PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 3119-3131 ISSN: 00333077
Factors affecting the work of the war correspondent in Iraqi satellite channels Asst.prof. Median Umran Mahmood Mustansiriyah University /College of Literature /Department of Media/ Iraq. Corresponding Author:[email protected]
ABSTRACT This research aims to identify the most important factors controlling and influencing the work of war correspondents in Iraqi satellite channels, defining the features of that control, and revealing the priorities adopted by the war correspondents in dealing with the most important events and their relationship with administrative, political and professional references, and this research is descriptive in terms of the researcher used the method The survey, the questionnaire to collect data and information, and the sample was chosen according to the method of the chance sample, and the size of the field research sample amounted to 95 respondents from war correspondents working in Iraqi satellite channels, and the research concluded with a set of results, the most important of which are: 1. Most of the research sample, at a rate of (67.4%), indicated that the reason for choosing to work as a war correspondent is (personal desire) and this explains the personal motivation to work despite the risks to which the reporter is exposed on the battlefield. 2. The results of the research sample's answers showed, at a rate of (33.5%), the clear dependence of the war correspondents in the Iraqi satellite channels on government sources in obtaining news, and this may be in an attempt to complement those sources. 3. The results of the research indicated that the most important source of the fear of dissatisfaction with news coverage of events stems mainly from anxiety (from dissatisfaction with the channel) with a rate of (43.2%), which explains the fear that the war correspondent has of losing work or administrative punishment far away. For other considerations. 4. The research sample indicated, at a rate of (19.8%) that the most important difficulties facing the war correspondent when covering events are the weakness of coordination between the channel and the military commanders to obtain approvals to enter the battlefield. KEYWORDS: War, correspondent, satellite and channels. Article Received: 10 August 2020, Revised: 25 October 2020, Accepted: 18 November 2020
INTRODUCTION war against terrorist organizations (ISIS). The war correspondent had the role of covering events, The war correspondent is the first source in times documenting victories and heroics, and conveying of war because he is present on the battlefield and them to public opinion and providing the public in the heart of the event to convey what is with information about military events. It is a task happening firsthand for the public to increase their that is not without difficulties and factors that information and knowledge about the existing affect their work, and given the above, the problem military events, and to talk about the role that the of the current research is ambiguity or lack of war correspondent can play in the political and clarity of the nature of the role that the influencing military scene and work in different environments and controlling factors play in the work of the war and climates. According to several factors, TV reporter in Iraq and its reflection on the including the nature of the political system, the formulation of the news reports produced and the policy of the media institution, the existing social limits of courtesy Or submission, submission, or and religious factors, and even the subjective identification contained in it with those forces, and factors that influence the way he deals with events the problem of research can be expressed in a and control in one way or another the nature of the major question, which is what factors affect the news report produced and the methods of treatment work of the war correspondent in the Iraqi satellite that he undertakes to provide information to the channels, and a set of questions are divided into it: public. 1. What are your reasons for choosing the The role of the war correspondent in the Iraqi channel you are working on? satellite channels, Iraq has emerged remarkably 2. What is the source of the news and reports until news bulletins became not without war approved for you mainly in covering correspondents' reports on the developments of the military operations? 3119 www.psychologyandeducation.net
PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 3119-3131 ISSN: 00333077
3. What do you primarily envision when you The researcher prepared the newspaper as one of cover? the basic research tools, by surveying those in 4. What are the most important difficulties charge of producing the media message and and pressures that you face in covering the represented in this research by war correspondents war events? in Iraqi television channels to collect the necessary 5. What are official institutions not satisfied information in this research to find out the with your reports? pressures and factors affecting the work of the war correspondent, which was prepared based on The importance of the research stems from the defining the research questions. importance of the topic that deals with the subject of the war correspondent and the factors affecting Research community and sample his work, in light of the great competition between The research is taken by the war correspondents Iraqi satellite channels in covering military events working in the Iraqi satellite channels as a and transmitting them to the public, which community for research, and the research was constitutes pressure on the war correspondent, and applied to a sample of that community that was the importance of the research is embodied in drawn according to the method of "chance sample", directing the attention of Iraqi