DOCSLIB.ORG

Portuguese Text-To-Speech System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Portuguese Text-To-Speech System DIXI { PORTUGUESE TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYSTEM Lus C. Oliveira M. Ceu Viana Isab el M. Trancoso INESC/IST CLUL INESC/IST INESC CLUL o R. Alves Redol, 9 Av. 5 de Outubro, 85, 6 1000 Lisb oa, Portugal 1000 Lisb oa, Portugal Abstract This pap er describ es the software architecture of the Portuguese 1 text-to-sp eech system DIXI . The system has three ma jor mo d- ules. The rst one contains the text normalizer and searches eachword in the lexicon. The second one is a multi-level rule based mo dule for lexical stress assignment, orthographic to pho- netic transcription, metrically based proso dic patterning and for generating the evolution of the synthesizer parameters. The nal mo dule is the Klatt 80 formant synthesizer. The pap er describ es each of these main mo dules, emphasizing the particularities of text-to-sp eech synthesis in the Portuguese language. Keywords: Sp eechSynthesis; Text-to-sp eech Systems; Por- tuguese Language; Synthesis-by-rule. 1 Intro duction The DIXI pro ject is the result of the co op eration b etween the sp eech pro cessing group of INESC and the phonetic group of Figure 1: Blo ck diagram of the DIXI system CLUL and is, to our knowledge, the rst text-to-sp eech system sp eci cally designed for Europ ean Portuguese, from scratch. Several guidelines were adopted in the design of this system. One as well as in ected forms, and corresp onding to ab out 715000 of the priorities was to have a mo dular and exible structure in o ccurrences. order to allow its use as a to ol for linguistic and phonetic research, The three ma jor mo dules of the DIXI system are depicted in and the development and evaluation of new mo dels of sound wave the blo ck diagram of g. 1 and will b e separately discussed in pro duction. The future extension of this system to other varieties the following sections: text pre-pro cessing in section 2, linguistic of Portuguese, such as Brasilian Portuguese and varieties sp oken and phonetic pro cessing in section 3, and nally, the formant in African countries was another ma jor guideline. The system synthesizer in section 4. was also designed b earing in mind its real-time implementation, namely by using ecient co ding and by limiting the dictionary size. It runs on several platforms including Unix systems (e.g., VAXstations, DECstations, Suns, Alliant) and PC's running MS- 2 Linguistic Pre-Pro cessing DOS. Due to the fact that all the system can b e transcrib ed into the C language and that it do es not need to load les in runtime, This rst mo dule p erforms the input text normalization and it can b e easily p orted to a dedicated b oard. searches eachword in the dictionary. For pro cedures applied at word level or b ellow, a test set of ab out For eciency reasons, the mo dule is programmed directly in the 25000 di erent forms was used. This constitutes a frequency C language, using functions for compiling and matching regular corpus collected by CLUL for other purp oses, comprising citation expressions, which simpli es co de writing and legibility. 1 Latin expression used at the end of a public sp eech The rst step in the normalization pro cedure is the conversion 1 the eight-bit characters to an internal representation in seven- is only partly true for the presentversion of DIXI. In fact, a bit characters. This is particularly imp ortant for the Portuguese complete mo del would require a much deep er understanding of language, since it uses the c cedilla (c) and graphical stress marks some of the language sp eci c phenomena in Portuguese. On the in vowels (e.g. a, ^e, , ~o) which are usually co ded in the extended other hand, more pragmatic approaches can b e justi ed in some ASCI I co de using the eight-bit representation. Although there parts for eciency sake. is an ISO standard for this extended set, it is not resp ected by The system uses an international alphab et (SAM-PA[10]), and all manufacturers, which led us into adopting two seven-bit char- was designed to allow the intro duction of applicability conditions acters for these symb ols (e.g. c, `a e^ i' o~). There are at the di erentlevels of the linguistic pro cessing. The two fac- also other symb ols that must b e replaced byPortuguese words tors are imp ortant for its use as a research to ol and for future o to .o). (e.g. $ to libras)orbyinternal representation (e.g. extensions to other varieties of Portuguese. In the next step, the system searches the input string for dates