Number 19 y July 2011 Kernerman kdictionaries.com/kdn DICTIONARY News

Integrating phonetic transcription in a Brazilian Portuguese dictionary Luiz Carlos Cagliari

1. The dictionary in everyday work. It is always common for a phonetician to K Dictionaries has developed a series of dictionaries for learners transcribe his or her own language. When doing that, all kinds of various languages, including Portuguese/French. This of sound variation are registered, according to the speakers’ dictionary was based on European Portuguese, whose words pronunciation. On the other hand, when doing phonology, the had a phonetic transcription with European pronunciation. A sound patterns are interpreted following theories in order to group of lexicographers from the University of São Paulo, under get an abstract sound system of the language. In this case, the the supervision of Ieda Maria Alves, adapted the Portuguese phonetic variation is accommodated into their phonemes. The entries to Brazilian vocabulary, and another team from UNESP phonological transcription does not represent a pronunciation (São Paulo State University) at São José do Rio Preto, under of the language, in the same sense as phonetic transcription the supervision of Claudia Xatara, adapted to Brazilian the does. Moreover, phonological transcription does not relate to Poruguese translations of the French entries. language in the same way as orthography does. According In line with the change from European to Brazilian to the rules of writing systems, orthography has the function Portuguese, I gathered a group of students to be involved in of neutralizing the phonetic variation of a language on the modifying the phonetic transcription. The collaborators were word pronunciation level, allowing all speakers to read. Patrícia Ormastroni Iagallo, Bruno Sérgio Sedenho, Priscila Consequently people read in their own dialectal variety or, if Maria Mendonça Machado, Cristiane Jussara Romanatto, they wish, using another variety, for instance, a more culturally Caroline Talge Arantes, Eliane de Oliveira Galastri and Lara or educated pronunciation. Vieira Balieiro. The first three were working on their MA Of course, a dictionary presents the orthographic form for degrees and the other four were undergraduate students at words. If it is decided to implement phonetic transcription UNESP / Campus of Araraquara. in order to help users with the pronunciation, chiefly when I started learning how to operate the XML program that was the dictionary is bilingual, then nothing is more appropriate used for this work and discussing all kinds of problems related than asking a phonetician to do the job. However, not all to the phonetic transcription. phoneticians know exactly what is demanded and expected in such a case. Certainly, a phonological transcription is 2. Problems with phonetic transcription inadequate. For the reader, spelling works better than the I have been working as a phonetician for the past three decades phonological transcription in a language like Portuguese. On and during this period I have carried out many projects, exploring the other hand, which variety should represent the language different areas of articulatory, acoustic and experimental in the dictionary? The option for educated pronunciation is a phonetics. The task of doing phonetic transcription was present good choice, but it is not clearly defined.

1 Integrating phonetic transcription in a Brazilian Portuguese dictionary y Luiz Carlos Cagliari 6 Kernerman French-Portuguese dictionary: Adapting the translation from European Portuguese to Brazilian Portuguese y Helena Sakano Fernandes and Claudia Xatara 10 Kernerman Dutch Dictionary y Truus Kruyt 12 Anthropological and linguistic fundamentals of lexicographic work y Miguel Eduardo Montoro 19 Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera (ed.). Specialised Dictionaries for Learners y Amélie Josselin-Leray 26 Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (ed.). A Way with Words: Recent Advances in Lexical Theory and © 2011 All rights reserved. Analysis. A Festschrift for Patrick Hanks y Elizabeth Knowles 28 Henri Béjoint. The Lexicography of English. From Origins to Present y Anatoly Liberman K DICTIONARIES LTD Nahum 8 Tel Aviv 63503 Israel y 31 Invitation to ASIALEX 2011 in Kyoto Ai Inoue Tel: 972-3-5468102 32 In Memorium: Shigeru Takebayashi, 1926-2011 y Hiroko Saito Fax: 972-3-5468103 [email protected] Editor y Ilan Kernerman http://kdictionaries.com ISSN 1565-4745 2

Since the definition of the dialect was We come across more detailed phonetic crucial, I started to look at dictionaries to transcriptions in bilingual dictionaries. find out what they have done in such regard. Because they transcribe all items, they must The dictionaries intended for native speakers set up the variety of the language that is being of Portuguese do not usually include used. Even in these cases, it is not always phonetic transcription. This is a pity. Only clear which is the chosen variety, because some orthoepic information would appear it is not indicated, and the transcriptions we close to the headwords when it is absolutely see are not strictly close to one dialect. An necessary. With the recent spelling reform additional problem is the use of phonetic of the Portuguese language1, words like symbols. In spite of statements indicating econômico indicate Brazilian pronunciation the use of the IPA, in practice, what we find and económico European Portuguese. But, is something adapted in a way that makes it this is not enough if we take into account painful to consult the dictionary. the difficulties users face, searching for In the Novo Dicionário Folha Webster’s the correct pronunciation. The problem Inglês/Português, Português / Inglês intensifies when the user is not a native compiled by Antônio Houaiss and Ismael Luiz Carlos Cagliari received speaker of Portuguese. Cardim (1996), all English and Portuguese his MA in Linguistics from the In the Aurélio Século XXI dictionary items have a phonetic transcription within State University of Campinas (1999), in the section Como Usar o Aurélio | | bars (which are traditionally used for (UNICAMP) in 1974 and his XXI (How to use the Dictionary), we find: morphological transcription, not for PhD from Edinburgh University “5. A ortoépia entre parênteses e em phonetics). The dictionary begins with a in Scotland in 1978. He started tipo claro, após a cabeça, esclarece a “phonemic transcription” that is, in fact, a the Phonetic Laboratory in the pronúncia, quando passível de dúvida phonetic one. After presenting all vowels, (vogal aberta ou fechada, pronúncia de consonants and diphthongs, there are Department of Linguistics at consoante ou de encontro consonantal, some notes relating to spelling forms for UNICAMP, where he taught hiato, etc.” (p. xv).2 pronunciation in the case of Portuguese. phonetics and phonology until “6. A transcrição fonética dos Nothing of the kind is said for English. It his retirement in 1997. In estrangeirismos vem logo após a says: 1991 he got his professorship cabeça, entre colchetes, e representa, “|ʒ| is a transcription for written s, z in Phonetics and Phonology no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional or x ending syllables, e.g. as, estas, (UNICAMP). He carried out (adaptado) a pronúncia aproximada da postura, atriz, exportar, expansão. The research on writing systems palavra na língua de origem. A tabela pronunciation of |ʒ| has two patterns, one at the School of Oriental and de transcrições fonéticas encontra-se na we should call old and Paulista pattern, 3 African Studies, London, in página XVI.” (p. xv). and the other, Rio-Lisboa pattern.” (p. 1988 and investigated prosody That dictionary is useless with regard vii). (Examples: Old-Paulista pattern: to phonetic transcription. It annotates velhas santas |'vɛʟas satas|; fortes garras as Senior Researcher at Oxford irrelevant cases and does not indicate the |'fωʀtɪz 'gaʀas|. Rio-Lisboa pattern: suas University in 2004. He has correct pronunciation when necessary. tias: |'suax 'tiax|; fortes garras |'fωʀtɪj been teaching and supervising The Dicionário Houaiss da língua 'gaʀax|.) MA and PhD students at portuguesa (2004) presents some details These examples show how confusing and São Paulo State University about orthoepy and phonetic transcription inaccurate those transcriptions are. (UNESP) since 2005. His (p. XIX). Like Aurélio, Houaiss uses the In this dictionary, the phonetic transcription main research interests orthoepic information for Portuguese follows the Rio-Lisboa pattern, but the include phonetics, phonology, words and presents phonetic transcription model has unacceptable transcriptions like writing systems, orthography only for foreign items. Houaiss employs the use of the same [ʀ] for Paulista |'fωʀtɪz| and literacy, and he has the International Phonetic Alphabet and Rio |'fωʀtɪj|. Obviously they do not have authored books and numerous (IPA) notation carefully in the phonetic the same pronunciation. In Paulista we have publications on these topics. In transcription, but in the orthoepic a voiced tap (or a retroflexed “r”), and in indication, the spelling notation is an Rio a voiceless velar fricative: mar ['max], recent years his research has option (using diacritics). The transcription porta ['pɔxta]. focused on writing systems comes within / / bars, which is misleading, The Michaelis Moderno Dicionário and prosody with particular since this symbol is properly used only for Inglês/Português Português/Inglês (2000) reference to intonation and phonological transcription. Although this presents the words, their syllable boundaries rhythm. Professor Cagliari is dictionary is more comprehensive in global for writing and the phonetic transcription responsible for the phonetic terms, it does not really help readers with between brackets. As usual, only the transcription of Brazilian the pronunciation of the language. primary stress is indicated, but in this case, Portuguese in the global series Other dictionaries list the phonetic the stress mark is the sign [´] placed just of K Dictionaries. symbols in use with examples. In general, before the stressed vowel (casa [k´azə]), [email protected] they are confused, incomplete and not rarely which is very unusual. mistaken. (cf. Dicionário Unesp do Português “Foreign words were transcribed by Contemporâneo, 2004). This approach using the phonetic scheme presented has the shortcoming of being nobody’s above, adapting the pronunciation as pronunciation. It pre-supposes the reader has closely as possible to the foreign model