satellite channels to which is a type of probabilistic samples. The the great role that The war correspondent plays it to questionnaire was distributed to the correspondents deliver facts and transmit events in an instant to present in their channels' headquarters. The increase the public’s knowledge and information selected sample of war correspondents is (95) male about military events. The importance of research and female reporters. is also embodied in that it provides information to Iraqi satellite channels about the pressures that Test validity and reliability affect the work of the reporter, which helps those in After the researcher prepared the survey sheet for charge of these channels to identify deficiencies the research, he worked on extracting the validity and find appropriate solutions to raise the level of and reliability of the questionnaire and relied on the the work. apparent validity of the questionnaire if it was Research objectives presented to a group of arbitrators and the percentage of the arbitrators 'agreement on the 1. Identifying the most important controlling paragraphs of the questionnaire was (91.83%), and and influencing factors in the work of war the researcher verified the reliability of the tool. By correspondents on Iraqi satellite channels retesting on a sample consisting of (19) single, at and defining the features of that control. (20%) of the original sample size after two weeks 2. Disclosure of the priorities adopted by the from the application of the forms, and the stability war correspondents in dealing with the rate was (95.5). most important events and their relationship to administrative, political Limitations and areas of research and professional references. The researcher specified the temporal field for the 3. Identifying the sources of fear and anxiety search for the period from (1/10/2019 to 1/2/2019), that war correspondents feel when producing their reports, and knowing the which is the period in which the researcher built the reaction of those who may not like these questionnaire form and distributed it to the research sample and retrieved it, then the Iraqi satellite reports. channels offices in Baghdad were chosen a Type of research and methodology geographical area, and the field represents human war correspondents working for Iraqi satellite This research is considered "descriptive research" channels. aimed at describing situations, phenomena and events and gathering accurate facts about them to The theoretical framework of the research draw an integrated picture of the phenomenon. This First, The concept of the war correspondent research also relies on its approach to the "survey method" as it is a systematic scientific effort that The war reporter knows that he is "the reporter saves effort and capabilities in research and who is sent to the battlefield on a special mission contributes to reaching scientific results. The most during the war, and this position does not exist appropriate for this research is due to the apparent except in case of war" (Al-Jawahiri, 1999, p. 16), lack of data and information related to pressures and he also knows that he is "the person who and factors affecting the work of the war transfers media reports from the battlefield to his correspondent in the Iraqi satellite channels. centre, The writings of journalists documented by the Iraqi media expressed the reality of the war, its The questionnaire developments and its future perspective, as the word and the image were the source of information 3120 www.psychologyandeducation.net
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for mass mobilization and education, so the report 3. Establishing a network of relations and prepared by the TV war correspondent and his contacts with officials, politicians and the photographer must be advanced and distinguished military leadership in the security and in expressing the correspondent's competence in military field to ensure for him a wide covering the hot events from the existing sites. In range of selectivity between sources and it, the reporter "(El-Far, 2014, page 292), and the to maintain his relationship with these war reporter defines that he is" the person assigned sources by constantly contacting them. by the media to cover news of important events, (Muhammad, 2005, p.70) especially war events, the latest findings of events, 4. A sense of responsibility towards the the relations of allied and belligerents, and all public who directs its reports to them by military news related to a specific conflict zone stating the truth by understanding the from the regions of the world "( Cameo, 2003, page reality that leads to accurate presentation 2172) of facts, and to be skilled and well-trained to carry out these tasks to the fullest. Second, The obligations imposed on the war 5. To have a military mentality that is the correspondent basis for him as a war correspondent, and When a war correspondent is authorized to to be interested in the people he meets accompany the armed forces in the field, he must from the ordinary person to the highest know the obligations that are imposed on him in official at the site of military events, helps such circumstances, which are summarized as the war correspondent to gain confidence follows: (Al-Jawahiri, 1999, page 40) in others. (Shafiq, 2014, page 195) 6. The military reporter must have an A. Comply with the laws that apply from acceptable personality that implies time to time to correspondents who confidence in him and the reassurance of accompany the military forces in the field hearing and seeing him from the public, B. Abide by the rules issued by the and this is a goal that only those who Commander-in-Chief of the Armed possess certain qualities in the physical, Forces. psychological, mental and moral aspects C. To comply with the requirements of the can reach him, as well as the elegance of