News Discourse and Digital Currents
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News Discourse and Digital Currents News Discourse and Digital Currents: A Corpus-Based Genre Analysis of News Tickers By Antonio Fruttaldo News Discourse and Digital Currents: A Corpus-Based Genre Analysis of News Tickers By Antonio Fruttaldo This book first published 2017 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by Antonio Fruttaldo All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-8282-8 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8282-8 To my grandfather CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................... x List of Figures ............................................................................................ xi Acknowledgements ................................................................................... xiii A Note to the Reader ................................................................................. xvi CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................. 7 GRAPHIC ELEMENTS OF TV NEWS BROADCASTS 2.1 Media discourse and digital currents: Reshaping media conventions ...................................................................................... 8 2.2 When is enough… enough? Reception studies in the context of TV news graphic layout .............................................................. 12 2.3 Send in the tickers: The day crawlers made their appearance ........ 14 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................ 21 CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND GENRE ANALYSIS: INTRODUCING THE METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 Introducing Corpus Linguistics ...................................................... 22 3.1.1 What is a corpus? .................................................................. 25 3.1.2 Why use a corpus? ................................................................. 29 3.1.3 Criteria in choosing or building a corpus .............................. 33 3.1.4 Metadata, annotations, and mark-ups .................................... 38 3.1.5 Types of corpora .................................................................... 41 3.2 Introducing a corpus-based approach to Genre Analysis ............... 51 3.2.1 Corpus-based approaches to genre analysis .......................... 52 3.2.2 Critical Genre Analysis (CGA) .............................................. 62 3.3 Lexical priming and textual colligation ......................................... 71 3.4 News values and Corpus Linguistics ............................................. 74 viii Contents CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................... 84 CORPUS COLLECTION AND DESCRIPTION 4.1 Collecting the NTC and the bw_14 ................................................ 85 4.2 Annotating the NTC and the bw_14 ............................................... 91 4.3 Analysing the NTC and the bw_14 corpora: Introducing Sketch Engine and WordSmith Tools ...................................................... 107 CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................... 124 WHERE THE CRAWLING THINGS ARE: A CORPUS-BASED GENRE ANALYSIS OF NEWS TICKERS 5.1 Formal structure of the BBC World News’ crawlers .................... 125 5.2 Keyword analysis of the NTC ...................................................... 131 5.2.1 Hybridity and the news tickers: Marketising the news ........ 135 5.2.2 Bending genre conventions: The use of temporal deixis in news tickers ........................................................................ 144 5.3 News values in news tickers ........................................................ 151 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 155 APPENDICES: Appendix 1 .............................................................................................. 158 Keyword extraction from the comparison between the NTC and the bw_14 Appendix 2 .............................................................................................. 195 Tag keyword extraction in the comparison between the NTC and the bw_14 Appendix 3 .............................................................................................. 197 Tag keyword extraction in the comparison between the NTC and the bwh_14 Appendix 4 .............................................................................................. 199 Tag keyword extraction in the comparison between the NTC and the bwl_14 Appendix 5 .............................................................................................. 200 List of all the adverbs occurring in the NTC with their raw frequency News Discourse and Digital Currents: ix A Corpus-Based Genre Analysis of News Tickers Appendix 6 .............................................................................................. 210 Pointers to newsworthiness in the NTC REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 215 INDEX ....................................................................................................... 229 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1.5.1 Overview of the written component of the BNC .................. 42 Table 3.1.5.2 Overview of the spoken component of the BNC .................. 43 Table 3.1.5.3 Table taken from Flowerdew (2004: 21), where she summarises and exemplifies the most important characteristics of a specialised corpus ......................................................................... 44 Table 3.1.5.4 Composition of the MICASE corpus taken from Xiao (2008: 417) ........................................................................................... 46 Table 3.2.1.1 A summary of Biber’s (1988) multidimensional approach to the investigation of genres (taken from Biber 1988: 64) ................. 54 Table 3.2.1.2 A summary of the dimensions and their features identified by Biber (1988) .................................................................................... 56 Table 3.2.1.3 Tribble’s (2002: 133) analytical framework in approaching genres ................................................................................................... 60 Table 3.4.1 Bell’s (1991) macro-categories of news values and Bednarek and Caple’s (2012a) corresponding categories .................................... 80 Table 3.4.2 Summary offered by Bednarek and Caple (2012a: 55-56, 2012b: 106) of the linguistic cues that can be used in order to construe news values............................................................................ 82 Table 5.2.1.1 List of the collocates of the lempos bbc-n ....................... 140 Table 5.2.1.2 List of the first five collocates of reporting clauses in the SiBol/Port corpus ..................................................................... 142 Table 5.2.1.3 Elements hinting at the introduction of a direct quotation in the SiBol/Port corpus ..................................................................... 142 Table 5.2.2.1 Grammatical features of headlines as summarised by Chovanec (2014: 119-120), with examples taken from the bwh_14 .... 146 Table 5.2.2.2 Log-likelihood calculation computed in the comparison between the NTC and the bw_14, bwh_14, and bwl_14 .................... 148 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 A screenshot taken from the programme GMT aired on February 3, 2014, showing the different graphic elements typical of the BBC World News channel ................................................ 8 Figure 2.3.1 A screenshot taken from the Fox News live coverage of 9/11 .................................................................................................. 15 Figure 2.3.2 A screenshot taken from the CNN live coverage of 9/11 ....... 15 Figure 2.3.3 A screenshot taken from the first episode of the TV programme CNNNN aired on September 19, 2002 on ABC Television ............................................................................................ 20 Figure 3.1.2.1 Subtirelu’s (2014) investigation on the gendered nature of the adjective ‘bossy’ ........................................................................ 30 Figure 3.2.2.1 The basis of Bhatia’s theoretical applied genre analytical model (Bhatia 2004: 22, originally introduced in Bhatia 2002: 16) ..... 66 Figure 3.2.2.2 Interdiscursivity in Genre Theory (Bhatia 2012: 25) ......... 68 Figure 4.3.1 The word sketch tool on the Sketch Engine online platform .............................................................................................. 108 Figure 4.3.2 An example of word sketch generated on the Sketch Engine platform by using the BNC in order to see the grammatical and collocational ‘surroundings’ of the word ‘thesis’ ........................ 109 Figure 4.3.3 The simple query option on Sketch Engine ......................... 110 Figure 4.3.4 The Query type option in the concordance tool of the Sketch Engine platform, where searches can be carried out according