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 a proficiency in the omitted cases. (hovercaft [r̅´ɔverkr´aft])” (p. xxi). There 3

is an advertisement about variation on In general, the transcription characterizes different dialects. the Carioca dialect but it does not conform “A word is rarely pronounced in the same strictly to the sounds, sometimes providing way everywhere in Brazil. There are a more phonological representation of the many variations, influenced mainly by sound pattern. K Dictionaries has been the region where the language is spoken This dictionary tour has a purpose: which involved in creating a new and by factors such as the speaker’s model should I use to make my phonetic global dictionary series since educational level, social group and age transcription for the new Kernerman 2006. The series consists bracket. For this reason, a choice had dictionary? I finished my phonetic journey of lexicographic cores that to be made regarding pronunciation. with lots of doubts and no solution. Thus, I serve as bases for developing To date, there is no official standard decided to apply my own model (Cagliari, monolingual, bilingual and for spoken Portuguese, as is the case 2007). multilingual dictionaries, for for the vernacular French, for example. different target audiences, in Therefore, the formal pronunciation 3. The model print and digital media. The of speakers with higher education in 3.1 The option for the International following language cores are the city of São Paulo, and that used Phonetic Alphabet was unquestionable. available as of mid-2011: by radio and television announcers on However it should be used as settled by Arabic national network, was adopted. Their its conventions without adaptation. It Chinese Simplified pronunciation tends to undergo minimal means that any linguist or person with Chinese Traditional influence from regional variations for the knowledge of the IPA should get the Czech this dictionary.” (p. xx). right pronunciation. Dutch The dictionary uses the symbol [ə] and 3.2 For computer reasons, the IPA font English notes: chosen was Arial Unicode MS. French “Similar to the a in about. It 3.3 Since there was no real speaker to German corresponds to the final, unstressed be transcribed, but a variety of the Greek open [a] pronounced (in fact, like language, and taking into account Italian all final unstressed vowels) faintly, the fact that the educated variety of Japanese almost inaudibly; in practice, it can be the Brazilian pronunciation is less Korean replaced by [a] without prejudice to sensitive in the whole country than Latin communication.” (cf. example: janela, the Paulista dialect, the choice to Norwegian p. xx). transcribe that variety was considered Polish There is also the symbol [ʌ] with the to be the most convenient. The most Portuguese Brazil following observation: important television news announcers Portuguese Portugal “Similar to the posterior, semi-open a, are trained to use what is referred to Russian as in bud, and slightly nasalized; it is as less socially marked pronunciation. Spanish always stressed and followed by m, n, In practice, they use a modern variety Thai nh. (example: cama, cana, cânhamo)” of the Paulista dialect. Other varieties Turkish (p. xx). appear on different TV programs and The following language cores Words like canto and órfão are transcribed in regional news bulletins. However, are in preparation and due in as [k´ãntu], [´ɔrfãw]. Therefore, there are there are adaptations, for instance, 2012: two ways to transcribe the same sound [a] avoiding the retroflexed sounds of any Hebrew = [a] and [ə]; and two ways to transcribe kind, introducing the modern affricates Hindi the nasalized “a”: [ã] and [ʌ]. This kind of for coronal stops, now disseminated Swedish alternation is confusing for the reader and among the new generations of Paulista unnecessary. In spite of being published in speakers. That strategy seemed 2000 (revised edition), the sound of “R”, interesting and I decided to follow the transcribed as [r̅] (r with micron) (cf. rato, TV news announcers’ pronunciation. carro) is defined as a trill [r], a pronunciation 3.4 A group of students, Paulista dialect that is very rare in the Paulista dialect speakers, helped me with the phonetic today. transcription. But there still remained the In the Dicionário Larousse / Ática Básico most important and crucial problem to Inglês-Português, Português-Inglês, we be solved: as it does in all varieties of see a systematic transcription based on the a language, the Paulista dialect presents Carioca dialect (from Rio de Janeiro). It also different pronunciations in particular marks the secondary stress. In practice, the contexts or even for a single word. dictionary avoids some vocalic reductions to That required the statement of some approximate the phonetic transcriptions to conventions that should not betray a spelling forms: escola [is'kɔla] but embaixo good pronunciation, but on the other [e͂m'bajʃu]. The word bem is noted ['be͂j] but hand should get some generalization, bom is transcribed ['bõ], which is nobody’s convenient for a dictionary. This particular pronunciation (cf. ['bõʊ͂]). Occasionally there problem was related to the transcription are dialectal pronunciations like boné [bɔ'nɛ] of nasality being consonantal or vocalic. (cf. [bo'nɛ]). It transcribes capaz [ka'paʃ], So, the next step demanded setting up but rapaz [xa'paʒ], not following a rule. some transcription rules. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 4

3.5 One more problem came up: the nasal consonant: cansado [kɐ͂'sadʊ], phonetic transcription needed to be as pensar [pe͂ɪ͂'saɾ], enlatado [e͂ɪ͂la'tadʊ]; close to the spelling form of the word campo ['kɐmpʊ], tinta ['ʧinta], trancar as possible. Portuguese orthography [tɾɐŋ'kaɾ]. The pronunciation without is friendly in this respect. In fact, this the nasal diphthong before fricatives decision worked as a filter and a target and laterals is not encountered in the when deciding between competitive Paulista dialect. pronunciations. 4.9 The nasalization of the vowel “A” is Kernerman French- always marked as [ɐ] before stop and Portuguese Dictionary was 4. Some transcription rules nasal consonants and as [ɐ͂] before developed as part of the series 4.1 To avoid retroflex sounds, the “R” was nonstop consonants: bando ['bɐndʊ], Dictionnaires Assimil Kernerman, transcribed with the symbols [x]: rato frango ['fɾɐŋgʊ], cansar [kɐ͂'saɾ], lanchar launched by Assimil in Paris in ['xatʊ], carro ['kaxʊ], honra ['õʊ͂xa] [lɐ͂'ʃaɾ], cama ['kɐma], banha ['bɐɲa]. 2009 (cf. KDN 17). It is fully and [ɾ] caro ['kaɾʊ], porta ['pɔɾta], mar In Portuguese, there does not occur bilingual, and bi-directional, and ['maɾ], braço ['bɾasʊ]. The voiced [ɣ] an homorganic nasal before nonstop is targeted at French-speaking was discarded since it varies with [x]: consonants, but only the nasalized learners of European Portuguese barriga [ba'ɣiga] ~ [ba'xiga]. vowel or diphthong. One exception (EP). 4.2 As pointed out above, the coronal stops is the transcription with [a] instead of The French dictionary core were transcribed with the affricates [ʧ] [ɐ] in unstressed syllables when the was created by Nathalie and [ʤ] when appearing before an vowel precedes a nasal consonant at Lanckriet (editor-in-chief), anterior closed vowel [i]: tia ['ʧia], dia the onset of the following syllable: Valérie Lecœur, Marine Lesprit, ['ʤia]; or [ɪ]: pote ['pɔʧɪ], sede ['seʤɪ], banana [ba'nɐna], camada [ka'mada]. Frédérique Melanie-Becquet, desrespeito [ʤɪsxes'peɪtʊ]. Phonetically, the two pronunciations Emilienne Morruzzi and Caroline 4.3 In word final position, the unstressed occur (cf. [bɐ'nɐna], [kɐ'mada]). Moulart-Fremaux (reviewed by vowels were transcribed as [a, ɪ, ʊ]. The 4.10 At word endings, there occurs the Colette Alouch). option for [ə, ɐ] instead of [a] runs only nasalized vowel [ɐ͂]: maçã [ma'sɐ͂], The EP dictionary core was for European Portuguese. irmã [iɾ'mɐ͂] and nasalized diphthongs created by Lúcia Liba Mucnik 4.4 The vowels [ɪ, ʊ] next to another vowel [ɐ͂ɪ͂], [ɐ͂ʊ͂], [õɪ͂], [õʊ͂]: mães ['mɐ͂ɪ͂s], pão (reviewed by Ana Margarida mean the weak part of a diphthong except ['pɐ͂ʊ͂], corações [koɾa'sõɪ͂s], marrom de Almeida Borges), who when a stress mark indicates as hiatus [ma'xõʊ͂]. The spelling “-IM” and also did the translations or in unstressed endings when [ɪ] or [ʊ] “-EM” were transcribed as [ĩɲ] and (Portuguese-French translation precede another vowel. In this case, [e͂ɲ]: fim ['f i ͂ɲ ], assim [a'si ͂ɲ], vem ['ve͂ɲ], revised by Marie-Pierre Gachet). there is a variation between the hiatus armazém [aɾma'ze͂ɲ]. In these cases, The EP translation of the and a diphthongized pronunciation: the transcription with the nasalized French-Portuguese dictionary was funcionar [fu͂ʊ͂sɪo'naɾ], mágoa ['magʊa], diphthong [ĩɪ͂] and [e͂ɪ͂] would be a good adapted to Brazilian Portuguese ciência [si'e͂ɪ͂sɪa]. one, but transcriptions like fim [fĩ], vem (BP) by Claudia Maria Xatara 4.5 In word initial position, if the syllable [ve͂] and bom [bõ] are misleading. and Maria Cristina Parreira da is unstressed, there occurs the vowel [ɪ] 4.11 Close to the spelling form, inside Silva, along with Helena Yuriko when followed by a coronal fricative in the words, the phonetic transcription Sakano Fernandes, Noelle coda position: escola [ɪs'kɔla], externo maintains the unstressed vocalic Perez, Catharine Kamie Ramos [ɪs'tɛɾnʊ]. This represents a clear quality [i, u] for “I” and “U”. For Furukawa, Cristiane Jussara tendency in the dialect. spelling “E” and “O”, the transcription Romanatto and Bruno Sérgio 4.6 There is a tendency to have des- varies according to the pronunciation: Sedenho. pronounced as [ʤɪs/z...]: desbloquear [e] ~ [ɪ], [o] ~ [ʊ]. [ʤɪzblokɪ'aɾ], descobrir [ʤɪsko'bɾiɾ]. 4.12 The correct pronunciation of the 4.7 A more complicated case involving diphthong is [ʊu] for the spelling unstressed syllables in word initial “UL”: sul ['sʊu], último ['ʊuʧimʊ], position occurs with the presence culpa ['kʊupa]. The transcription [uʊ] is of nasality. If the word starts with misleading. The right pronunciation is the vowel, the best choice was the [ɑʊ] for “AL” and “AU”: alta [' ɑʊta], diphthong [eɪ + (nasal)]: então [e͂ɪ͂n'tɐ͂ʊ͂], auto [' ɑʊtʊ], almoço [ɑʊ'mosʊ]. enraivecido [e͂ɪ͂xaɪve'sidʊ]. If it starts 4.13 Although we find in Paulista with a consonant, the pronunciation dialect diphthong reductions or with a diphthong used to sound diphthongization in some contexts, as emphatic, mainly when followed by a used to be in Brazilian Portuguese, I stop consonant: tentativa [tenta'ʧiva], have decided not to implement these sentença [sen'te͂ɪ͂sa]. The transcription rules, because without them, the marks the nasal consonant before a stop; pronunciation sounds more educated. otherwise the diphthong is the rule. Examples: caisa ['kaɪʃa], cadeira 4.8 As a general rule, the nasalized vowels [ka'deɪɾa], pouco ['poʊkʊ], rapaz and diphthongs receive the tilde only [xa'pas], frequês [fɾe'ges], nós ['nɔs]. when followed by a nonstop consonant. 4.14 On the other hand, an epenthetic Before stop consonants, there is vowel [ɪ] is inserted to keep the