laws of the army, the air force, or the his speech in addition to the courtesy of navy. appearance, the gentleness of character, D. Avoiding all acts that harm the safety of tolerance of printing and even Body the state’s armed forces, the welfare of agility and face screen. soldiers, their morale, or any allied or 7. He must be strong and accurate to observe cooperating force with it. and record everything around him that has E. A military correspondent of any country is prejudice to his work, and he must have a not permitted to join the forces of any memory that is aware of the numbers and other country in his capacity without the stores the facts, so to hear, memorize or consent of his country. Warrior is to deny record what I have heard of important himself while gathering material, editing conversations, this requires excellent the topic, and following up on its mental flexibility. (Al-Jawahiri, 1999, pp. developments. 141-142) Third, The characteristics of a television war 8. Personal readiness always pushes him to correspondent seek sources and follow them up first to obtain, in addition to the general culture, 1. A war correspondent must possess a set of so whenever he has a degree of general characteristics, and these characteristics education, this helps him in the real are1- Objectivity in editing military events diagnosis of matters and linking them to and not being aligned with one side avoid slippery errors that other people because the war correspondent does not with limited culture may fall into. represent himself or the media in which he 9. The sense of journalism that fully qualifies works, but rather represents the public him to apply the rules and functional opinion that desires to know the truth. considerations that govern the nature of Therefore, the war correspondent must his work and benefit from them, and deny himself while collecting the material, journalistic sense plays a large role in the editing the topic and following its work of war correspondents and this developments. (Ibrahim, 2006, page 151) feature or advantage is not something 2. Acquiring new skills, research and prior acquired or can be acquired by study, but preparation by carefully searching to rather an innate willingness that can be obtain information. 3121 www.psychologyandeducation.net
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developed by study and actual practice of event is one of the pressures that affect the work. In the field of bringing news. work of the war correspondent. The 10. The ability to link events and deduce their moment The film and the date of its significance, especially if it does not mean presentation, especially since it is in an merely mentioning current events, but atmosphere of competition with rather goes beyond that to future colleagues in the profession. (Shafiq, expectations, helps him to conclude and 2014, pages 37-190) be earlier than others in determining the 3. Pressure groups: opinion leaders, pressure location of future events. (Shalaby, 2010, groups, religious, social, political and even pp. 50-55) armed groups represent one of the pressure groups that affect the work of the Factors affecting the work of the war war correspondent, especially since these correspondent groups and entities have special interests There are many pressures and influencing factors and goals that they seek to achieve by facing the war correspondent, which in turn may influencing public opinion by using the affect his media performance. These pressures are media to propagate them and their intended to restrict the freedom of the war policies, on the other hand, studies that correspondent, including the following: dealt with the war correspondent agree that there are factors related to the 1. The media institution: It is represented in personality of the reporter, which are controlling the owner of the media subjective factors and other factors related organization by determining the to what surrounds him within the media responsibility of the reporter in return for establishment and the surrounding loyalty to the media organization in which environment, which is called "forces and he works, far from accuracy, objectivity, relationships." (Al-Hamid, 2004, page honesty and everything related to the 155) ethics of the profession, especially with the presence of resignations in some Field framework for research satellite channels because they objected to Gender of the respondents the channel's policy in dealing with events in a way other than On the other hand, The respondents who responded to the research some are biased towards the policy of the questionnaire were distributed to (91) male institution in which he works, regardless respondents, at a rate of (95.79%), and (4) female of what is broadcast or published (Shafiq, respondents, at a rate of (4.21%), which is almost 2014, page 190). reasonable in light of the male domination of the 2. The factor of time and competition: The war reporter's work due to the nature of The work concern of a war reporter about the of the war correspondent and its risks on the possibility of another competing media battlefield. outlet being uniquely able to publish the Table 1.Shows the respondents' gender Gender Repetition Percentage Males 91 95.79% Female 4 4.21% Total 95 100% Academic achievement (education) certificate if those who referred to this reached (9) respondents and their percentage (9.47%). Then the The levels of educational attainment of the respondents who obtained a (medium) certificate respondents were divided into several descriptions. came fourth, as the number of those who indicated The first place came (bachelor's degree) if those reached Also, (4) respondents and their percentage who referred to this reached (68) respondents and (4.21%), then the respondents who obtained a their percentage (71.59%), while (diploma (higher) certificate came in the fifth place, as the certificate) came second with (13) respondents and number of respondents referred to this reached one their percentage ( 13.68%), and the third place was respondent, at a rate of (1.05%). the respondents who obtained a (contagion)