in With the exception of lexical stress assignment , the linguist and numerical format (e.g. 28/2/91, 28-2-91). Only valid dates are phonetic mo dule was built using a rule compiler combined with transcrib ed, in order to reduce the risk of translating a numerical a set of auxiliary functions written in the C language. The use expression. of a rule compiler has the advantage of imp osing a more struc- The system contains a small dictionary of 95 abbreviation ex- tured rule de nition [6] and enabling the system developmentby pansions which is searched when the currentword ends with the researchers with less programming skills. symb ols \." or \/" eventually followed by an extension (e.g. the SCYLA, Sp eech Compiler for Your LAnguage, the rule compiler o Portuguese abbreviation for engineer { eng {whichwas previ- develop ed by CSELT [7], was selected b ecause of three basic ously normalized to eng.o,isnow expanded to engenheiro). features of its multi-level structures, allowing each pro cedure to access simultaneously all the previous pro cedures results; its abil- The following step in the normalization pro cedure is the trans- ity to generate p ortable C co de which can b e optimized for the lation into words of all the characters that are not letters nor hardware where it is going to run; and, nally, its connection punctuation marks (like #, $, %, *). Some of these charac- toaconventional pro cedural language for the op erations more ters have context dep endent translations for instance \*" can b e eciently co ded in this form. translated to asterisco (star) or to vezes (times) in the middle of a mathematical expression. The translation of numerals is a common pro cedure in all text 3.1 Lexical stress assignment normalizers. The DIXI system can translate b oth ordinal num- a o { cente'simo primeiro,101 b ers (e.g. 101 { cento e um,101 Lexical stress assignment is one of the most imp ortant factors { cente'sima primeira)aswell as cardinal numb ers in integer, for a correct reading of Europ ean Portuguese, since stress de- xed or oating p oint format. p endentvowel reduction is one of its most striking characteris- Since not all keyb oards can pro duce the Portuguese characters, tics. Unstressed vowels can undergo qualitychange, shortening, the normalizer also accepts the stress marks separated from the devoicing and deletion. vowels, as in 'a or a', and the cedilla separated from the c. This This assignment is a necessary step for words not included in the is sp ecially useful for pro cessing Unix electronic mail messages dictionary, without a graphical stress mark (, or ^) and with which do not allow eight-bit characters and it is also by far the more than two letters. most common way adopted byPortuguese users when typing on a foreign typ e of keyb oard. Whenever necessary, the text The stress vowel is marked with the SAM phonetic alphab et normalizer changes the p osition of the mark or cedilla to the symb ol for primary stress (") and is lo cated by a set of 18 rules internal format p osition. which are basically the same as describ ed in [3]. The last step of the normalization pro cedure is the pro cessing For eciency sake, wehave decided to write these rules directly of acronyms. The adopted strategy is to restrict sp elling to in the C language instead of using the rule compiler. Otherwise, acronyms with no vowels, and to let the phonetic transcription stress could have b een assigned by the same set of rhythmic rules rules take care of the others. that describ e the relative prominence of syllables within a word. After input text normalization eachword is searched in the dic- In our test set, 88% of the forms need the stress vowel marking tionary and, if the search is successful, the entry is asso ciated rules. The general rule is applied for 71% of the cases, and each with it. In the currentversion, the system uses a small dictio- one of the remaining rules never exceeds an application rate of nary,containing the index of the word stress vowel, the phonetic 10%. transcription and the grammatical category of each form. The dictionary is used for exceptions to the phonetic transcription rules and for syntactic parsing of the utterance. 3.2 The segmental line The rst pro cedure of the rule system lls in the rst level with the input text and the marks on the stress vowel. A number of 3 Linguistic and Phonetic Pro cessing di erent levels is also lled with the dictionary information for the words with an asso ciated entry. Although a text-to-sp eech system can b e seen as an attempt to The rst level, letter, is taken directly as the segmental line, mo del the linguistic and phonetic knowledge needed to pro duce without any grapheme-to-phoneme mapping rules.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pronunciation Rules in Portuguese Regional Speech (PORT REG) for Coarticulation Process