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 the transcription of a homorganic syllable pattern correct: objeto 5

[obɪ'ʒɛtʊ], advogado [aʤɪvo'gadʊ], was to avoid incongruence. The main aim optar [opɪ'taɾ]. of any writing system is to allow easy 4.15 Foreign words were transcribed as the reading for all users. To achieve this goal all Paulista speaker pronounces them: systems must have an orthography, whose shopping ['ʃɔpĩɲ], outdoor [ɑʊʧɪ'dɔɾ]. most important function is to neutralize the 4.17 Only the stressed syllables received a phonetic variation in the writing system. stress mark: destruição [ʤɪstɾui'sɐ͂ʊ͂], Although these objectives must be present, psicologia [pɪsikolo'ʒia]. because of the mobility of the sound 4.18 In a dictionary there sometimes pattern of languages, the system is always happens to be two orthographic words incomplete and restructuring itself. This The phonetic transcription of together, constituting a phonological is a problem for linguists who describe the BP translations was adapted word. One of them is unstressed and the system and for the orthography that is by Luiz Carlos Cagliari along may occur before or after the principal always out of synchrony. The phonetician with Patrícia Ormastroni Iagallo, word. In such cases, the option was feels comfortable in transcribing single Bruno Sérgio Sedenho, Priscila to fuse them in a single phonetic speakers. The phonologist has some Maria Mendonça Machado, utterance: em comum [eɪŋko'mu͂ʊ͂], problems to accommodate the phonetic Cristiane Jussara Romanatto, espreguiçar-se [ɪspɾegi'saɾsɪ]. If the data into the phonological system. The Caroline Talge Arantes, Eliane words were individually stressed, they orthographers are always delayed in order de Oliveira Galastri and Lara are presented separately: dar para ['daɾ to save a tradition before the process of Vieira Balieiro. 'paɾa], ir para os ares ['iɾ 'paɾaʊ'zaɾɪs]. language changing. This makes the The EP core was adapted to BP The reason is to improve the knowledge linguists’ life somewhat complicated. by Ieda Maria Alves, along with of the occurrence of stress in the But with a good understanding of the Ana Maria Ribeiro de Jesus and language and to facilitate the phonetic phenomenon of linguistic variation it is Luciana Pissolato de Oliveira, reading in the dictionary. possible to describe the language in all its from the University of São 4.19 The reader may come across phonetic peculiarities without losing its systematic Paulo. transcriptions of special cases for which character. The experience of writing the The new BP dictionary core now a general rule could be applied, but phonetic transcription for the dictionary serves as a base for developing find variations. When discussing these was a challenge to the group of people a series of bilingual learners’ cases with the group of transcribers, involved in it, and a good opportunity dictionaries targeted at Brazilian it appeared that one pronunciation is to learn more about the profession of users. As above, each title is preferable for certain words rather lexicography. bi-directional, i.e. including an than another. Typically this happens L2-BP part as well as the BP-L2 at the beginning of words, involving Notes part. the alternation between [e] and [ɪ]. 1. The Portuguese language has undergone The BP dictionary was For instance, the word encaixar-se many orthographic reforms over the augmented together with could be transcribed as [ɪŋkaɪ'ʃaɾsɪ] past hundred years. The latest reform Instituto Antônio Houaiss and or [eɪŋkaɪ'ʃaɾsɪ]; desaparecer was officially implemented in Brazil in is entitled Dicionário Houaiss [dezapaɾe'seɾ] or [ʤɪzapaɾe'seɾ]. 2009. That was a minor reform affecting Kernerman da língua portuguesa The choice was the first occurrence. a few words in specific contexts (heróico para estudantes (cf. p. 9). Obviously, we are facing a sound = heroico; idéia = ideia) and introducing change in the language: not all /e/ have new rules for the use of hyphen already transformed into [ɪ], and for (mini-saia = minissaia; contra-senha this reason some rules do not apply. = contrassenha), etc. Portugal has not 4.20 These rules govern most cases that officially implemented this reform. were optimized in order to keep a 2. “5. The orthoepy between brackets right and educated pronunciation, and in a clear type, after the headword, and at the same time this shows a interprets the pronunciation, when a compromise with the spelling form. doubt may occur (open or closed vowel, These procedures seemed to be very the right pronunciation of a consonant or useful taking into account the use of of a consonant cluster, a hiatus, etc.” (p. a dictionary for foreign and native xv). Example: resinoso (ô). This kind of speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. All notation is useless, because the language phonetic transcriptions reveal an exact morphology has clear and specific rules and accepted pronunciation as noted for such occurrences. by IPA symbols. They transcribe the 3.“6. The phonetic transcription of foreign exact pronunciation of one educated words comes immediately after the variety of the Paulista dialect. It does headword, between brackets, and is not mean that in particular cases and represented by the International Phonetic contexts some speakers might not use Alphabet (adapted) in an approximate an alternative pronunciation. pronunciation of that word in its original language.” (p. xv). Example: res nullius 5. Conclusion [r̅es 'nulle̘os]; outdoor ['æwtdɔɹ]. With the The most important thing when transcribing modifications, the dictionary presents the phonetic transcription for the dictionary a non-conventional use of the IPA. It Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 6

means that the eccentricity in the phonetic Hunter, S.J. e McNeillie, J. (ed.). Dicionário transcription demands extra knowledge to Larousse / Ática Básico Inglês-Português, grasp the right pronunciation. Português-Inglês. São Paulo: Editora Ática/Larousse. 2001. References Houaiss, A. (ed.), e Cardin, I. (co-ed.). Novo Cagliari, L.C. Elementos de Fonética Dicionário Folha Webster’s Inglês/ do Português Brasileiro. São Paulo: Português Português/Inglês. São Paulo: Editora Paulistana. 2007. Editora Folha de São Paulo. 1996. Borba, F.S. (ed.). Dicionário UNESP do Houaiss, A. e Villar, M. de Salles. Dicionário português contemporâneo. São Paulo: Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa. Rio de Editora UNESP. 2004. Janeiro: Editora Objetiva, 2001. Ferreira, A.B.H. Novo Aurélio Século XXI: Weiszflog, W. (ed.). Michaelis: Moderno o dicionário da língua portuguesa. Rio Dicionário Inglês-Português, de Janeiro: Editora Nova Fronteira, Português-Inglês. São Paulo: 1999. Companhia Melhoramentos, 2000.

