Africa's Cities | Opening Doors to the World
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Africa’s Cities Opening Doors to the World Somik Vinay Lall J. Vernon Henderson Anthony J. Venables With Juliana Aguilar, Ana Aguilera, Sarah Antos, Paolo Avner, Olivia D’Aoust, Chyi-Yun Huang, Patricia Jones, Nancy Lozano Gracia, and Shohei Nakamura. 1 211044_TextAppFile.indd 1 17/03/17 4:47 PM Africa’s Cities | Opening Doors to the World All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Open to the World Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. Crowded This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. Disconnected The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions Costly This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution — Please cite the work as follows: Lall, Somik Vinay, J. Vernon Henderson, and Anthony J. Venables. 2017. “Africa’s Cities: Opening Doors to the World.” World Bank, Washington, DC. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 Closed for Business Translations — If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Urban Planning ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1044-2 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1045-9 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1044-2 Design and production by Zephyr www.wearezephyr.com Infrastructure 2 211044_TextAppFile.indd 2 17/03/17 4:47 PM Africa’s Cities | Opening Doors to the World Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................7 Overview Africa’s Cities: Part I Crowded and Opening Doors to the World Disconnected African Cities Chapter 1 Page 37 Crowded with people, not dense with capital The low development trap — Africa’s urban Crowded with people.....................................................38 economies are limited to nontradable goods and Slums: Workers’ only option when urban services ............................................................................ 12 economic density is low but highly concentrated ...................................................................38 Crowded, disconnected, and thus costly — Africa’s High population density at the city’s core, cities are limited to nontradables by urban form .....16 rapid tapering on the outskirts ................................41 Crowded cities ............................................................. 16 Disconnected cities .................................................... 19 Not dense with capital ...................................................41 Costly cities ..................................................................22 Not dense with buildings ...........................................44 Not dense with amenities, not livable .....................45 Closed for business, out of service: Case studies: Access to amenities in Dar es The urgency of a new urban development Salaam, Durban, and elsewhere in Africa ...............50 path for Africa .................................................................26 Cities are “closed for business” ................................26 Low human capital .........................................................56 Cities are “out of service” ..........................................26 References ....................................................................... 61 Path dependence and interdependence .................27 Springing cities from the low development trap .......28 Formalize land markets, clarify property rights, and institute effective Chapter 2 Page 63 urban planning ............................................................28 Disconnected land, Make early and coordinated infrastructure people and jobs investments — allowing for interdependence among sites, structures, and basic services ...........29 Disconnected land .........................................................64 Opening the doors .........................................................30 Collections of small and fragmented neighborhoods ............................................................64 Annex: African cities used in the analysis ..................32 Spatial fragmentation ................................................65 References .......................................................................34 People not connected to people: High fragmentation, low exposure, little potential for interaction .......................................69 People not connected to jobs .......................................71 Lack of transportation infrastructure .....................71 Lack of money for transportation ............................ 74 Inaccessible employment ..........................................79 References .......................................................................83 3 211044_TextAppFile.indd 3 17/03/17 4:47 PM Africa’s Cities | Opening Doors to the World Urban planning institutions and land Part II Africa’s Low Urban use regulation ...............................................................131 Development Trap Strengthening capacity and resources for urban planning ..........................................................132 Addressing coordination constraints across Chapter 3 Page 87 levels of government ................................................132 Costly for households, Urban regulations ........................................................133 costly for firms Streamlining administrative procedures ..............133 Relaxing planning standards ..................................133 High prices, low incomes...............................................88 To build cities that work, make land markets High wages, high costs of doing business ..................96 work — nothing less will do ........................................136 References .......................................................................99 References .....................................................................137 Chapter 4 Page 101 Chapter 6 Page 139 Africa’s urban Scaling up and coordinating development trap investments in physical structures and infrastructure Cities closed for business............................................102 The “nontradables trap”: Theory ............................102 Investing early in infrastructure to shape The “nontradables trap”: Evidence ........................105 urban structures ..........................................................140 Sunk costs, construction, and the Leveraging road investment .......................................143 expectations trap ......................................................... 112 Bus rapid transit: One option among many .........143 Integrated urban planning, regulation, References ..................................................................... 114 and transportation investments ............................145 Roads, densification, and land use change in four East African cities .............................................148 Part III Springing Africa from Its Citywide economic benefits of road Low Urban Development Trap improvements in Kampala ......................................150 Provide public goods and services for livability ...... 151 Chapter 5 Page 117 Finance for lumpy urban infrastructure investments...................................................................155 Clarifying property rights and strengthening urban planning References .....................................................................158 Why African cities fail to attract investment: An urban planner’s perspective ................................. 118 Capital misallocation ................................................ 118 About the contributors Institutional constraints .......................................... 118