete mixture is imported from Java Island. Unfortunately, some good-quality excavation sites in East Java, particularly in Lumajang, is currently forbidden to be excavated; hence, an alternative to use fine aggregate for concrete mixture is required. Bangkalan Regency possesses some potential aggregates for concrete mixture, namely fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel). The sand is extremely soft, so it is rarely used as a concrete mixture as it will result in a poor-quality concrete. In order to optimize the use of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate from Bangkalan for concrete mixture, a physical property test on the aggregate is necessitated to determine whether it is qualified to be used as concrete mixture. Julistiono Handojo and Handoko Sugiharto (2012)[6], titled “Potential Usage Gravels, Torjun and Omben on Madura Island “which researched on concrete structure and the usage of Madura gravels which came from Peterongan, Torjun, Omben”. In general, it can be said that gravel’s physical properties were almost identical from those from Mojokerto or Pasuruan. Therefore, gravels from Paterongan, Torjun, and Omben were recommended only for stamped concrete, while Torjun’s gravels can possibly be used for concrete structure after improving the gradation. Avilatus Saadha and Karyoto (2014)[5], titled “Utilizing local material (Langkap Sand) as a fine aggregate mixture for composite blocks based on its deflection.” The planned concrete compressive strength was 20 Mpa, while the result showed 15.73 Mpa using Langkap sand from Bangkalan. Heri Sujatmiko (2015)[6], titled “Optimizing the usage of limestone waste as a replacement for coarse aggregate under 17.5 Mpa compression strength and its influence on time and cost analysis.” Limestone waste was obtained from Banyuwangi using water-cement factor (W/C factor) of 0.55 and 0.6. The results showed that waste of Limestone can be used as a coarse aggregate for concrete mixture. In addition, water cement factor highly influences the resulted compressive strength. Higher water cement factor shall lower the concrete compressive strength. Moch.Hazin Mukti, Taurina Jenny Irwanto (2014)[7], titled “The Advantage of Javanese’s Split Stones to Maduranese’s as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Compressive Strength Value.” With the planned concrete compressive strength is approximately 15-25 Mpa, from the findings, it was found that the maximum compressive strength for East Java’s stones reached 32 Mpa, while Maduranese’s stones reached 28 Mpa. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 673 [email protected] Using Local Aggregate of Bangkalan Regency for Normal Concrete Mixture This research shall test the physical properties of aggregate in the laboratory. The tests include aggregate’s abrasion, sludge level test, specific gravity test, and aggregate’s gradation. It is then continued by making a concrete as a test object, sized 15 x 30 cm with water-cement factor of 0.4; 0.5; 0.6 to be tested on its compressive strength at 28-day-old. 1.1. Water-Cement Factor (W/C factor)[10] In general, it is known that if the Water Cement factor value is bigger, the concrete strength’s quality will be lower. Hence, in order to produce a high-quality concrete, the Water Cement factor value should be low; however, it causes difficulties in its production. Generally, the minimum Water Cement factor value for normal concrete is 0.4, while the maximum value is 0.65 (Tri Mulyono 2004:140) The relationship between Water Cement factor and concrete compressive ability (Duff Abrams, 1920:20) is formulated with this quotation, f’c = A/(B¹’5x), where A and B are constants and X is Water Cement factor value. Practically, to solve the difficulties in production due to low Water Cement Factor value, some new materials are added to enhance its dilution. Table 1 Water-Cement Factor [14] Pressure Strength – 28 Water Cement Factor days (Mpa) Air-Entrained Concrete Non-Air-Entrained Concrete 41.4 0.41 - 34.5 0.48 0.4 27.6 0.57 0.48 20.7 0.68 0.59 13.8 0.62 0.74 Source: Concrete Technology, Ir. Tri Mulyono 1.2. Quality Requirements for Aggregate Based on [12 [14] a. Quality Requirement for Fine Aggregate 1. Fineness modulus is between 1.5 and 3.8; 2. Sludge level or parts smaller than 70 microns (0.074 mm) with maximum value of 5 per cent; 3. Organic substances contained in the concrete is determined by mixing fine aggregate with 3 per cent of liquid natrium sulfate (NaSO4). If it is compared with the standard color/comparison color, it does not look darker than the standard; 4. Grain hardness, compared to grains from Bangka’s quartz sand, is no more than 2.20; 5. For immutability. if it is tested with natrium sulfate, the maximum disintegrated portion is 10 per cent; while it is recorded maximum 15 per cent, if tested with magnesium sulfate. b. Quality Requirement of Coarse Aggregate 1. Fineness modulus is between 6.0 to 7.1; 2. Sludge level or parts smaller than 70 microns (0.074 mm) with maximum value of 1 per cent; 3. If the weaker parts are tested with copper rod, it will result in maximum value of 5 per cent; http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 674 [email protected] Dewi Pertiwi and Siti Choiriyah 4. For immutability, if it is tested with natrium sulfate, the maximum disintegrated portion is 18 per cent; 5. Not reactive to alkali, if alkali level as Na2o within cement is larger than 0.6 per cent; 6. It does not contain long and thin grains more than 20 per cent. 1.3. Concrete Compressive Strength Test [8] For 28-day-old concrete, this following formula is applied: Individual Compressive Strength Test: (1) Where: P = maximum weight (N). A = cross sectional area (mm2). fc’ = specified compressive strength (N/mm2). 2. RESEARCH DATA For this research on Bangkalan’s aggregate usage for concrete mixture, there are several data needed to be tested in the laboratory, namely sludge level analysis, sieve analysis, specific gravity analysis, and sand and gravel abrasion test. Sludge level test is conducted to find out its level for both fine and coarse aggregate. The maximum sludge level allowed for fine aggregate is 5 per cent, while coarse aggregate has 1 per cent limit.
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