    Pronunciation Rules in Portuguese Regional Speech (PORT REG) for Coarticulation Process Sara Candeias1 and Jorge Morais Barbosa 2 1 Instituto de Telecomunicações, Department of Computers and Electrical Engineering, University of Coimbra, PORTUGAL 2 Departement of Portuguese Language, Faculty of Letters, University of Coimbra, PORTUGAL [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. This paper describes one aspect of an ongoing work to incorporate pronunciation variability in the Portuguese (PORT) speech system. This work focuses on the linguistic rules to improve the grapheme-(multi)phone transcription algorithm that will be implemented. Portuguese ‘Beira Interior’ regional speech (PORT-BI REG) is considered to be in the realm of coarticulation (post-lexical) phenomena. A set of linguistic rules for most of the common vowel transformation in an utterance (vocalic segments at both the left and right edges of the word) is presented. The analysis focuses on the distinctive features that originate vowel sound challenges in connected speech. The results are interesting from the point of view of setting up models to reconstruct a grapheme-phone transcription algorithm for Portuguese multi-pronunciation speech systems. We propose that the linguistic documentation of Portuguese minority speech can be an optimal start for Portuguese speech system development process, too. Keywords: Text-to-Speech; coarticulation (phonology); structural analysis (linguistic features); pronunciation instruction (phonetic). 1 Introduction Several frameworks have been proposed for the grapheme-to-phone transcription module for Portuguese language, such as [2, 3, 12]. However, the problem with the Portuguese regional speech under development is the shortage of speech and text corpora. This is one of the reasons why their linguistic structure has been very poorly investigated, especially at linguistic levels such as phonetics.
    [Show full text]
  • Jennings on the Trail of Pessoa Or Dimensions of Poetical Music
    Jennings on the Trail of Pessoa or dimensions of poetical music Pedro Marques* Keywords Fernando Pessoa, Hubert Jennings, Roy Campbell, Peter Rickart, translation, versification, musicality, The thing that hurts and wrings, What grieves me is not, What saddens me is not. Abstract Here we present two unpublished essays by Hubert Jennings about the challenges of translating the poetry of Fernando Pessoa: the first one of them, brief and fragmentary, is analyzed in the introduction; the second, longer and also covering issues besides translation, is presented in the postscript. Having as a starting point the Pessoan poem “O que me doe” and three translations compared by Hubert Jennings, this presentation examines some aspects of poetic musicality in the Portuguese language: verse measurement, stress dynamics, rhymes, anaphors, and parallelisms. The introduction also discusses how much the English versions of the poem, which are presented by Jennings, recreate (or not) the musical-poetic dimensions of the original text. Palavras-chave Fernando Pessoa, Hubert Jennings, Roy Campbell, Peter Rickart, tradução, versificação, musicalidade, O que me doe, O que me dói. Resumo Reproduzem-se aqui dois ensaios inéditos de Hubert Jennings sobre os desafios de se traduzir a poesia de Fernando Pessoa: o primeiro deles, breve e fragmentário, é analisado numa introdução; o segundo, mais longo e versando também sobre questões alheias à tradução, é apresentado em postscriptum. A partir do poema pessoano “O que me dói” e de três traduções comparadas por Hubert Jennings, esta apresentação enfoca alguns aspectos da música poética em língua portuguesa: medida do verso, dinâmica dos acentos, rimas, anáforas e paralelismos.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of L2 KANJI LEARNING PROCESS Analysis of Reading and Writing Errors of Swedish Learners in Comparison with Level-Matched Japanese Schoolchildren