Kernerman French-Portuguese dictionary: Adapting the translation from European Portuguese to Brazilian Portuguese Helena Sakano Fernandes and Claudia Xatara

This article describes the process of the direction French-Portuguese, the integrating translation equivalents for Brazilian audience wishing to decode texts Brazilian Portuguese (BP) in French produced in French might find it difficult dictionary entries that were previously to understand certain equivalents in EP translated to European Portuguese (EP). The or might use unsuitable equivalents of the resulting dictionary is intended for adults Brazilian variant. and students who learn or use Portuguese However, compared to the French on the intermediate level as well as for audience, the benefits of having two Brazilians learning French. French-Portuguese dictionaries may The dictionary is fully bilingual and not be very clear. At first, it might seem bi-directional. Each section has about commercially more viable to add the 12,000 entries in the source language with equivalents unique to BP, simply by translations for every sense, example and indicating “Br”, for example. Nevertheless, phrase in the target language. separating the two Portuguese variants into The French entries are part of the two dictionaries can considerably help vernacular: names of animals, flowers, learners, by avoiding a lexical mix and common trees, fairly common dishes and incorrect text production that is inappropriate drinks, frequent interjections (vive! – viva!), for any of the variants. Wittmann et al. foreign words (camping – camping) and (1995) give good examples of this type of colloquial words (chouette – gracinha; ungrammatical phrases, which they call legal, bacana), not forgetting the most “aberrations”: complicated terms found in the press or in (1) *Quando mo deu, ele não tinha se administrative documents (directeur adjoint apercebido... – diretor adjunto; vice-diretor), as well as According to the authors, this sentence “is acronyms and abbreviations. not correct Portuguese because it mixes two Common expressions usually appear syntactic phenomena from different variants: as part of the entry, either within a given mo [contraction of the pronouns me + o] is sense or forming a sense of their own. not used in Brazilian Portuguese whereas The meanings that denote a change of the order of the clitic pronoun, não tinha se grammatical category are treated as apercebido, is not acceptable in European sub-entries, but homographs come in their Portuguese.”1 We could add to this that in own entries. Brazil we prefer the verb perceber rather than The dictionary includes a bilingual the pronominal verb se aperceber. This article was translated geographical list with names of countries (2) *Encontrei o banheiro no bonde. from French by Gabriel Giglio (or major regions), their demonyms and This sentence, on the other hand, cannot be ([email protected]) from corresponding languages. accepted because of the words that are used. UNESP, Brazil. The question could arise, why adapt a Banheiro, meaning lifeguard, is only used in The English translation was dictionary from Portuguese to Portuguese? EP (in Brazil banheiro means bathroom) and revised by Ilan Kernerman. When we think of Brazilian learners bonde, meaning tramway, is a word used only

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 the answer is quite obvious. Regarding in Brazil (in Portugal, eléctrico is used). 7

The two variants differ on all linguistic initiators have not achieved its billion-word levels: phonological, lexical, morphological target and, in addition, searching it still and syntactic. But it should be noted that presents double results. We therefore decided the comments made in this article relate to consult the Internet for information on only to standard registers of these two main frequency and collocations, despite its variants of the Portuguese language. If we drawbacks (idiosyncrasies, “errors”, etc). compared the regional dialects, we could In many cases, it is quite difficult to perhaps find other situations, but this will distinguish between the changes due to not be considered at this time. morphological phenomena and those due It is also worth mentioning that not all to syntactic phenomena. Still, there are words or structures of EP replaced in the some modifications that can be considered Brazilian version of the dictionary are as changes on the morphological level, for necessarily absolute differences, that is to example the option in each of the variants say, they can exist as a possible alternative for different suffixes attached to the same for the Brazilian variant but they are not base, as can be seen in the entries bégaiment usually the preferred option. For example, and dessinateur. In the first case, the suffix in the entry bus, we had autocarro as EP -ez is attached to the base form gagu- in EP, equivalent, which is not used at all in BP, and the suffix -eira to the BP variant. In the being then considered an absolute difference. second case, we have the same base form, In contrast, tomar o ônibus, the expression desenh-, to which we add -ador, in Portugal, we obtained by changing autocarro for and -ista, in Brazil. ônibus in the example, can be used in Brazil, bégaiement [begɛmɑ̃] nm fait de parler en but the expression pegar o ônibus is much répétant les syllabes Helena Yuriko Sakano more common, so in this case we refer to a {ep/bp}gaguez [gɐ'geʃ] f gagueira f Fernandes obtained a superior dessinateur trice nmf preferential contrast, to use the terminology [desinatœʀ], [-tʀis] degree in Translation in 2009 personne qui dessine of Wittmann et al. (1995). and is currently undertaking bus [bys] nm abréviation de autobus {ep/bp}desenhador/-ra [dəzeɲɐ'dor/-rɐ] her master in Linguistics at {ep/bp}autocarro [awtɔ'kaʀu] m ônibus m desenhista UNESP (Universidade Estadual ◊ prendre le bus In the last example, there is a difference {ep/bp}tomar o autocarro pegar o ônibus between French and Portuguese, as in Paulista – the São Paulo State The issue of phonetic transcription of these the Portuguese language the gender is University) in São José do Rio equivalents is an important modification to invariable while in French there is one form Preto, Brazil. the French audience interested in BP, but for masculine and another for feminine. [email protected] it is not discussed in this article since it We also found some instances where was performed by Professor Luiz Carlos the change is not of the suffix but in the Cagliari, not by our team. In the examples thematic vowel. In the first example of the given here the transcription thus remains entry constitution, there is the word équipe, in EP, such as [ɐbɐdu'nar] for abandonar, which in EP is equipa and in BP is equipe. [ɐbdumi'nal] for abdominal or [ɐbur'daʒɐj] constitution [kɔ̃stitysjɔ̃] nf 1 formation for abordagem. {ep/bp} constituição [koʃtitwi'sɐ̃w] f The orthography adopted in Brazil ◊ la constitution d'une équipe follows the standards of the Orthographic {ep/bp}a constituição de uma equipa / equipe Agreement recently signed by the Portuguese- In the dictionary there are also cases of speaking countries². In this regard, there differences in the prefix, as in the entry are several instances of changes, especially informe, which has the EP equivalent when EP has associations of consonants, spelled the same way as in French, but the such as ct (actividade > atividade), DC BP one has the prefix in- replaced with the (inspeccionar > inspecionar), CC (injecção prefix dis-. > injeção), nn (connosco > conosco), pt informe [ɛ̃fɔʀm] adj 1 qui n’a pas de forme (óptico> ótico), etc. précise For the equivalents, the translation work {ep/bp}informe [ĩ'fɔrmə] disforme was based mainly on the electronic dictionary ◊ une silhouette informe versions of Houaiss (2009) and Aurélio {ep/bp}uma silhueta informe / disforme (2004), the online Sensagent, the Grande At the morphological level, there are still dicionário francês-português (1998) and instances where the word’s gender “changes” the Dictionnaire électronique d’expressions depending on the variant. Looking at the idiomatiques français-portugais (online). example from the entry pichet, we could In order to find out the usage frequency of also say it in other words: there are two the words and phrases, we tried to look up forms in this language that differ only with the Corpus Brasileiro, a BP corpus available regard to the gender. For example, whether on the Internet (http://corpusbrasileiro. in Brazil or in Portugal, the words jarro (nm) pucsp.br/) and thus accessible to the public. and jarra (nf) are possible, but in the first, However, according to the introductory text the feminine form is preferred, whereas in of the project, this corpus is not ready, its the second it is vice-versa. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 8

