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Turbine Wheel-A Hydropower Converter for Head Differences

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Turbine Wheel-A Hydropower Converter for Head Differences University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk School of Civil Engineering and the Environment Turbine wheel - a hydropower converter for head differences between 2.5 and 5 m Ph.D Thesis Helmizar Supervisors: Dr.Gerald Müller February 2016 2 CONTENTS Academic Thesis: Declaration Of Authorship ......................................................................... 18 Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... 19 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 21 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 21 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Aim and Objectives ................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 26 Literature Review..................................................................................................................... 26 2.1 Hydropower energy as a new renewable energy sources .......................................... 26 2.1.1 Introduction to Hydropower .............................................................................. 26 2.1.2 Potency of Hydropower ..................................................................................... 27 2.1.3 The need for small scale hydro power technology ............................................ 32 2.2 Existing Small Scale Hydropower Technology ........................................................ 35 2.2.1 Water Wheel Technology .................................................................................. 36 2.2.2 Turbine Technology ........................................................................................... 44 2.2.3 Novel Technology For Low Head Water ........................................................... 61 2.3 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 67 1 2.4 Research on hydrostatic pressure converter/machine/ (HPC/M) .............................. 70 2.4.1 Research on hydrostatic pressure converter (HPC)................................................... 71 2.4.1.1 Type one HPC ................................................................................................ 71 2.4.1.2 Type two HPC ................................................................................................ 74 2.4.2 Research on hydrostatic pressure machine (HPM) ................................................... 79 2.5 Relevance of previous theory to the current research ............................................... 85 2.5.1 Potential machine ...................................................................................................... 85 2.5.2 Water wheel with lower shroud ................................................................................ 87 2.5.3 Torque analysis discussion ........................................................................................ 89 2.5.3.1 Case of simple blade ...................................................................................... 90 2.5.3.2 Case of curving blade ..................................................................................... 96 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 98 Examining The Effect of The Upper Shroud To The Performance of Water Wheel. ............. 98 3.1 Testing Model ........................................................................................................... 98 3.2 Determining blade dimension ................................................................................. 101 3.3 Equipment and facility ............................................................................................ 103 3.4 Experimental Parameters......................................................................................... 106 3.5 Result ....................................................................................................................... 110 3.5.1 Measured Power vs Rotational Speed.............................................................. 110 3.5.2 Leakage ............................................................................................................ 111 3.5.3 Efficiency vs Tangential Velocity ................................................................... 113 2 3.6 Discussion on preliminary test ................................................................................ 114 3.7 Summary from preliminary test .............................................................................. 116 Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................ 118 Electric Power Take off And Modification of The Turbine Wheel ....................................... 118 4.1 Experiments to improve performance of turbine wheel .......................................... 118 4.2 Cut-in half wheel ..................................................................................................... 119 4.3 Preliminary research findings and their impact on the following research ............. 122 4.4 Equipment and Facility for cut-in half water wheel ................................................ 124 4.5 Experimental Parameters and Set-up ...................................................................... 136 4.6 Result and Discussion ............................................................................................. 148 4.6.1 Comparison between the electric power take off and the Prony brake method ...... 149 150 4.6.2 The effect of the hub diameter on the performance of the water wheel.................. 152 4.6.3 The effect of the number of blades on the performance of the turbine wheel ........ 167 4.6.4 The effect of the baffle on the performance of the water wheel ............................. 173 4.7 Discussion and conclusion ...................................................................................... 177 4.7.1 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 177 4.7.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 178 Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................ 179 Torque meter Measurement Method And Upscaling Turbine Wheel ................................... 179 5.1 Measuring Power output by using Torque meter .................................................... 181 5.2 Equipment and Facility ........................................................................................... 182 5.3 Result ....................................................................................................................... 189 5.3.1 Power VS RPM ....................................................................................................... 189 3 5.3.2 Efficiency excluding leakage .................................................................................. 192 5.3.3 Power vs Torque...................................................................................................... 193 5.4 Theoretical Power Output for turbine wheel ........................................................... 194 Losses ............................................................................................................................. 198 Efficiency ........................................................................................................................ 198 Graph plotting ................................................................................................................. 198 Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................................ 202 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 202 6.1 Comparison between the turbine wheel and previous research .............................
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