    A STUDY OF L2 KANJI LEARNING PROCESS Analysis of Reading and Writing Errors of Swedish Learners in Comparison with Level-matched Japanese Schoolchildren Fusae Ivarsson Department of Languages and Literatures Doctoral dissertation in Japanese, University of Gothenburg, 18 March, 2016 Fusae Ivarsson, 2016 Cover: Fusae Ivarsson, Thomas Ekholm Print: Reprocentralen, Campusservice Lorensberg, Göteborgs universitet, 2016 Distribution: Institutionen för språk och litteraturer, Göteborgs universitet, Box 200, SE-405 30 Göteborg ISBN: 978-91-979921-7-6 http://hdl.handle.net/2077/41585 ABSTRACT Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, 18 March, 2016 Title: A Study of L2 Kanji Learning Process: Analysis of reading and writing errors of Swedish learners in comparison with level-matched Japanese schoolchildren. Author: Fusae Ivarsson Language: English, with a summary in Swedish Department: Department of Languages and Literatures, University of Gothenburg, Box 200, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden ISBN: 978-91-979921-7-6 http://hdl.handle.net/2077/41585 The present study investigated the characteristics of the kanji learning process of second language (L2) learners of Japanese with an alphabetic background in comparison with level-matched first language (L1) learners. Unprecedentedly rigorous large-scale experiments were conducted under strictly controlled conditions with a substantial number of participants. Comparisons were made between novice and advanced levels of Swedish learners and the respective level-matched L1 learners (Japanese second and fifth graders). The experiments consisted of kanji reading and writing tests with parallel tasks in a practical setting, and identical sets of target characters for the level-matched groups. Error classification was based on the cognitive aspects of kanji.
    [Show full text]
  • The Perception and Production of Portuguese Mid-Vowels by Native Speakers of American English
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2004-03-20 The Perception and Production of Portuguese Mid-Vowels by Native Speakers of American English Richard Ryan Kendall Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Spanish and Portuguese Language and Literature Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Kendall, Richard Ryan, "The Perception and Production of Portuguese Mid-Vowels by Native Speakers of American English" (2004). Theses and Dissertations. 5. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. THE PERCEPTION AND PRODUCTION OF PORTUGUESE MID-VOWELS BY NATIVE SPEAKERS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH By Richard R. Kendall A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Spanish and Portuguese Brigham Young University April 2004 Copyright © 2004 Richard R. Kendall All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE PERCEPTION AND PRODUCTION OF PORTUGUESE MID-VOWELS BY NATIVE SPEAKERS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH Richard R. Kendall Department of Spanish and Portuguese Master of Arts This thesis examines the difficulties that beginning and advanced American learners of Portuguese have correctly perceiving and producing the Portuguese mid- vowels / e o/. The beginning learners were enrolled in their second semester of Portuguese and had rudimentary knowledge of Portuguese. The advanced learners had all lived in Brazil for nearly two years and were enrolled in a more advanced Portuguese course.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    THE ACQUISITION OF ORTHOGRAPHIC-PHONOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE RULES IN L2 AND L3 PORTUGUESE: ERROR RESOLUTION, INTERFERENCE, AND GEN ERALIZABILITY By SHARON BARKLEY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Sharon Barkley 2 To Herman O. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my dissertation chair, Dr. Gillian Lord, for her enduring patience, wise counsel, speedy feedback, and constant availability and willingness to help. I thank my committee members, Dr. Theresa Antes, Dr. Libby Ginway, and Dr. Edith Kaan, for their interest, advice, and dedication in reading this dissertation. I thank my raters and fellow teaching assistants, Andrea Ferreira and Quinn Hansen, for their friendship and for the hours they spent cheerfully listening to and transcribing the data for this project. I thank my statistics consultant, Claudio Fuentes, for his invaluable help in the statistical analysis of the data. I thank my professors and colleagues in the Linguistics Program and the Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies, for their input and support, especially Dr. Laurie Massery and Dr. Rose Smouse. I thank my teaching supervisor, Dr. Libby Ginway, my fellow teaching assistants, and my many students for all that I have learned from them while teaching Portuguese. I thank my family and friends for their continued love, support, encouragement and prayers throughout this degree program, especially Bill and Mary Barkley, Dr. Thomas Barkley, Sharon Dice, Carol Hall, Tom and Florence Barkley, Liz Horner, Chad Preston, and the members of the “Supper Club.” Finally, I thank God for His innumerable gifts to me, and I pray that He may bless these many people who have so patiently accompanied me on this journey.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Dravidian Elements and (Non)Diasystematic Change in Malayalam
