A Comparative Linguistic and Cultural Study of Lexical Influences on Konkani co p'*■,-. • ■•■ THESIS SUBMITTED To GOA UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF 43 4%#4 Doctor of ThiCosophy 7- 34$ in English kAlir> ccrrykj_41(Ae\Ac Cv\ (fi\i trl\l+e-(1 By 4 MADHAVI SARDESAI M.A., M.Phil. Under the guidance of DR. ANAND B. PATIL (Research Guide) Reader in English (Retd.) Goa University. DR. (MRS.) KIRAN BUDKULEY (Research Co-guide) - Head Reader in English ent of LoglIst1 Goa University. Dega UNIVERST\I a/c ti4 14"( MAY 2006 gy--)z -6 r\AA °I- 4Ar\t,6 J„„ F • -1)10 4 Faculty of I inivPrs'itv DECLARATION As required under the Goa University Ordinance OB 9.9 (ii), I, Madhavi Sardesai, hereby declare that the Thesis titled 'A Comparative Linguistic and Cultural Study of Lexical Influences on Konkani' is the outcome of my own research undertaken under the joint supervision of Dr. Anand B. Patil, Reader in English (Retd.), Goa University, and Dr. (Mrs.) Kiran Budkuley, Reader in English, Goa University, in an attempt to find new insights into the chosen area of study. All the bibliographic, critical and biographical sources used in the course of this work have been duly acknowledged in the Thesis. This work has not previously formed the basis of any award of Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar titles to me. crIA.t .41\1 \ / Date: May 8, 2006 MADHAVI SARDESAI CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis titled A Comparative Linguistic and Cultural Study of Lexical Influences on Konkani submitted by Madhavi Sardesai for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English of Goa University is completed under our joint supervision. The thesis is a record of the research work done by her during the period of study, and no part of it has previously formed the basis for the award of any degree or diploma to her. Dr. Anand B.Patil Dr. (Mrs.) Kiran J. Budkuley (Research Guide) (Research Co-guide) Reader in English (Retd.) Reader in English Goa University Goa University On the day of his 151st birth anniversary, to the memory of Mgr. Sebastia-o Rodolpho Dalgado . (1855-1922) who pioneered the research of influences on Konkani language, and who has been and will continue to be an inspiration for Konkani scholarship. A CKNO WLED GEMENTS This humble work is the outcome of a long period of involvement with issues concerning Konkani language so close to the heart that, at times a dispassionate study seemed almost painfully impossible. The study now stands wound up in a Thesis. But there are several loose ends, presently difficult to tie up, with invitations for future research ventures. However, at this point of 'arrival', I am filled with immense gratitude for all those who have made this Thesis possible. First and foremost, I feel deep indebtedness to my uncle, Mr. Ravindra Kelekar who helped me discover 'value' in Konkani, and showed me the avenues of linguistics. All throughout the period of the present sudy he has been my constant interlocutor. My sincere thanks are due to Prof. Anand Patil for his valuable suggestions, particularly on the Chapter on influences on literary Konkani, a chapter that was not in my original plan of work. It was Prof. Patil who steered the course of my research towards literature. I feel deep gratitude towards Dr. (Mrs.) Kiran Budkuley who went out of her way to help me complete the Thesis in time. Her critical analysis and questions raised by her made me aware of moments of undue haste and temptations to conclude one way or the other. I have to say that I have learnt quite a few valuable things from her 'ways of seeing', and shall always remain indebted to her for the same. I am grateful to Prof. Ashok Kelkar from whom I received initiations into Linguistics at the Deccan College, Pune. Prof Kelkar went through the first draft of my 'Typology of Konkani Loans' and gave his invaluable critical feedback. Prof N. Jayaram, the former Head of our Department of Sociology, brought my ramblings on Konkani Kinship terminology on the appropriate theoretical track. My thanks are due to him. I am also grateful to Dr. Alexander Henn of the South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, and Dr. Rosa Maria Perez of 'Institut° de Ciencias do Trabalho e de Empresa', Lisbon who have helped the research by way of raising critical querries and making useful suggestions. I sincerely thank Prof. Probal Dasgupta of the University of Hyderabad for his suggestions on the plan of the Thesis. And then there are others who willingly helped me by way of providing the necessary reference material needed for research. I am extremely grateful to them - Fr. Jaime Couto, Mr. S. M Borges, Mr. Uday Bhembre, Dr. Matthew Almeida, Dr. Pratap Naik, Dr. Balkrishna Kanolkar, Bro. Alex Carvalho. Mr. Suresh Borkar allowed me to go through his unpublished manuscripts of the translations of the Introductions to Mgr. Dalgado's dictionaries. I am indeed grateful to him. I must thank Dr. Chandralekha D'Souza, Head, Department of Konkani where I belong, for all her help extended especially