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Table 2.Shows the academic achievement of the respondents Academic achievement Repetition Percentage Bachelor of 68 71.59% diploma 13 13.68% Junior high 9 9.47% Secondary 4 4.21% Master's Degree 1 1.05% Total 95 100% Years of work as a war correspondent years) came second, as the number of war correspondents who confirmed this reached (18) Years of work are related to the factor of respondents and their percentage (18.9%), then experience and practice for all workers in the field came the period of work (from 8 years to less From of scientific work in general and the war 12 years old) ranked third, as the number of correspondent in particular, and from the answers military correspondents who confirmed this of the research sample came in the first place, the reached (3) and their percentage (3.2%), while the period of work (less than 4 years), as the number of period of work (from 12 years to less than 16 military correspondents who confirmed this years) ranked fourth, as the number of war reached (72) respondents and their percentage is correspondents who (2) respondents emphasized (75) (8%), and the rate (from 4 years to less than 8 that, and their percentage (2.1%). Table 3. Shows the years of work as a war correspondent Years of work Repetition Percentage Less than four years old 72 75.8% From 4 years to less than 8 years 18 18.9% From 8 years old to less than 12 years old 3 3.2% From 12 years old to less than 16 years old 2 2.1% From 16 years and over 0 0 Total 95 100% The reasons for choosing the satellite channel in (for professional reasons) and the number of those which the war correspondent works who referred to this reached (54) respondents, at a rate of (56.8%), and indicated (31) respondents and In the context of the question about the reasons their percentage (32.6%) indicated that the reason for selecting the respondents from the war for choosing the channel is related to (material correspondents for the channel in which they work, factors). As for choosing the channel (for political the results showed that the majority of the reasons), the number of respondents indicated this respondents chose the channel in which they work was (6) respondents and their percentage (6.3%). Table 4.Shows the reasons for choosing the military reporter for the channel he works in Reasons for choosing Percentage Repetition Vocational 54 56.8% Material 31 32.6% Political 6 6.3% other reasons 4 4.2% Total 95 100% Reasons for choosing the work of the war asked about that, and the answers indicated that the correspondent majority of the respondents had a (personal desire) to work as a war correspondent. (Random selection To get acquainted with the main goal of choosing from the channel) ranked second, as (17) a job as a war correspondent, the question was respondents indicated that, at a rate of (17.9%), 3123 www.psychologyandeducation.net
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while (quick fame) ranked third, as (10) (Other reasons) ranked fourth, as (4) respondents respondents confirmed this with a rate of (10.5%). expressed that, at a rate of (4.2%). Table 5.Shows the reasons for choosing to work as a war correspondent Reasons for choosing a job Percentage Repetition Personal desire 64 67.4% Random selection of the channel 17 17.9% Fast fame 10 10.5% other reasons 4 4.2% Material gain 0 0 Total 95 100% The source of news and reports approved for (43) respondents indicated that, at a rate of covering military operations (22.5%), while (the Internet) ranked third, as (37) respondents confirmed this with a rate of (19.4%), In the context of the conversation, the respondents and came fourth (agencies (25) respondents referred to the sources of news that they depend on expressed this at a rate of (13.1%), and (the public) in covering military operations, and the answers ranked fifth, and (19) respondents confirmed this indicated that one of the (government) sources with a rate of (9.9%), and (confidential sources) came in the first place, as (64) respondents ranked sixth, as This was indicated by (3) confirmed this with a percentage of (33.5%), and respondents, at a rate of (1.6%). occupied (fighters in The front (second place) and Table 6.Show the source of news and reports approved for covering military operations News source Percentage Repetition Governmental 64 33.5% Fighters at the front 43 22.5% Internet 37 19.4% Agencies 25 13.1% The audience 19 9.9% Confidential sources 3 1.6% Total 191 100% Experience in dealing with modern technologies first place, while (39) respondents confirmed (41.1%) that they (to some extent) have experience To identify the extent of the war correspondents' in dealing with modern technologies, forming this experience in dealing with modern technologies, category the second place, and the third-place came the results indicate that they (yes) have experience for those who (do not possess) experience in in dealing with modern technologies at the highest dealing with technologies. New, as confirmed by rate, as (55) respondents confirmed this with a (one respondent), at a rate of (1.1%). percentage of (57.8%), to form this category The Table 7.Shows the extent of the reporter's possession of experience in dealing with modern technologies Dealing with modern technologies Percentage Repetition Yeah 55 57.8% To some extent 39 41.1% Both 1 1.1% Total 95 100% Covering military events (38.9%) of the research sample that the one who decides to cover military events is (the director of In the course of questions about the administrative news in the channel) to occupy the first place. In and professional context followed in covering the second place, (30) respondents indicated a events, (37) respondents indicated a percentage of 3124 www.psychologyandeducation.net