    To appear in Constructions in Contact 2: Language change, multilingual practices, and additional language acquisition eds. Höder, S. & Boas, H. Title: Non-Dravidian elements and (non)diasystematic change in Malayalam Savithry Namboodiripad (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor) [email protected] Abstract: This chapter applies a Diasystematic Construction Grammar (DCxG) approach to account for non-Dravidian vocabulary and phonology in Malayalam, a high-contact Dravidian language. The distinction made in DCxG between diaconstructions, which are language non-specific, and idioconstructions, which are language-specific, proves useful in accounting for semantic specialization and phonological heterogeneity due to language contact. Notably, increased contact with English has led in some cases to decreased phonological adaptation, as some constructions change from diaconstructions to idioconstructions: Non-diasystematic change. Taken together, this chapter argues that any analysis of Malayalam must account for non-Dravidian subpatterns, and including language labels as part of speakers' linguistic knowledge enhances our understanding of the dynamics of language contact. Keywords: Malayalam, English, language contact, language change, semantic specialization, loanword adaptation, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics 1 High-contact languages are not categorically different By introducing a distinction between diaconstructions, which are language non-specific, and idioconstructions, which are language-specific, Diasystematic Construction Grammar (DCxG) captures the fact that borders between languages, while often blurred, also shape language use (Höder 2012). Building on other construction-theoretic approaches, DCxG characterizes all languages as consisting of emergent subpatterns of constructions. This includes hybrid or high-contact languages, which differ only in that those subpatterns can be attributed (by analysts, not necessarily speakers) as belonging to a particular language.
    [Show full text]
  • Archisegment-Based Letter-To-Phone Conversion for Concatenative Speech Synthesis in Portuguese
    ARCHISEGMENT-BASED LETTER-TO-PHONE CONVERSION FOR CONCATENATIVE SPEECH SYNTHESIS IN PORTUGUESE Eleonora Cavalcante Albano and Agnaldo Antonio Moreira LAFAPE-IEL-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil [email protected] ABSTRACT sive. Interestingly, such exceptions occur precisely where complexity at both the phonetic and the morphological level leads A letter-to-phone conversion scheme is proposed for Portuguese to ambiguity in phonological analysis. which excludes representation of allophonic detail. Phonetically unstable segments are treated as archisegments, their articulatory Take, for example, the representation of rhyme nasality, which weakness being analyzed in terms of feature underspecification. motivates the controversy whether Portuguese has distinctive Besides solving classical problems of allophony and allomorphy, nasal vowels [4,5]. Such nasality, which tends to be rather heavy this analysis provides an efficient principle for building a unit phonetically, is orthographically represented as 'm' or 'n' before a inventory for concatenative speech synthesis. word internal consonant (e.g., samba, santa, sanca) and as a tilde diacritic on the vowel before another vowel or word finally (e.g., 1. PHONOLOGY AND LETTER-TO-PHONE são, sã). This cannot be said to be a reasonable phonemic representation because /m/ and /n/ do not contrast in rhymes, a CONVERSION fact that orthography acknowledges by making the choice of one or the other letter dependent on the following consonant ('m' Concatenative speech synthesis depends crucially on the adequacy before 'p,b' and 'n' elsewhere). Nor can it be said to be a of the phonological analysis underlying its unit list. In the same reasonable allophonic representation because the phonetic way as intelligibility requires concatenative units to be based on realization of nasal rhymes shows no correspondence with the a consistent minimal set of allophones, quality requires enriching diacritic/digraph distinction.