towards the end of the research period and also for her caring concern. Hereby I also acknowledge the help and warmth extended by my other colleagues, Ms. Priyadarshini Tadkodkar and Mr. Prakash Parienkar. Their good wishes have indeed been a support. Special thanks are due to Mr. Gunaji Desai with whom I have shared my anxieties during the period of winding up the writing of the Thesis. He has gone out of his way to help me. My colleagues in the Dept. of English - Dr. K.S. Bhat, Dr. Anita Vashistha, Dr. N:na Caldeira and Dr. Rafael Fernandes, too have always been very supportive and helpful. I thank each one of them. Then there are my .students. How could I forget them? Many of the concerns of the present research have taken shape in the course of classroom interactions with my students. My thanks are due to all of them. I also thank the staff of the Goa University Library and the Faculty of Languages for all their help. Last, but not the least, there are friends and the close relatives. It is indeed a long list, and I must say, I have been very lucky on this front. Without the love, constant care, encouragement and support of my friends and close relations, this Thesis would not have seen the light of the day. I have them all vividly in my mind at this moment and take the liberty to thank them with all my heart, without naming them individually. I am sure they will understand this. - Madhavi Sardesai CONTENTS CHAPTER - ONE. 1 .1 Theoretical Preliminaries 1.2 Locating Konkani in the Indo-Aryan 1 .3 A brief note on history that produced the present state of Goa 1.4 Konkani: a Site of Variation 1.5 Konkani : a Site of Contact 1.6 General layout of the dissertation 1.7 Review of Previous Work Done 1.8 Theoretical preliminaries 1.9 Borrowing: A Discussion 1 . 10Borrowing and Code Switching 1.11 Conclusion Notes and References CHAPTER - TWO KONKANI LANGUAGE : DIGLOSSIA AND EMERGENCE OF LITERATURE 40-99 2.1 Diglossia 2.1.1 Diglossia: The Classical Version 2.1.2 Extended Diglossia 2.2 Diglossia in the Goan Konkani Speech Community : Yesterday 2.3 Changing Trends in the Diglossic community : The Konkani Movement 2.4 Diglossia : Today 2.5 Konkani Literature Before the Portuguese Conquest of Goa 2.6 A Stylistic Scrutiny of Konkani Manuscripts of the Sixteenth Century 2.7 Conclusion Notes and References CHAPTER-THREE LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY OF KONKANI LOANS 100-148 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Haugcn's Classification of Loans 3.3 Konkani Loans : A Classification 3.3.1 Loanwords 3.3.2 U.] in Konkani : an effect of borrowing ? 3.3.3 Loan Blends 3.3.4 Loanshifts 3.4 Hybrid Creations 3.5 Redundant Compounds 3.5.1 Redundant Compounds in Konkani 3.5.2 Concatenation of Synonymous Words in Old Konkani Literature: a Study 3.6 Conclusion Notes and References - CHAPTER - FOUR HINDU AND CHRISTIAN KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY : A COMPARATIVE STUDY 149-200 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Essentials of Kinship 4.3 Konkani Kinship Terms: A Structural Classification 4.4 European Influences on Konkani Kinship Terminology. 4.5 Konkani Kinship Terms of Indo-European Descent: an Etymological Investigation: 4.6 Conclusion Notes and References CHAPTER - FIVE. INFLUENCES ON KONKANI : A TEXTUAL APPROACH 201-273 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Position in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 5.2.1 Kannada and Perso- Arabic Influence on Konkani Texts 5.2.2 Doutrina Cristo- and Vonvallyancho Mollo: Specimen Texts 5.3 Native Literature : a New Beginning - Eduardo Jose Bruno de Souza 5.4 State of Konkani Until the Advent of Pro-native Writers 5.5 Advent of Native Voice and Vision : Shennoi. Goembab 5.6 Another Voice of Native Konkani : Joaquim Antonio Fernandes 5.7 Konkani in Post-Liberation Goa 5.8 Conclusion Notes and References CHAPTER - SIX NATIVISTIC APPROACH TO KONKANI LEXICON : A COMPARATIVE CASE-STUDY 274-309 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Shennoi Goembab's Linguistic Orientation 6.2.1 Shennoi Goembab's contribution to the Grammatical Metalanguages of Konkani 6.2.2 Terminologies of Shennoi Goembab and Tarkhadkar : A Comparison 6.2.3 Impact of Shennoi Goembab's Choices on Later Grammarians 6.2.4 Other Lexical Innovations of Shennoi Goembab 6.3 Dalgado's Classicist Orientation : an Investigation 6.3.1 Dalgado's Konkani-Portuguese Dictionary : A Study 6.3.2 Dalgado and Shennoi Goembab: A Comparison 6.4 Some observations on Shennoi Goembab's Lexical Innovations 6.5 Conclusion Notes and References CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION 310-321 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Observations and Findings vis-a-vis Diglossia and the Emergene of Konkani Literature: 7.3 Observations and Findings vis-a-vis Classifcation of Konkani Loans 7.4 Observations and Findings vis-a-vis Influences on Hindu and Christian Kinship Terminologies 7.5 Observations and Findings vis-a-vis Influences on Literary Konkani 7.6 Observations and Findings vis-a-vis Lexical Orientations of Msg.