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prostrate ratio (31.6%) to another formula in cover the military events is (the nature of the event deciding to cover military events, which is itself), while (two respondents) and a percentage of summarized in that (the reporter suggests and the (2.1%) of the respondents indicated that (other administration agrees), and in the third place (26) sources) are the ones that lead to the decision to respondents indicated a rate of (27.4) (%) Of the cover the events. respondents indicated that the one who decides to Table 8.Shows who decides to cover military events Juvenile coverage Percentage Repetition Channel news manager 37 38.9% The reporter suggests and management agree 30 31.6% The nature of the event itself 26 27.4% Other sources 2 2.1% Total 95 100% The extent of the channel's interest in the speed respondents who confirmed the extent of the of transmission of the event channel’s interest in the rapid transmission of the event (sometimes) (25) respondents, at a rate of The results of the field study resulted in varying (25%), while the number of those who expressed proportions, as the number of those who indicated their rejection (never) reached (10) respondents, the interest of the channels (always) sought to with a rate of (10%). (5) respondents indicated that, transmit events quickly reached (60) respondents at a rate of (5%). and a rate of (60%), while the number of Table 9.Shows the extent of the channel’s interest in transmitting the event quickly Interest in transferring events Percentage Repetition Always 40 42.2% Sometimes 38 40% Scarcely 11 11.6% Do not care 6 6.3% Total 95 100% The most important topics that I used to cover respondents indicated that they are accustomed On covering the topics of (civilian and displaced aid) In the context of questions about the most and in the third place (5.3%) of the respondents important topics that the war correspondents are indicated that they are accustomed to covering accustomed to covering, he indicated in the first (stories of heroism and martyrdom) and in the place (63.2%) of the respondents that they are fourth place (1%) of the respondents indicated that accustomed to covering (security and military) they are accustomed to covering (strange and topics and in the second place (30.5%) of the funny) topics. Table 10.Shows the most important topics that the reporter used to cover Themes Repetition Percentage Security and military 60 63.2% Aid for civilians and displaced people 29 30.5% Stories of heroism and martyrdom 5 5.3% Weird and funny topics 1 1% Total 95 100% What do you primarily consider when covering organizations, and in the first place (63.2%) of the the event? respondents indicated that they, as usual, prefer and take into account (the interest of the country) in the There are several basic considerations that war context of their coverage of events, and in the correspondents take into account in general when second place indicated ( (30.5%) of the respondents covering events and making news in their news 3125 www.psychologyandeducation.net
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indicated that they take into account (the interest of the context of their coverage of events and news, the channel) in their coverage of the news, and in and the fourth-place indicated (1, 2%) indicated the third place (4.2%) of the respondents indicated that they, as usual, take into account their (personal that they care about (the interest of the public) in interest) in covering news and events. Table 11.Show the considerations that the reporter takes into account when covering the event Considerations are taken into account by the reporter Repetition Percentage The interest of the country 60 63.2% Channel interest 29 30.5% The interest of the public 4 4.2% The personal benefit 2 2.1% Total 95 100% What a war reporter fears when covering the in fourth place (7,4%) of the respondents indicated event that they fear (dissatisfaction of the reporter) While in the fifth place (5.3%) of them indicated that they The military reporter on covering the events faces fear (dissatisfaction with religious institutions), and a set of challenges and caveats that they may stand in sixth place (3.2%) of them indicated that they in front of cautiously and anxiously, as in the first fear (dissatisfaction with armed groups), In the place (43.2%) of the respondents indicated that seventh place, (3.2%) of them indicated that they they are afraid of (dissatisfaction with the channel), feared (dissatisfaction with colleagues at work) and and in the second place (20%) of the respondents in the eighth place (2.1%) of them indicated that indicated They are afraid of (public dissatisfaction) they feared (the dissatisfaction of the commanders and in the third place (15.8%) indicated that they of the military units whose activities the reporter fear (dissatisfaction of officials in the country) and covers). Table 12.Show what the war reporter fears when covering the event What the reporter fears Repetition Percentage Channel dissatisfaction 41 43.2% Public dissatisfaction 19 20% The dissatisfaction of officials in the country 15 15.8% The reporter himself is not satisfied with the event 7 7.4% Dissatisfaction with religious institutions 5 5.3% Dissatisfaction with armed groups 3 3.2% Dissatisfaction with colleagues at work 3 3.2% The dissatisfaction of the commanders of the military units whose 2 2.1% activities the reporter covers Total 95 100% What the reporter envisages when covering achieving communication between fighters and the events people), and in the third place, (8.4%) of the respondents indicated that they take into account In the context of covering events, the war (uncovering the truth) in dealing with events, and correspondents take into account several in fourth place (7.4%) of the respondents indicated professional standards, and in the first place that They take care in coverage and news work (not (44.2%) of the respondents indicated that they take to stir up discord and hatred among the segments of care in the context of their coverage of events society), and in the fifth place (1.1%) of the (accuracy and objectivity) and in the second place respondents indicated that they observe (distinction (38.9%) of the respondents indicated that they take from other channels). care When covering events (raising morale and