pichet [piʃɛ] nm récipient pour liquides from the entry content, this change of pronoun {ep/bp}bidão [bi'dɐ̃w] m jarra f implies also a modification in the verb ◊ un pichet de vin conjugation, since the pronoun tu follows {ep/bp}um jarro / uma jarra de vinho the conjugation of the second-person singular Divergences between the number (singular/ speech while você obeys the third-person plural) and the precision (defined/undefined) singular speech paradigm. of the word were observed in several cases, content [kɔ̃tɑ̃],ente [-ɑ̃t] adj heureux (...) but the contexts in which it happens must ◊ Je suis contente que tu sois venu. be researched further before making other {ep/bp} Estou contente que tenhas você tenha comments or generalizations on the subject. vindo. Nevertheless, we present here two examples Finally, there are also modifications in the of the singular/plural difference in order to order of words in the phrase. In the following illustrate this phenomenon. example, the structure ter suficiente dinheiro change [ʃɑ̃ʒ] nm action de changer une monnaie is unusual in Brazil, but if the position of contre une autre the adverb is changed we obtain a structure {ep/bp} câmbio ['kɐ̃bju] m that is much more common (in this case, ◊ un bureau de change we changed the adverb too, but if suficiente {ep/bp}uma agência de câmbios/câmbio had remained the result would be about the chasse-neige [ʃasnɛʒ] nm inv véhicule qui same). enlève la neige sur les routes assez [ase] adv 1 en quantité suffisante (...) {ep/bp}limpa-neves ['lĩpɐ'nɛvəʃ] m / limpa-neve ◊ avoir assez d'argent m {ep/bp} ter suficiente dinheiro / o bastante Claudia Maria Xatara In the examples of the entries, we could At the lexical level, there are several teaches French, lexicography often observe syntactic changes. Among examples of absolute and preferential and translation at UNESP the analized parts of the dictionary, the contrasts. Regarding these, there are cases (Universidade Estadual most common cases concern the position where the equivalent proposed in the entry Paulista – the São Paulo State of the pronouns. The BP variant prefers is adequate for BP, but when used in the University) in Araraquara, in most situations the proclise, while the examples, it must be changed. The following EP variant makes more use of the enclise; Brazil. She completed her example may well demonstrate the role of therefore, in many examples where there the context in the choice of words. translation studies at UNESP in were reflexive verbs or complements in a The first sense of the entry article has 1983, has been teaching there pronoun form, we had to change their order artigo as its equivalent, which is undoubtedly since 1984, and obtained there in the sentence, as can be seen in the EP used in Brazil with the meaning of “short her master (1994) and PhD in sentence Eles arranjaram-se which became text that is part of a book”. However when Linguistics (1998). Professor Eles se arranjaram. it comes to the context of dictionaries, the Xatara has a post-doctorate in ■ s'arranger [saʀɑ̃ʒe] vpr 1 se mettre d’accord short text within it is not commonly known lexicography from Université {ep/bp} arranjar-se [ɐʀɐ̃'ʒarsə] as artigo, but as verbete. de Nancy II in France (2005) ◊ Ils se sont arrangés. article [aʀtikl] nm 1 texte court qui fait partie {bp/ep } Eles se arranjaram-se. and has carried out research d’un ouvrage {ep/bp} artigo m at the Lexique, Dictionnaire, Other very common cases are those names [ɐr'tigu] or verbs that are the same in both variants ◊ un article de journal Informatique laboratory at but which preferentially control different {ep/bp} um artigo de jornal Université de Paris 13 (2011). prepositions, as in the case of arrancar, ◊ les articles d’un dictionnaire She is co-chief translator of which is used with the preposition a in EP, {ep/bp} os artigos/verbetes de um dicionário Kernerman French-Portuguese but in BP it is used more often with the Certain difficulties presented at the lexical (Brazilian) Dictionary (with preposition de. level are due to cultural differences. Cristina Parreira) and project arracher [aʀaʃe] vt 1 enlever en tirant fort (...) Based on our data and on the reading of editor of K Dictionaries’ ◊ arracher des aveux à un criminel Wittmann et al. (1995), these difficulties can Brazilian bilingual dictionary {ep/bp} arrancar a confissão a/de um criminoso be divided into two types: words without series. There are also many cases of preposition a equivalents and institutional contrasts. [email protected] + infinitive structures in EP which had to The first are lexical units not used in the be replaced with a gerund/present participle other variant, often due to the absence of form in BP, as in the example below. a referent, and which, therefore, have no arriver [aʀive] vi 1 parvenir à destination (...) equivalent. “In general, these are common ◊ Le printemps arrive. names (not scientific) of certain plants, fruits {ep/bp} A primavera está a chegar/chegando. or animals outside the current speech of the Another difference between the two variants other variant (...)”.3 As an example, we take is the usage of personal pronouns referring to the word bruyère, or urze in Portuguese. the second-person speech. In such case, in EP This word seems to be much more common the pronoun tu is used when it concerns an in EP (51,500 occurrences on Portuguese informal relation. This pronoun is also used webpages4) than in BP (9,440 occurrences in certain dialects in Brazil, but the preferred on Brazilian webpages), but as the referent standard register is the pronoun você. As can is not very common in Brazil either, there

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 be noted in the following example, extracted is no other more usual equivalent that could 9 be used as a substitute word for urze, and it French for the Brazilian public and will also should thus be kept in the entry. help the French public to produce texts in bruyère [bʀyjɛʀ] nf plante à fleurs violettes ou Portuguese without mixing variants. roses {ep/bp} urze ['urzə] f Notes Similarly, azevinho is much more frequent on 1. “Assim, sustentamos que a seguinte frase, Portuguese webpages (42,700 occurrences por exemplo, Quando mo deu, ele não against 8,500 on Brazilian webpages) but it tinha se apercebido... não é português had to remain as the equivalent, since there correcto, porque mistura dois fenómenos Encyclopædia Britannica was no other word to replace it. sintácticos de variantes diferentes: mo launched an educational houx [ˈu] nm petit arbre à boules rouges não é usado em português do Brasil, website for primary schools {ep/bp} azevinho [ɐzə'viɲu] m enquanto que a ordem dos clíticos não (K-6) in Brazil in April 2011 In the following case, we have a slightly tinha se apercebido não é aceitável em (http://escola.britannica. different situation. The proposed equivalent português europeu.” com.br/), which features for bidonville in EP, bairro de lata, does 2. Cf. the pull-out of the 5th edition of an online application not score many occurrences on Brazilian the Dicionário da Academia Brasileira of Dicionário Houaiss webpages (7,580), but that is not due to the de Letras, http://www.academia.org. Kernerman da língua absence or weak presence of the referent in br/, and the Guia Prático da Nova portuguesa para estudantes. our culture. On the other hand, in Brazil the Ortografia (TUFANO, 2008). This monolingual learner’s marked presence of this genre of housing 3. “Em geral, são nomes vulgares (não dictionary for native speakers groups has played a significant role in científicos) de certas plantas, frutas ou of Brazilian Portuguese our demographic development and in our animais não pertencentes à linguagem consists of 30,000 entries and history, whereas this presence in Portugal corrente da outra variante, embora forms the first title in the new is due to various historical reasons and não exista nenhum equivalente, como framework of cooperation it plays a different and particular role in por exemplo azinheira (PE) ou sapoti between K Dictionaries and their culture, so it seems natural that each (PB).” Instituto Antônio Houaiss country has its own name for these types of 4. All frequency searches presented in this from Rio de Janeiro. The dwellings. Thus, for the Brazilian variant, article were perfomed on March 7th, editor-in-chief is Ieda Maria we put as an equivalent the word favela, 2011. Alves and the editors include which is much more common (923,000 5. “ Contrastes institucionais. Cobrem Ana Maria Ribeiro de Jesus, occurrences) in our culture. palavras e expressões relacionadas com Luciana Pissolato de Oliveira, bidonville [bidɔ̃vil] nm groupe d’habitations où diferenças a nível organizacional entre Liana Koiler and José vivent des gens très pauvres Portugal e Brasil, como é o caso, por Monteiro. {ep/bp}bairro de lata ['bajʀudə'latɐ] m / favela f exemplo, do sistema educacional (liceu, Citing Wittmann et al. (1995), institutional primeiro grau), das regiões administrativas contrasts “cover words and phrases related (distrito, estado) de instituições oficiais, to differences on the organizational level” etc. Este tipo de contrastes compõe um of countries.5 In the case of institutional conjunto à parte por representar uma contrasts, we have chosen as an example realidade equivalente mas não igual no the entry lycée, which was translated in EP âmbito cultural dos dois países.” as liceu. This word exists in the Brazilian variant and is also quite frequent (211,000 References occurrences), but in another context: it is Aurélio = Ferreira, A.B.H. Aurélio século widely used in proper names of this type XXI (versão 5.0). Rio de Janeiro: of schools that are generally designated Positivo. 2004. by colégio or, more specifically, escola de Azvedo, D. Grande dicionário ensino médio. francês-português. 13th ed. Venda lycée [lise] nm établissement scolaire du second Nova: Bertrand. 1998. degré Dictionnaire électronique d’expressions {ep/bp}liceu [li'sew] m, secundária escola idiomatiques français-portugais. http:// f [əʃ'kɔlɐsəkũ'darjɐ] / colégio m, escola f de cntrl.fr/dictionnaires/expressions_ ensino médio idiomatiques/. With the help of examples extracted from the Houaiss = Houaiss, A. Dicionário Houaiss adaptation of a French-European Portuguese da língua portuguesa (versão eletrônica dictionary to the Brazilian variant, we have 3.0). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. 2009. seen that the differences between the two Sensagent = http://dictionary.sensagent. variants of Portuguese are numerous and com/. exist on all linguistic levels. So, in the Wittmann, L.H. et al. 1995.“Português hope that other dictionary publishers take Brasileiro e Português de Portugal: the same initiative, we can only praise this algumas observações”. In Anais do initiative to avail one same macrostructure XI ENCONTRO NACIONAL DA in French into two main variants of the APL Lisboa, 2-4 de Outubro de Portuguese language, as this will increase 1995. http://linguateca.pt/Diana/.../ the availability of bilingual dictionaries of WittmannPegoSAntosAPL95.pdf/. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 10

