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Power Technologies Energy Data Book Fourth Edition

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Power Technologies Energy Data Book Fourth Edition Power Technologies Energy Data Book Fourth Edition August 2006 • NREL/TP-620-39728 Power Technologies Technical Report NREL/TP-620-39728 Energy Data Book August 2006 Fourth Edition Compiled by J. Aabakken Prepared under Task No. WUA3.1000 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction..................................................................................................................1 2.0 Technology Profiles Biopower..................................................................................................................3 Geothermal.............................................................................................................10 Concentrating Solar Power ....................................................................................18 Photovoltaics..........................................................................................................23 Wind Energy ..........................................................................................................33 Hydrogen................................................................................................................40 Advanced Hydropower ..........................................................................................44 Building Technologies...........................................................................................49 Reciprocating Engines ...........................................................................................60 Microturbines.........................................................................................................64 Fuel Cells ...............................................................................................................68 Batteries .................................................................................................................73 Advanced Energy Storage......................................................................................79 Superconducting Power Technology .....................................................................81 Thermally Activated Technologies........................................................................86 3.0 Electricity Restructuring 3.1 States with Competitive Electricity Markets .............................................89 3.2 States with System Benefit Charges (SBC)...............................................90 3.3 States with Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) ....................................93 3.4 States with Net Metering Policies..............................................................99 3.5 States with Environmental Disclosure Policies .......................................108 3.6 Green Power Markets ..............................................................................109 3.7 States with Utility Green Pricing Programs.............................................112 3.8 Competitive Green Power Offerings and Renewable Energy Certificates...................................................................................127 3.9 Federa Agency Purchases of Green Power..............................................137 3.10 State Incentive Programs .........................................................................138 4.0 Forecasts/Comparisons 4.1 Projections of Renewable Electricity Net Capacity.................................143 4.2 Projections of Renewable Electricity Net Generation .............................144 4.3 Projections of Renewable Electricity Carbon Dioxide Emissions Savings ...................................................................................145 5.0 Electricity Supply 5.1 U.S. Total and Delivered Energy (Overview) .........................................147 5.2 Electricity Flow Diagram.........................................................................149 5.3 Electricity Overview ................................................................................151 5.4 Consumption of Fossil Fuels by Electric Generators ..............................152 5.5 Electric Power Sector Energy Consumption ...........................................153 iii 5.6 Fossil Fuel Generation by Age of Generating Units................................155 5.7 Nuclear Generation by Age of Generating Units ....................................156 5.8 Operational Renewable Energy Generating Capacity ............................157 5.9 Number of Utilities by Class of Ownership and Nonutilities..................158 5.10 Top 10 U.S. Investor-Owned Utilities .....................................................159 5.11 Top 10 Independent Power Producers Worldwide (2001) ......................160 5.12 Utility Mergers and Acquisitions.............................................................161 5.13a North American Electric Reliability Council Map for the United States ............................................................................................162 5.13b Census Regions Map................................................................................163 6.0 Electricity Capability 6.1 Electric Net Summer Capability ..............................................................165 6.2 Electric-Only Plant Net Summer Capability............................................166 6.3 Combined-Heat-and-Power Plant Net Summer Capability .....................167 6.4 Regional Noncoincident Peak Loads and Capacity Margin ....................168 6.5 Electric Generator Cumulative Additions and Retirements.....................169 6.6 Transmission and Distribution Circuit Miles...........................................170 7.0 Electricity Generation 7.1 Electricity Net Generation .......................................................................171 7.2 Net Generation at Electric-Only Plants ...................................................172 7.3 Electricity Generation at Combined-Heat-and-Power Plants ..................173 7.4 Generation and Transmission/Distribution Losses ..................................174 7.5 Electricity Trade.......................................................................................175 8.0 Electricity Demand 8.1 Electricity Sales .......................................................................................177 8.2 Demand-Side Management......................................................................178 8.3 Electric Utility Sales, Revenue, and Consumption by Census Division and State ......................................................................179 9.0 Prices 9.1 Price of Fuels Delivered to Electric Generators ......................................181 9.2 Electricity Retail Sales.............................................................................182 9.3 Prices of Electricity Sold ........................................................................183 9.4 Revenue from Electric Utility Retail Sales by Sector..............................184 9.5 Revenue from Sales to Ultimate Consumers by Sector, Census Division, and State ..................................................................................185 9.6 Production, Operation, and Maintenance Expenses for Major U.S. Investor-Owned and Publicly Owned Utilities........................................187 9.6a Operation and Maintenance Expenses for Major U.S. Investor-Owned Electric Utilities .......................................................................................188 9.6b Operation and Maintenance Expenses for Major U.S. Publicly Owned Generator and Nongenerator Electric Utilities ........................................189 9.7 Environmental Compliance Equipment Costs.........................................190 iv 10.0 Economic Indicators 10.1 Price Estimates for Energy Purchases......................................................191
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