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Volume 2 of 4 Renewable Electricity Renewable Electricity Generation and Storage Technologies Futures Study Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 PDF PDF PDF PDF NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Renewable Electricity Futures Study Edited By Hand, M.M. Baldwin, S. DeMeo, E. National Renewable U.S. Department of Renewable Energy Energy Laboratory Energy Consulting Services, Inc. Reilly, J.M. Mai, T. Arent, D. Massachusetts Institute of National Renewable Joint Institute for Strategic Technology Energy Laboratory Energy Analysis Porro, G. Meshek, M. Sandor, D. National Renewable National Renewable National Renewable Energy Laboratory Energy Laboratory Energy Laboratory Suggested Citations Renewable Electricity Futures Study (Entire Report) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2012). Renewable Electricity Futures Study. Hand, M.M.; Baldwin, S.; DeMeo, E.; Reilly, J.M.; Mai, T.; Arent, D.; Porro, G.; Meshek, M.; Sandor, D. eds. 4 vols. NREL/TP-6A20-52409. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/re_futures/. Volume 2: Renewable Electricity Generation and Storage Technologies Augustine, C.; Bain, R.; Chapman, J.; Denholm, P.; Drury, E.; Hall, D.G.; Lantz, E.; Margolis, R.; Thresher, R.; Sandor, D.; Bishop, N.A.; Brown, S.R.; Cada, G.F.; Felker, F.; Fernandez, S.J.; Goodrich, A.C.; Hagerman, G.; Heath, G.; O’Neil, S.; Paquette, J.; Tegen, S.; Young, K. (2012). Renewable Electricity Generation and Storage Technologies. Vol 2. of Renewable Electricity Futures Study. NREL/TP-6A20-52409-2. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Chapter 6. Biopower Technologies Bain, R.; Denholm, P.; Heath, G.; Mai, T.; Tegen, S. (2012). "Biopower Technologies," Chapter 6. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Electricity Futures Study, Vol. 2, Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; pp. 6-1 – 6-58. Chapter 7. Geothermal Energy Technologies Augustine, C.; Denholm, P.; Heath, G.; Mai, T.; Tegen, S.; Young. K. (2012). "Geothermal Energy Technologies," Chapter 7. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Electricity Futures Study, Vol. 2, Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; pp. 7-1 – 7-32. Chapter 8. Hydropower Hall, D.G.; Bishop, N. A.; Cada, G. F.; Mai, T.; Brown, S. R.; Heath, G.; Tegen, S. (2012). "Hydropower Technologies," Chapter 8. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Electricity Futures Study, Vol. 2, Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; pp.8-1 – 8-29. Chapter 9. Ocean Energy Technologies Thresher, R.; Denholm, P.; Hagerman, G.; Heath, G.; O’Neil, S.; Paquette, J.; Sandor, D.; Tegen, S. (2012). "Ocean Energy Technologies," Chapter 9. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Electricity Futures Study, Vol. 2, Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; pp. 9-1 – 9-36. Chapter 10. Solar Energy Technologies Drury, E.; Margolis, R.; Denholm, P.; Goodrich, A.C.; Heath, G.; Mai, T.; Tegen, S. (2012). "Solar Energy Technologies," Chapter 10. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Electricity Futures Study, Vol. 2, Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; pp. 10-1 – 10-60. Chapter 11. Wind Energy Technologies Chapman, J.; Lantz, E.; Denholm, P.; Felker, F.; Heath, G.; Mai, T.; Tegen, S. (2012). "Wind Energy Technologies," Chapter 11. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Electricity Futures Study, Vol. 2, Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; pp. 11-1 – 11-63. Chapter 12. Energy Storage Technologies Denholm, P.; Fernandez, S.J.; Hall, D.G.; Mai, T.; Tegen, S. (2012). "Energy Storage Technologies," Chapter 12. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Renewable Electricity Futures Study, Vol. 2, Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; pp. 12-1 – 12-42. Renewable Electricity Futures Study Volume 2: Renewable Electricity Generation and Storage Technologies Chad Augustine,1 Richard Bain,1 Jamie Chapman,2 Paul Denholm,1 Easan Drury,1 Douglas G. Hall,3 Eric Lantz,1 Robert Margolis,1 Robert Thresher,1 Debra Sandor,1 Norman A. Bishop,4 Stephen R. Brown,5 Glenn F. Cada,6 Fort Felker,1 Steven J. Fernandez,6 Alan C. Goodrich,1 George Hagerman,7 Garvin Heath,1 Sean O’Neil,8 Joshua Paquette,9 Suzanne Tegen,1 Katherine Young1 1 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2 Vestas Wind Systems/Texas Tech University 3 Idaho National Laboratory 4 Knight Piésold 5 HDR|DTA 6 Oak Ridge National Laboratory 7 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 8 Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition 9 Sandia National Laboratories NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste. Perspective The Renewable Electricity Futures Study (RE Futures) provides an analysis of the grid integration opportunities, challenges, and implications of high levels of renewable electricity generation for the U.S. electric system. The study is not a market or policy assessment. Rather, RE Futures examines renewable energy resources and many technical issues related to the operability of the U.S. electricity grid, and provides initial answers to important questions about the integration of high penetrations of renewable electricity technologies from a national perspective. RE Futures results indicate that a future U.S. electricity system that is largely powered by renewable sources is possible and that further work is warranted to investigate this clean generation pathway. The central conclusion of the analysis is that renewable electricity generation from technologies that are commercially available today, in combination with a more flexible electric system, is more than adequate to supply 80% of total U.S. electricity generation in 2050 while meeting electricity demand on an hourly basis in every region of the United States. The renewable technologies explored in this study are components of a diverse set of clean energy solutions that also includes nuclear, efficient natural gas, clean coal, and energy efficiency. Understanding all of these technology pathways and their potential contributions to the future U.S. electric power system can inform the development of integrated portfolio scenarios. RE Futures focuses on the extent to which U.S. electricity needs can be supplied by renewable energy sources, including biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar, and wind. The study explores grid integration issues using models with unprecedented geographic and time resolution for the contiguous United States. The analysis (1) assesses a variety of scenarios with prescribed levels of renewable electricity generation in 2050, from 30% to 90%, with a focus on 80% (with nearly 50% from variable wind and solar photovoltaic generation); (2) identifies the characteristics of a U.S. electricity system that would be needed to accommodate such levels; and (3) describes some of the associated challenges and implications of realizing such a future. In addition to the central conclusion noted above, RE Futures finds that increased electric system flexibility, needed to enable electricity supply-demand balance with high levels of renewable generation, can come from a portfolio of supply- and demand-side options, including flexible conventional generation, grid storage, new transmission, more responsive loads, and changes in power system operations. The analysis also finds that the abundance and diversity of U.S. renewable energy resources can support multiple combinations of renewable technologies that result in deep reductions in electric sector greenhouse gas emissions and water use. The study finds that the direct incremental cost associated with high renewable generation is comparable to published cost estimates of other clean energy scenarios. Of the sensitivities examined, improvement in the cost and performance of renewable technologies is the most impactful lever for reducing this incremental cost. Assumptions reflecting the extent of this improvement are based on incremental or evolutionary improvements
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