Kernerman Dutch Dictionary

Truus Kruyt

Introduction less prevalent occupations, exotic animals K Dictionaries (KD) has developed a and plants, rather unknown phenomena series of monolingual learners’ dictionaries outside the Dutch-speaking regions, and for over twenty languages, which should non-naturalized international words and serve as a basis for bilingual dictionaries. abbreviations were deliberately left out. A monolingual Dutch dictionary (12,000 Criteria for the distinction of homonyms entries) was compiled in 2007, by the were different parts of speech and different lexicographers Rik Schutz, Truus Kruyt, pronunciation, rather than etymology. The Monique Woltring and Geert Bilsen. The first two criteria are clear to learners, dictionary has been published on Woorden. etymology is a too difficult matter. org, which has a collection of 170,000 entries The compilers were requested to critically derived from various online lexicographic consider the initial list of headwords, and Truus Kruyt worked on resources. It is accessible for free. The entries to suggest entries to remove and to add in several lexicographical projects, from our dictionary can be recognized by accordance with the target group. In this among which are the historical the sentence “Bovenstaande informatie is respect, texts on the Internet were often afkomstig van Kernerman Dictionaries” helpful, for example to check the current dictionary Woordenboek der (the information above is originating usage of words (printed dictionaries are Nederlandsche Taal WNT from Kernerman Dictionaries). Another inherently traditional) or as a source of (comparable with Oxford distinctive feature is the pronunciation in inspiration for colloquial words to be English Dictionary and IPA 1 representation. The entries from the incorporated in our dictionary. Grimm’s Wörterbuch), the other sources are less detailed and sometimes Dutch PAROLE/SIMPLE concern outdated words and spellings. The Structure elements of a special nature computational lexicon and aim for the coming years is to improve and The entries contain usual structure elements, Kernerman Dutch Dictionary. to update these entries, to start with words such as headword variants, pronunciation, She was head of the Language that are most frequently retrieved by the grammatical information (part of speech, Database Department at the users of Woorden.org. For our dictionary, gender, plural, singular past, past participle Institute for Dutch Lexicology this ambition will be achieved in 2011 by an etc), meaning descriptions, synonyms, extension with another 12,000 entries (see antonyms, examples, collocations and in Leiden, and in this position the final section). fixed expressions (idioms). Here we will has participated in many The dictionary was translated into French pay attention to some special features. European projects in the field and translation to English, German and of language technology. She Spanish are on-going. They are all available Pronunciation has lectured on Computer and on Mijnwoordenboek.nl. As mentioned above, the pronunciation Lexicon (Leiden University), is represented by use of the International Lexicography and Computer Target users and headword selection Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Some sounds are Technology (Ivanovo State The monolingual Dutch dictionary was not pronounced by all Dutch speakers, for University) and Dutch aimed to constitute the basis for bilingual example the n at the end of verbs (e.g. eten Linguistics (Westfälische dictionaries with a twofold target group: / to eat) and the t in a word like ‘informatie’ Wilhelms-Universität Münster adults with a different mother tongue who (information). We represented cases like ɪnfɔr'ma and Universität zu Köln), learn Dutch in their own country, and these as follows: 'etə(n) and (t)si Dutch native speakers who need a concise (stressed syllable marked by a preceding '). and is a member of national bilingual dictionary. The 12,000 entries of This representation is in accordance with and international boards and the dictionary are considered to represent a other Dutch reference works and with some scholarly committees. Since Dutch basic vocabulary which enables the bilingual dictionaries produced under the 2007 she has been working as a user to largely understand an elementary authority of the Committee for International freelance linguist. text. Lexicographical Resources, subsidized by [email protected] Sources for the selection of headwords the Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language included a wordlist provided by KD and Union).3 several Dutch language resources for learners, among which Van Dale Pocketwoordenboek Meaning description / definition Nederlands als tweede taal(NT2) (Van For the determination of word meanings, Dale’s concise dictionary of Dutch as a the Internet corpus proved to be very second language)2. Given the target group useful. Of course, the output of searches is and the limited size of our dictionary, a to be critically judged by an experienced major selection criterion was that the words lexicographer. But apart from meanings to be included should frequently occur in already recorded in dictionaries, the

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 Dutch daily life. For example, terminology, Internet corpus revealed new meanings 11 and new meaning extensions. For example4, ‘een slagvaardige ondernemer’ (a decisive dictionaries describe geheugencapaciteit (a entrepreneur) (lemma underlined). We compound of memory and capacity) as a preferred examples that immediately computer term only, whereas the Internet come into mind hearing the word. In other also reveals the meaning ‘how much or cases, the Internet was helpful as a source how long you can remember things’, in of inspiration. We deliberately avoided contexts like ‘de geheugencapaciteit van the special features of many dictionary je hersenen verbeteren’ (to improve the examples, such as overspecificity, use of memory capacity of your brain) and ‘Een the past tense, little relationship with the The Dutch dictionary core is goudvis heeft een geheugencapaciteit van current social reality, etc. part of the new global series drie seconden.’ (A goldfish has a memory of K Dictionaries. It was capacity of three seconds.). Working method compiled by Rik Schutz (chief For the meaning descriptions we adopted Preparatory work (headword list, author’s editor), Truus Kruyt, Monique a concise and colloquial style with wordings instructions, customized XML editor, Woltring and Geert Bilsen, and as simple as possible. Some examples: etc) was done in consultation with the is currently being revised and schuld (debt) is defined as ‘geldbedrag dat coordinating team and technical staff at KD. expanded by Rik Schutz, Truus je nog moet betalen’ (sum that you still The lexicographers worked at home and Kruyt, Wilfried Dabekaussen have to pay), sekse (gender) as ‘feit dat je sent their files by e-mail to each other for a and Hanne Bussels. It is used een man of een vrouw bent’ (fact that you quality check and feedback. Although useful both in monolingual form are a man or a woman), understatement in itself, this supervision was needed due to and as a base for developing as ‘uitspraak waarmee je iets (opzettelijk) the high time pressure. The coordinator was various bilingual versions. zwakker uitdrukt dan het in werkelijkheid Rik Schutz, who also did much correction is’ (statement by which you (deliberately) work on the files after the project. express something weaker than it actually is). In fact, the ambition of defining this Future perspectives way was one of the most challenging ones As mentioned in the introduction, our in writing the dictionary. We avoided dictionary has so far been published online idiomatic expressions in the definition and with other lexicographic resources, not the use of a synonym as the sole definition primarily oriented towards learners. User was only allowed for words for which a statistics show that 10,000 out of our total of common alternative is available. Sometimes 12,000 entries were looked up in the first half a paraphrase rather than a definition was year. This is a fairly high percentage given given. For example, the pronoun jullie (plural the basic character of the vocabulary. you) is described as ‘je zegt dit woord als je In February 2011, a follow-up started, that tegen twee of meer mensen praat’ (you say is to be finished in autumn this year, extending this word when you speak to two of more the dictionary with another 12,000 entries. people), and aha has the description ‘uitroep A main criterion for the selection of new bij positieve gevoelens’ (exclamation going headwords is frequency of retrieved words with positive feelings).5 by the users of Woorden.org. These words often differ in nature from the headword Examples list of the initial product. For example, the There should be an example of usage (at amount of intricate words and specialist terms least one) for each sense of polysemous appears to be much larger (e.g, oormerken/ entries. Monosemous entries have examples earmark, synergie/synergy, concipiëren/ as well, as considered appropriate by the conceive, verdisconteren/discount, agio/ editors, and compositional phrases may also premium). It was also decided to extend serve as examples in certain cases. The main the headword list with word categories that function of the example is to demonstrate were left out in the first phase, for example current lexical and grammatical collocations, abbreviations and acronyms, a broader frequent inflections or a characteristic range of international words in the Dutch grammatical construction. Furthermore, language, such as scouting, sealen (to seal) it serves to clarify the concise meaning and schwung (dash), words for phenomena description, in particular in the case of outside the Dutch-speaking regions, such as polysemous words for which the difference tsunami and gletsjer (glacier), and names of between meanings might be difficult to exotic animals and plants. As a consequence, grasp for the target group. Examples can the target group has shifted towards a also give encyclopedic, cultural, social or somewhat higher level than before. Still, other functional information to clarify the the accessible style of the definitions and word’s meaning and usage. In general, the the example sentences is maintained. For aim was to show the word in its natural example, kubisme (cubism) is defined as context. ‘kunststroming waarbij alle vormen met The example is preferably not a full rechte lijnen worden weergegeven’(trend sentence but rather a short phrase, or even in art that represents all shapes by straight a characteristic compound. For example, lines). Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 12

New headwords have been inserted Registered user needs may guide future between the existing articles. The latter are extensions of the dictionary. being optimized during the compilation of the new headwords. In particular, many Notes more synonyms and antonyms are added. 1 International Phonetic Alphabet. This time of the compilation is assisted by 2 Van Dale Lexicografie, Utrecht-Antwerpen. data from Opentaal Foundation (including 2003, 2006. speech indicators, inflected forms of nouns 3 http://taalunieversum.org/taalunie/. and verbs, and word frequency information) 4 Example from the current work. and the Sketch Engine corpus of Dutch. 5 Example from the current work. The present lexicographers are Rik Schutz, Truus Kruyt, Wilfried Dabekaussen and Hanne Bussels.