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PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 3119-3131 ISSN: 00333077
Table 13.Shows what the war reporter intends when covering the event Juvenile coverage standards Number Percentage Accuracy and objectivity 42 44.2% Raise morale and achieve communication between fighters and the people 37 38.9% Uncover the truth 8 8.4% Not to stir up sedition and hatred among groups of society 7 7.4% Distinguish from other channels 1 1.1% Gain experience 0 0% Get praise and reward 0 0% Total 95 100% Difficulties that you face in covering war events respondents indicated (the difficulty of filming and covering events due to the strong battles and open When asked about the difficulties facing the war areas), and (12.6%) indicated (the difficulty in correspondent when covering the events, (19.8%) obtaining information by the military leaders) of the research sample indicated that (the lack of among the difficulties they face, and indicated (8, coordination between the channel and the military 9%) of the respondents indicated (the military leaders to obtain approvals) is one of the commanders ’keenness on journalists and difficulties facing the war correspondent, as he preventing them from reaching the front lines) of indicated (16.7%) Of the respondents to (difficulty the difficulties they face, while (7,2%) of the communicating with the channel due to poor respondents indicated that (the channel pressures communication) one of the difficulties that direct the reporter to obtain the most important them, and (15%) of the respondents indicated that information because of the spirit of As indicated by other difficulties they face are (the difficulty of (6.3%) of the respondents) competition is one of accessing live broadcast cars to the place of the the gangs that face them (targeting terrorist event and cutting off the broadcast signal during elements Reporters and photographers) of the the transmission of events), while (13.5%) of the difficulties they face. Table 14.Show the difficulties that the war correspondent faces when covering the events Difficulties facing the war correspondent Repetition Percentage Poor coordination between the channel and the military commanders to 91 19.8% obtain approvals
Difficulty communicating with the channel due to poor communication 77 16.7%
The difficulty of live broadcast cars reaching the venue of the event and 69 15% cutting off the broadcast signal during the transmission of events Difficulty filming and covering events due to strong battles and open 62 13.5% areas Difficulty obtaining information from the military leaders 58 12.6% The military commanders are very keen on journalists and preventing 41 8.9% them from reaching the front lines Pressures from the channel on the reporter to obtain the most important 33 7.2% information due to the spirit of competition Targeting terrorist elements for journalists and photographers 29 6.3% Total 460 100% The pressure on the war correspondent they suffer from (administrative pressure in the channel) and in the second place he indicated (36.8 The military reporter is exposed to a set of %) Of the respondents indicated that they suffer pressures at work, and it usually accompanies and from (time pressure), and in the third place (8.4%) affects their work in one way or another. In the first of the respondents indicated that they suffer from place (47.7%) of the respondents indicated that 3127 www.psychologyandeducation.net
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(political pressure of government officials) and in war correspondent’s work) and finally (1.1%) the fourth place (6.4%) of the respondents indicated that they are subjected to (social and indicated that they are subjected to (the military religious pressure) in the context of their work. leaders ’lack of understanding of the nature of the Table 15.Show the most important pressures that the reporter is exposed to in his work The pressures that the reporter is exposed to in his work Repetition Percentage Administrative pressure in the channel 45 47.7% Time pressure 35 36.8% Political pressure of government officials 8 8.4% The military commanders ’lack of understanding of the nature of the 6 6.4% war correspondent’s work Social and religious pressure 1 1.1% Total 95 100% The war correspondent dealt with military and respondents indicated that the method of (respect security commanders and officers while and appreciation) is their favourite in dealing, and covering the battles in the second place he indicated ( 5.3% of the respondents indicated that the method of (pressure In the context of questions about how the war for their most important work more than their correspondent deals with military and security colleagues) in dealing and the third place (1.1%) of commanders and officers during the coverage of the respondents indicated that their method of battles, as in the first place (93.7%) of the dealing is (marginalization). Table 16.Show the war correspondent's dealings with military and security commanders and officers The reporter dealt with commanders and military Repetition Percentage officers respect and appreciation 89 93.7% The pressure is for their most