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Demand-Side Management Guidebook: Renewable and Distributed Energy Technologies

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Demand-Side Management Guidebook: Renewable and Distributed Energy Technologies enewable & Distributed Energy Tech no R lo g ie s R e n e w a b l e & D i s t r i b u t e d E n e r g y T e c h n o l o g i e s R e n e w a - b l e w & e D n i e s R t r s i b e i u g t e o l d o E n n h e c r e g T y Renewable and Distributed Energy Technologies Energy Distributed and Renewable Demand-Side Management Guidebook: Management Demand-Side enewable & Distributed Energy Tech no R lo g ie s R e n e w sarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. agency any or government States United the of those reflect or state sarily a b - government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not neces not do herein expressed authors of opinions and views The thereof. agency any or government l e not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States States United the by favoring or recommendation, endorsement, its imply or constitute necessarily not & commercial product, process, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does does otherwise or manufacturer, trademark, name, trade by services or process, product, commercial or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific specific any to herein Reference rights. owned privately infringe not would use its that represents or D i accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, disclosed, process or product, apparatus, information, any of usefulness or completeness, accuracy, s t ees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the the for responsibility or liability legal any assumes or implied, or expressed warranty, any makes ees, r i government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employ their of any nor thereof, agency any nor government States United the Neither government. - b u NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States States United the of agency an by sponsored work of account an as prepared was report This NOTICE: t e d NREL/BK-6A4-41680 • March 2012 March • NREL/BK-6A4-41680 E n transmission system continues to be the most reliable possible. reliable most the be to continues system transmission e ship, energy efficiency and renewable energy, as well as implementing new technologies to ensure our our ensure to technologies new implementing as well as energy, renewable and efficiency energy ship, r g Western has been dedicated to providing public service, such as promoting environmental steward environmental promoting as such service, public providing to dedicated been has Western - y markets and transmits wholesale electrical power across 15 western states. For more than 30 years, years, 30 than more For states. western 15 across power electrical wholesale transmits and markets T Western Area Power Administration is a Federal agency under the U.S. Department of Energy that that Energy of Department U.S. the under agency Federal a is Administration Power Area Western e c Lakewood, CO 80228-8213 CO Lakewood, h n Parkway Alameda W. 12155 o l Western Area Power Administration Power Area Western o g i e s R e n e w a - b l e w & e D n i e s R t r s i b e i u g t e o l d o E n n h e c r e g T y TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................6 Growing Demand for Distributed Energy ..........................................6 Major Potential Benefits of Distributed Energy ................................7 Matching the Technology to the Application ....................................7 Standby Power .............................................................................................. 7 Low-Cost Energy ........................................................................................... 8 Stand-Alone Systems .................................................................................... 8 Combined Heat and Power ............................................................................ 9 Peak Shaving ................................................................................................. 9 Power Quality ................................................................................................ 9 RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION .............................................9 Biopower ............................................................................................9 Direct Combustion .......................................................................................10 Cofiring .........................................................................................................11 Gasification ..................................................................................................11 Pyrolysis .......................................................................................................12 Methane-Powered Systems .........................................................................13 Landfill Gas ............................................................................................................ 13 Anaerobic Digesters ............................................................................................... 13 Biofuel-Powered Systems ............................................................................13 Modular Systems .........................................................................................13 Geothermal Power ...........................................................................15 Hydrothermal Electricity Generation ...........................................................15 Dry Steam .............................................................................................................. 16 Flash Steam ........................................................................................................... 17 Binary Cycle ........................................................................................................... 17 Enhanced Geothermal Systems ...................................................................17 Hydroelectric Power ........................................................................18 Terrestrial Hydropower ................................................................................18 Impoundment Dams ............................................................................................... 18 Diversion and Hydrokinetic Systems ....................................................................... 19 Types of Hydropower Turbines ................................................................................ 19 Impulse Turbine ................................................................................................................19 Pelton and Turgo Wheels ............................................................................................................ 20 Cross-Flow Turbine .................................................................................................................... 20 Reaction Turbine ...............................................................................................................20 Propeller Turbine ........................................................................................................................ 20 Francis Turbine .......................................................................................................................... 20 Kinetic Turbine ........................................................................................................................... 20 1 Table of Contents /Demand-Side Management Guidebook Formulae ................................................................................................................20 Ocean Power ............................................................................................... 20 Wave Power ...........................................................................................................20 Types of Wave Power Systems ..........................................................................................21 Offshore Systems .......................................................................................................................21 Onshore Systems ........................................................................................................................21 Environmental and Economic Challenges ..........................................................................21 Tidal and Ocean Current Power...............................................................................21 Types of Tidal Power Systems ...........................................................................................21 Barrage or Dam ......................................................................................................................... 22 Tidal Turbine .............................................................................................................................. 22 Hydrofoil or Hydroplane .............................................................................................................. 22 Tidal Fence ................................................................................................................................ 22 Environmental and Economic Challenges ..........................................................................22 Ocean
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