Anthropological and linguistic fundamentals of lexicographic work Miguel Eduardo Montoro

1. Introduction semantic map with all word meanings that I got the opportunity to work in dictionary are used and their close inter-relationship. compilation in quite an unusual way. This is carried out by using particularly Although I had studied lexicography, the arduous techniques, an explanation of reason it was included in my studies and which is beside the point here, but which research differed radically from the way I requires a microscopic study of words. used it over the last six years, in which it Such a study is so deep that, in fact, by has become my livelihood. studying a single keyword from a particular My biggest passion is philosophical author we could write a full thesis, which research, and before I started to work on leads to the paradox that the dictionary of dictionaries I had the privilege of being an author can become a very rich series of guided by one of the great masters in such theses. philosophy, Andrea Di Maio (Professor at For example, in my case, I started to the Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Rome), study the word resolution in St. Thomas who steered me towards lexicography. Aquinas, and after completing a synchronic The reason that philosophy led me to study about this word within the Thomistic lexicography is that every thought uses corpus, my supervisor asked me for a brief words as a vehicle for expression, and to diachronic introduction to the word as understand the thinking of a philosopher found in Aquinas. That is to say, I had to in a profound way requires understanding write the history of how various influences precisely the corpus of words he or she uses, had contributed in the course of time to their polysemy, and the total structure of Aquinas’s particular semantic nuances. So his/her language understood as a semantic it was not enough to analyse the term as a constellation of hierarchically inter-related lexicographer does, but rather as a historian words—where some emerge in importance of word semantics. I started this arduous over others and determine the total structure of research following the historical course and his/her thought. Ultimately, to understand an the clues all led me to about 17 centuries This article was translated author thoroughly implies, at least mentally, before Aquinas, to Plato. Since Plato wrote from Spanish by Sabrina ‘to make a dictionary’ of the author. in Greek, I obviously could not find the very da Silva Pascoal (shimina_ To do this, we face the textual corpus of same word in his work, but an equivalent, [email protected]) and an author as if we were facing an unknown διαλεκτική (dialectic). As a result, what Gabriel Giglio (gmgiglio@ language for which we need a dictionary should have been a minor aspect of my gmail.com) from UNESP, in order to understand what he or she is thesis turned into a thesis in its own right Brazil. actually saying. We study the words used and I ended up doing a lexicographic study The English translation was by the author statistically, make a word of διαλεκτική from Plato. revised by Ilan Kernerman, frequency list, select (by contrast with the This is my background relating to and further updated by Charles common language) those terms considered lexicography, which eventually I started Levine. as keywords, and try to understand the calling high lexicography, in contrast to hard

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 author’s ‘own language’, constructing a lexicography, that is, dictionary making, 13 which later became my livelihood. attempts of trial and error, like all really After deciding to change my lifestyle I strong and long-lasting learning, you start started looking for work that would direct me to assimilate what this means and all its towards linguistic areas such as translation, practical implications. where I had reasonable success, to help me Our instruction was that definitions should keep a good standard of living. Working as be as short and meaningful as possible, a translator I then had the opportunity to accomplishing the task of describing a given work as a lexicographer, which reminded sense and disambiguating it in respect of me about my old studies, so I gladly applied any other sense or entry; that is, we should for such work. define the word itself and its semantic I pursued my lexicographic initiation in referent as distinct from any other word ‘doing dictionaries’, and not researching, but and also have the definition disambiguate focused on general language dictionaries. a particular meaning as distinct from other That is when I hit the hard lexicography meanings of polysemous words. All of this road. must be done in a ‘succinct’ way, that is to My tutor in this journey, and boss at say using the smallest number of words and the same time, was Ilan Kenerman and choosing the most meaningful ones with his colleagues from K Dictionaries. With most expandable meanings in the task of enormous patience, they transmitted to me disambiguating the entry. their know-how. I must admit that I always Why, then, is having a succinct entry an followed them very obediently, suggesting advantage? Because—to begin with—the Miguel Eduardo Montoro at times what I thought was better suited, language function, understood as a obtained his PhD in Philosophy but trying to interpret what they asked for. systematic amount of orderly related words, with lexicographical orientation After all, it seemed to be their dictionary is primarily apophatic. in 2003 at Pontificia Università rather than mine. What is the meaning of ‘apophatic’? It Gregoriana, Rome, and I must confess that sometimes I followed says what something is not, rather than has since taught various the instructions and explanations somewhat what it really is. That is to say that in the philosophical subjects blindly, without a deep understanding proper construction of a definition we look in academic institutes in explicitly formulated in my mind that rather at the word in relation to other words Argentina, Brazil and Italy. Dr could explain the way I do things. Over than at its existential semantic referent. The Montoro is chief editor of the time, increasing my hard lexicography purpose is to ‘disambiguate’ it, that is, to knowledge, and reflecting over it, I achieved distinguish it from other words. It is thus Kernerman Spanish Dictionary, my own way to formulate all the deep clear that when we define, we look more and translator to Spanish reasons that would endorse the guidelines at the relationship between words than at of the French and Brazilian received from Ilan and his team. the word as a semantic vehicle of a reality. Portuguese dictionaries in the This is precisely the point of this article Mathematical logic can represent such global series of K Dictionaries. – the deep anthropological and linguistic relationships between the words employed in [email protected] fundamentals, as well as the advantages and the act of defining, by means of mathematical unique characteristics, of the dictionary that sets (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ our team has developed under the guidance Mathematical_logic/). For example, if we and supervision of K Dictionaries. It is want to define man and take the Aristotelian therefore possible that a lexicographer, who definition, ‘a rational animal’ (just for is engaged in hard lexicography research, the sake of illustration, putting aside all is likely to find here some statements that actual criticism and controversy about this seem naive when seen from a merely definition), animal will be our hypernym lexicographic point of view, which is (genre or super-category), and rational however not our focus here. its particular characteristic (or specific Let’s discuss, then, the anthropological difference)1. In mathematical logic, this could and linguistic foundations of the features be represented as appears in Figure 1. of the Spanish dictionary core that we developed.

2. Succinct definitions Figure 1: The complete definition in mathematical logic You may imagine how difficult it is for someone used to do a thesis based a single word to follow this simple instruction: ‘definitions should be succinct’. When you do not assimilate in a practical way a particular concept you never know whether you are coming or going in this field. It takes a long time to realize it and to adapt to such an instruction, which may sound simple but is not simple to implement. Very slowly, and after several Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 14