important work than for 5 5.3% their colleagues Marginalization 1 1.1% Total 95 100% Reasons for the channel's dissatisfaction with image). Second place (20%) indicated that one of the work the reasons for feeling dissatisfaction is due to (lack of audacity) is proposing and dealing with the The work of the war correspondent in the context news event for various reasons, and in third place of his coverage of the events is accompanied by (12.6%) indicated that one of the reasons for cases of dissatisfaction and acceptance of the dissatisfaction is (dealing with topics that do not effects that may result from the news reports they deserve coverage. Finally (11.6%) indicated that produce, and in the first place (48.4%) indicated one of the reasons for feeling dissatisfaction is that among the reasons for feeling dissatisfaction is (sparking strife and disagreements) that may result (complimenting officials and polishing their from news coverage. Table 17.Shows the reasons for the channel's dissatisfaction with the work Causes of channel dissatisfaction Repetition Percentage Compliment the officials and polish their image 46 48.4% Lack of audacity 19 20% Addressing topics that are not worth covering 12 12.6% Stir up strife and disagreements 11 11.6% Bias and imbalance in rendering performance 6 6.3% Submitting to the influences of the leaders of some military ranks to 1 1.1%
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make them more prominent than others Total 95 100% Reasons for dissatisfaction of official institutions that disturb official institutions, and in the third with reports place (15.8%) of the respondents indicated that (adopting a performance and a position opposing it) A large number of official institutions are not from The reasons that bother official institutions, satisfied with the reports presented by the war and in fourth place, (9.5%) indicated that (the correspondent, and in this context (42.1%) of the impression of the absence of stability and security respondents indicated that what the official in the country) is one of the reasons that disturb institutions are most unhappy with about the official institutions, and (6.3%) of the respondents reports they produce is (showing negative aspects indicated that (direct criticism of some military in the official performance). Second place (26.3%) leaders One of the reasons that annoy formal of the respondents indicated that (not naming the institutions and make them not feel good. approved sources in coverage) is one of the reasons Table 18. Show the reasons for the dissatisfaction of the official institutions with the reports Reasons for dissatisfaction with official institutions Repetition Percentage Show the negative aspects of the official performance 40 42.1% Not naming the sources approved for coverage 25 26.3% Adopting the performance and position of opposing it 15 15.8% The impression of the absence of stability and security in the country 9 9.5% Direct criticism of some military leaders 6 6.3% Total 95 100% Which armed groups do not accept when you status of terrorism with them) by (9.5%) as an idea cover the events that represents a source of inconvenience and dissatisfaction for the militants, and in the fourth In the context of concern about the threats place he indicated ( 7.4%) indicated that the most associated with armed groups in Iraq, in the first important thing that the militants are not satisfied place (51.6%) of the respondents indicated that the with is (showing pictures of failure and destruction most important thing that armed groups are not to civilians due to their work), and in the fifth place satisfied with when covering their news via satellite (6.3%) of the respondents pointed out the idea channels is (highlighting security improvement) in (saying that it targets civilians), which represents a Iraq and in second place he indicated ( (23.2%) disturbing idea to armed groups. Finally, (2.1%) of indicated that the most important thing that bothers the respondents referred to the idea of (linking the the armed groups is (highlighting the role of the reporter's work to external parties). security forces) and thirdly, the idea of (linking the Table 19. Shows the most important things that annoy armed groups when covered Events that disturb armed groups Repetition Percentage Show security improvement 49 51.6% Highlight the role of the security forces 22 23.2% Attaching the terrorist attribute to them 9 9.5% Show pictures of failure and destruction to civilians as a result of their work 7 7.4% Say that it targets civilians 6 6.3% Connect their work to third parties 2 2.1% Total 95 100% Topics that the audience is not satisfied with the presentation or handling came and in the first place reporter's coverage the idea (the lack of adequate coverage of events and battles) in which the respondents indicated At the level of the public and the expectation of (43.2%) and in the second place he indicated (26.3) the correspondents that there are a number of topics (%) Of the respondents referred to the idea of (not that the public is not satisfied with their showing the heroics of fighters and martyrs), and in 3129 www.psychologyandeducation.net
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the third place (20%) of the respondents pointed to (neglecting the bright aspects of people's lives and the idea of (not focusing on victims of violence and society) as one of the ideas that the reporter should displacement and their suffering) as an idea that the cover in his work, and in the fifth place (2.1%) of public does not feel satisfied because of not the respondents pointed out the idea (accusation of highlighting it, and in the fourth place he indicated bias and standing behind narrow agendas to the war ( 8.4%) of the respondents referred to the idea of correspondent. Table 20.Show the topics that the audience is not satisfied with the reporter's coverage Topics that do not satisfy the audience Repetition Percentage Insufficient coverage of events and battles 41 43.2% Not to show the championships of fighters and martyrs 25 26.3% Lack of focus on victims of violence and displacement and their suffering 19 20% Overlook the bright aspects of people's lives and society 8 8.4% Accused of bias and standing behind narrow agendas 2 2.1% Total 95 100% RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS military events, explains the weakness of the military reporter in deciding to cover