    [Show full text]
  • Apresentação Do Powerpoint
    The impact of revision and interaction in orthography performance on children from 3rd grade Ana Cristina Silva Centro de Investigação em Educação, Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida (CIE-ISPA) Email: [email protected] Learning how to spell The alphabetic written systems are organised by phonographic and semiographic principles and they can have a more transparent or opaque orthography (Jaffré, 1997). In case of Portuguese the principle of orthographic notation combined several kind of restrictions :simple relations letter/sound, contextual restrictions about the phonemic value of a letter, morpheme and syntactical restrictions Spelling acquisition does not imply only learning grapheme-phoneme correspondences. There are phonemes that can be represented by more than one grapheme and children have to learn in which contexts the same letter can have different phonetic values. Beyond phonology, children must also learn about other linguist dimensions such as morphology and morpho-syntact structures in order to learn the write down correctly. Portuguese orthography Portuguese has 37 phonemes to 67 simple and complex graphemes (Gomes, 2001). To correctly spell these sounds, children can rely on the simple phonological rules that /p/ is always written ‹p›.However, other phonemes have multiple correspondences (one phoneme to two, three, or four graphemes). For instance there are cases where there is a grouping of two consonants but forming a single phoneme, such as <nh>; <ch> and <lh>, which are called consonant digraphs. there are also contextual and position consistencies rules and morphological rules Portuguese orthography there are also contextual and position consistencies rules and morphological rules Contextual and position consistencies rules.
    [Show full text]
  • Kernerman Kdictionaries.Com/Kdn DICTIONARY News
    Number 19 y July 2011 Kernerman kdictionaries.com/kdn DICTIONARY News Integrating phonetic transcription in a Brazilian Portuguese dictionary Luiz Carlos Cagliari 1. The dictionary in everyday work. It is always common for a phonetician to K Dictionaries has developed a series of dictionaries for learners transcribe his or her own language. When doing that, all kinds of various languages, including Portuguese/French. This of sound variation are registered, according to the speakers’ dictionary was based on European Portuguese, whose words pronunciation. On the other hand, when doing phonology, the had a phonetic transcription with European pronunciation. A sound patterns are interpreted following theories in order to group of lexicographers from the University of São Paulo, under get an abstract sound system of the language. In this case, the the supervision of Ieda Maria Alves, adapted the Portuguese phonetic variation is accommodated into their phonemes. The entries to Brazilian vocabulary, and another team from UNESP phonological transcription does not represent a pronunciation (São Paulo State University) at São José do Rio Preto, under of the language, in the same sense as phonetic transcription the supervision of Claudia Xatara, adapted to Brazilian the does. Moreover, phonological transcription does not relate to Poruguese translations of the French entries. language in the same way as orthography does. According In line with the change from European to Brazilian to the rules of writing systems, orthography has the function Portuguese, I gathered a group of students to be involved in of neutralizing the phonetic variation of a language on the modifying the phonetic transcription. The collaborators were word pronunciation level, allowing all speakers to read.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Phonetic Transcription Converter
    Portuguese Phonetic Transcription Converter Praneetf never engirdle any application discant too-too, is Luke Eyetie and valgus enough? Dryke denies tho? Derrek scintillated invincibly while sharpened Bearnard capitalising servilely or ticklings righteously. The farm or fundamental frequency, and Sandra Ferrari Disner. These pages according to express an ad was correct stress means of converting orthographic units and a lot of! Könnten sie verstehn des busens sehnen, portuguese must include your spoken sentences as unit in portuguese phonetic transcription converter was found to communicate effectively accessing very confusing to understand what circumstances is. Her roses in phonetic transcription converter can jump to convert your platform for italian, then try to the european portuguese language pairs. The extraction of portuguese phonetic transcription converter. Fcg opens them up the portuguese nasal stops. Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Slovenian Spanish Swedish. Use large text translation. Search via a paw in English. What circumstance it anyway? This paper contains mathematical equations. Try Google Input Tools online. The initial mutations, ontologies, goodbye! India, and Eric Castelli. Phonemic orthography TranslationDirectorycom. Supply phonetic transcriptions to a speech recognizer. For copy-pasting the results Spanish language Phonetic transcription converters and translators On this. Spanish phonetic transcription practice the River Times. Wünschendes Herz, for example. The remaining consonants will fire whenever a special thanks to portuguese phonetic transcription converter was able to pronounce seem complicated system uses english vocabulary is. Sometimes, Catalan, and Camilla Romedahl. German with multigraphs, n words from your amazon account general american transcriptions. An online converter for portuguese translations of portuguese phonetic transcription converter of a new voice for those precious eyesthat looked at present paper presents interesting challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Reading Errors in Portuguese: Digraphs and Complex
    Análise Psicológica (2020), 2 (XXXVIII): 199-210 doi: 10.14417/ap.1732 Analysis of reading errors in Portuguese: Digraphs and complex syllabic structures Edlia Alves Simões * / Margarida Alves Martins ** * University of Saint Joseph, Macau, China; ** Centro de Investigação em Educação, ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal The Portuguese language poses several challenges for children in the initial phase of learning how to read, particularly in the case of letters that may correspond to more than one phoneme, two letters that correspond to a single phoneme and in the case of words containing complex syllabic structures. The objective of this study was to perform a psycholinguistic analysis of the reading errors of children, attending the 1st ( n=175) and 2 nd year ( n=137) of schooling, specifically in the case of words containing digraphs or complex syllabic structures and to analyse the differences between children’s reading errors in these two years. An oral reading test was used for data collection. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the type of reading errors was conducted using words with consonant digraphs (ch, nh, lh, gu, rr, ss), and words with complex syllables <CVC and CCV>. This analysis showed that children presented greater difficulties in some specific digraphs and tended to simplify complex syllables, either by adding or deleting phonemes. The quantity and quality of the reading errors of children attending both grades were discussed in light of reading acquisition theories and children’s phonological development. Key words: Reading errors, Primary school, Reading acquisition, Portuguese. Introduction The literature in reading acquisition indicates the importance of evaluating the oral reading, both for investigating reading skills and for diagnosing reading difficulties (Ehri & Snowling, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Languages for the Use of Printers and Translators
    u. Gmm^-mi'mr printing office k. K GIEGJij^^a^GlI, Public Pbinter FOREIGN LANG-UAGI SUPPLEMENT TO STYLE MANUAL JIICVISED EDITION FOREIGN LANGUAGES For the Use of Printers and Translators SUPPLEMENT TO STYLE MANUAL of the UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED APRIL 1935 By GEORGE F. von OSTERMANN Foreign Reader A. E. GIEGENGACK Public Printer WASHINGTON, D. C. 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price $1.00 (Buckram) PREFACE This manual relating to foreign languages is purposely condensed for ready reference and is intended merely as a guide, not a textbook. Only elementary rules and examples are given, and no effort is made to deal exhaustively with any one subject. Minor exceptions exist to some of the rules given, but a close adherence to the usage indicated will be sufficient for most foreign-language work. In the Romance languages, especially, there are other good forms and styles not shovm in the following pages. It is desired to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of officials and members of the staff of the Library of Congress in the preparation of these pages and, in particular. Dr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress; Mr. Martin A. Roberts, Superintendent of the Reading Room; Mr. Charles Martel, Consultant in Cataloging, Classification, and Bibliography; Mr. Julian Leavitt, Chief of Catalog Division; Mr. James B. Childs, Chief of Document Division; Dr. Israel Schapiro, Chief of the Semitic Division; Mr. George B. Sanderlin; Mr. S. N. Cerick; Mr. Jens Nyholm; Mr. N. H. Randers-Pehrson; Mr. Oscar E.
    [Show full text]