military events. In the context of interpreting the tables, the 6. The high assertion from the research researcher reached a set of results, and they were as sample, at a rate of (63.2%), that the follows: considerations they take into account when covering military events are the 1. The clear confirmation from most of the interest of the country, and this indicates research sample, at a rate of (56.8%), that the patriotism and high professionalism of the reason for choosing the satellite war correspondents. channel in which the war reporter works 7. The results of the research indicated that are (professional) reasons, and this the most important source of the fear of demonstrates the positive motivation that dissatisfaction with news coverage of the military reporter exhibits in his work. events stems mainly from anxiety (from 2. Most of the research sample, at a rate of dissatisfaction with the channel) with a (67.4%), indicated that the reason for rate of (43.2%), which explains the fear choosing to work as a war correspondent that the war correspondent has of losing is (personal desire) and this explains the work or administrative punishment far personal motivation to work despite the away. For other considerations. risks to which the reporter is exposed on 8. The research sample indicated, at a rate of the battlefield. (19.8%), that the most important 3. The results of the research sample's difficulties facing the war correspondent answers, at a rate of (33.5%), showed the when covering events are the lack of clear dependence of war correspondents in coordination between the channel and the the Iraqi satellite channels on government military commanders to obtain approvals sources in obtaining news, and this may be to enter the battlefield. in an attempt to complement those 9. The clear confirmation from the research sources. sample, at a rate of (47.7%), that the most 4. The results indicated that the war important sources of pressure that a correspondent possesses experience in military reporter is exposed to in their dealing with modern technologies, at a work is the administrative pressure on the rate of (57.8%), despite the weakness of part of the channel, which explains the the training side of satellite channels, but nature of the administrative and media the military reporter's endeavour to climate prevailing in some satellite develop his capabilities pushed him to channels, which affects the work of the learn and possess experiences and skills to reporter. Negatively. deal with modern technologies. 10. The results of the research indicated that 5. The clear affirmation by correspondents, (48.4%) of the research sample said that at a rate of (38.9%), on the centralization the most important reason for the of work, depending on the proposals of the channel’s dissatisfaction with the work news director in the channel to cover that the war correspondent does is 3130 www.psychologyandeducation.net
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courtesy of officials and polishes their • Mohamed Mounir Hijab. (2003). Media image, and it may be due to the search for Encyclopedia (sixth volume). Cairo: Dar personal gain away from the channel they Al-Fajr for Publishing and Distribution. work in. • Mahmoud Mohamed Al-Jawahry. (1999). 11. The results of the research indicated that War Reporter. Alexandria: House of (42.1%) of the sample said that one of the Knowledge. most important reasons for dissatisfaction of official institutions with reports is to show negative aspects in official performance, which is due to the courtesy and simulation between satellite channels and officials. 12. The clear confirmation from half of the research sample, at a rate of (51.6%), that the most important thing that annoys the armed groups when covered is highlighting the security improvement, which in turn contributes to raising the morale of the fighters and makes them feel happy and spread terror and fear among the (ISIS) terrorist organizations. REFERENCES • Ismail Ibrahim. (2006). Specialist journalist. Cairo: Dar Al-Fajr for Publishing and Distribution. • Decision-makers in Egypt. Unpublished, PhD thesis. Cairo University: Library of the Faculty of Mass Communication. • The beauty of the mouse. (2014). Glossary of informational terms. Amman: Osama House for Publishing and Distribution. • Media during armed conflicts in light of the provisions of international law. Egypt: House of Legal Books. • Hassanein Shafiq. (2014). Media under threat. News coverage from the heart of danger. Violations and professional safety of media professionals. Cairo: Fikrun and Art House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution. • Hussain Dubai Zwain. (2011). TV reporter between professional characteristics and phobia of the other direction. Cairo: House of Culture for Publishing. • Khaled MajdAl-Din Muhammad. (2005). The news industry in the age of informatics. TV newsletter production guide. Cairo: Dar Al-Amin for printing, publishing and distribution. • Karam Shalaby. (2010). Radio and television news, its arts and characteristics on radio and television. Beirut: Crescent Printing and Publishing House and Library. • Mohammed Abdulhameed. (2004). Media theories and trends of influence (3rd ed.). Cairo: The World of Books.
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