First of all, what we see is a big picture, I refer only to their linguistic existence), a frame of reference in which the activity of as appears in Figure 6. defining will be performed, this being the In this way, the intersection of these spaces universe of all things named by language. So locates the word man’s exclusive place of defining means to separate within the universe linguistic existence, as shown in Figure 7. of nameable or utterable things that which If we focus on nothing but this exclusive may interest us among all other nameables. place, we will realize that, as a word, that is The first major division is the hypernym, to say, as significant (according to Saussure, which we represent in Figure 2 with a circle 1916), what we have is actually a set of inside the square of the universe. negative coordinates of what is not man: This circle already sets a limit, a ● it is not the set of all non-sentient beings: distinction, a difference between what is plants, minerals or other physical or inside the circle and what is outside it. And chemical entities, etc; it tells us, therefore, that what I will define is ● it is not the set of all sentient beings inside the circle, and in a negative way that with no rationality, called in our modern it is not outside. But this circle is not enough semantics animals (not including man); to give us precise coordinates of what we ● it is not the set of all rational beings want to define, because inside it there is that lack sensibility, such as angels and more than the very thing we define, which God. is man. In this circle are all sentient beings This implies that the word, as appropriate, is or animals together with man. Although this absolutely relative to where it is located in provides us with a coordinate by means of the semantic map or semantic constellation which we have separated man from the rest of a total language. So a definition is of the universe, i.e. the non-sentient beings, merely functional, serving only to give us that is not enough. It is still indefinite inside the coordinates that are unique to what we that set, and this indefinition is what we call want to define. But it could happen that for ambiguity. any reason these coordinates cease to be Therefore, another coordinate is unique to that word. For example, if we necessary, a particular characteristic or discovered sentient rational life outside specific difference that distinguishes inside Earth, the Aristotelian definition would not the circle of animals this sentient called be functional any more, given that it would man from the rest. This characteristic is, not denote man’s new reality the way we according to Aristotle, rationality. Thus, would know it. We could then call rational inside the box we draw another circle of animals both man and such aliens. rational beings, as shown in Figure 3. Definition is functional, knowledge is not. We see, then, that the ‘animal’ circle What man is will always be present in our intersects the ‘rational’ circle and the cognitive capacity, because knowledge is intersection of both forms the unique and contact, it is to touch the thing. Defining, particular space of man. So what we just however, demands a further activity to did was to give the coordinates by means of produce a representative ‘verbum’ that which we could distinguish man from: could be transmitable to others and to me ● all non-sentient and non-rational beings, (significant), which entails the act of naming such as plants, minerals, other physical something. And it is because naming does not or chemical entities, etc. This is the mean knowing that in our hypothetical case, striped area in Figure 4; in which the Aristotelian definition would ● all sentient beings: animals (in the cease to be functional, we would resort to the Aristotelian sense, including man), as same knowledge to name new characteristics shown in Figure 5; that distinguish man from aliens. ● all rational beings: men, angels, God (apart, This analysis makes it clear that defining obviously, from their real existence; here means giving coordinates, so a dictionary becomes a set of coordinates of the most significant words in a language. A Figure 2: The hypernym dictionary is a GPS that tells us where we are when we look for a word. It demarcates an exclusive space where the word is and where the rest of the words are not. And the best way to give coordinates is using the most clear and determinant references to locate a place. Anyone travelling to an unfamiliar city knows that a long explanation of how to arrive somewhere is nothing but confusing and often ends up making us go astray or having trouble

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 finding the place. It is usually enough 15 to explain directions with a minimum of Figure 3: The specific difference the best and clearest references used as location coodinates. The same happens with words and language. Some might argue that it is better to define with many words because that provides more information. And this is somewhat true. But let us think of the function of a dictionary. I insist on the image that a dictionary is not used to learn deep content, but to place a word somewhere in my total space of knowledge – to put it in a certain semantic place, uniquely. With this piece of information I can continue my research Figure 4: All non-sentient and non rational beings on the word, not in a dictionary, but inside this semantic place that we have negatively defined using our linguistic GPS. Thus, to move inside this linguistic space we need a specific GPS, more powerful, but somewhat more limited, as it only serves to explore this space and this is precisely the specific literature on a topic, which on the other hand is not exactly the function of a dictionary. Because of all these arguments, I find this simple instruction I was given very beneficial: ‘definitions should be succinct’. Figure 5: All sentient beings

3. Dual disambiguation of meanings in polysemous entries The second main guideline I was given was to provide another element of disambiguation for each sense of polysemous entries. And I say ‘another element’ because the disambiguation by itself is provided by the definition. It means that to every polysemous entry we should add a meta-element that by itself segregates semantically the semantic place where the meaning must be comprised. For example, let’s look at the Figure 6: All rational beings word desfloración: desfloración [desfloɾa'θjon] nf 1 =marchitamiento; envejecimiento del aspecto de alguien o de algo ◊ la desfloración de sus energías vitales 2 bot acción de sacar la flor a una planta ◊ la desfloración de losrosales 3 coll =desvirgamiento; acción de hacer perder la virginidad a una persona ◊ desfloración de mujeres In addition to the definitions, which in themselves have the ability to disambiguate, different meta-elements are added to Figure 7: Intersection of the sets, the place of the definition reinforce the semantic place in which the definitions must be located. To the first sense, a synonym is added, which by itself segregates semantically the other concepts. The same happens to the second sense by means of a subject field (botany) and to the third sense by the language register (colloquial) and a synonym. So, if we compare the dictionary to linguistic GPS coordinates, each of these meta-elements would be another coordinate Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 16

that indicates the meaning in polysemous hierarchic dimension of the concepts’ entries. interaction among themselves, placing Why is it particularly advantageous to some concepts above others, showing the provide these elements in polysemous hierarchical supremacy of certain ideas entries? that form the base of the concepts that they First, because more coordinates provide dominate. In this sense, expressing the more possibilities to place the meaning of contents by means of meta-elements is not a particular concept linguistically. only giving more content, but it also helps cañón [ka'ɲon] nm But is this not the same as putting more to create ‘mental boxes’ for the dictionary 1 mil tubo por el cual sale information into a definition, making it user, constructing his/her own conceptual impulsado el proyectil de un longer? word map in a more efficient way than the arma The answer is no, because this information linear and non-specific account of a long ◊ cañón del rifle is provided, precisely in the manner of a definition that is full of data but which lacks 2 geog estrecho profundo entre meta-element, by presenting at the same time the enhancement and the coordinates that dos montañas the information category. Many dictionaries are explicit in a conceptual map, and are ◊ cañón del Colca also carry such information, that the term also explicit in a definition done by means cañonazo [kaɲo'naθo] nm desfloración is the same as marchitamiento, of meta-elements. 1 =descarga; bombazo disparado without using the equal sign [=] that indicates por un cañón the category of such information and shows 4. All the entries have an example ◊ La ceremonia comenzaba con that both terms are synonyms. This offers Perhaps this feature would sound more naive un cañonazo. an additional advantage because more to lexicographers. Whom may it concern to 2 =ruido; estruendo y daño coordinates are given, not only by the amount discuss the importance of examples of usage producido por esta descarga of information itself, which is larger, but by in a lexicographic publication? ◊ La ciudad quedó destrozada the presentation structure of the information. On the one hand, it is necessary to por los cañonazos. If all the information were instead presented remember the viewpoint of this article, 3 sport coll lanzamiento fuerte at the same level in a long definition which is not quite lexicographical, but is de la pelota al arco without meta-elements, this would be more rather anthropological and linguistic. ◊ Tiró un cañonazo al arco. demanding on the reader, who, with the On the other hand, at least as regards the cañonear [kaɲone'aɾ] vt mil disp meta-element style of presentation, can have Spanish language, I have never encountered arar proyectiles con un cañón his/her questions solved in a clear and precise any monolingual dictionary that applies a ◊ El capitán dio la orden de way, like well-demarcated signals, each one standard rule of having examples of usage cañonear el puerto. contributing to understanding a meaning. following each definition. But in this case, cañoneo [kaɲo'neo] nm mil= The anthropological fundamentals a lexicography professional may argue, bombardeo; lanzamiento de of this feature lie in the fact that our and even be right, that such a principle, in proyectiles mind organizes ideas and concepts as which every definition must be followed by ◊ Comenzó el cañoneo al a three-dimensional map, where on the an example, is not necessary. puerto. horizontal plane we can draw together the Nevertheless, in order to show the cañonera [kaɲo'neɾa] nf inter-relationship coordinates of words in lack of examples in common Spanish 1 naut hueco al costado de what is termed a ‘conceptual map’. For monolingual dictionaries, I carried out a una embarcación o pared para example, see the conceptual map of the small statistical research—not scientific, disparar artillería word plant in Figure 8. though, but indicative (on account of the ◊ El fuego artillero salía de las But such a conceptual map is used not sample’s size)—about the proportion cañoneras del buque. only in the horizontal dimension of ideas, existing between definitions and examples 2 mil carpas usadas por los which involves the meaning relations in polysemous entries (the average number soldados en sus campañas among the words, but it also includes the of definitions per entries in the entire ◊ Desembarcaron e instalaron las cañoneras cerca de la costa. Figure 8: Conceptual map Sample entries from Kernerman Spanish Dictionary Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 17 sample was 33). For this purpose, I used was not necessary in order to understand what the three dictionaries most known and used was being defined. Nevertheless, I realized for the Spanish language: The Diccionario that in such cases the mind elaborates its de la Real Academia, El Gran Diccionario own ‘examples’, its own materialization of de la Lengua Española Larousse and the abstract definition known in classical the Diccionario General de la Lengua anthropology as phantasma2 and in modern Española. The outcome was that in such evolutionary psychology, such as with Jean context of highly polysemous entries, in Piaget (cf. 1936, 1950, 1924), as knowledge these three dictionaries only 8.5% of the structures. One may object that the cañonero, -ra [kaɲo'neɾo, - defined senses came with an example. phantasma of the scholastics is more static ɾa] nm/f sport jugador que tiene Therefore, on the concrete practice of and that Piaget’s knowledge structure is, on un tiro potente y efectivo lexicography, the obvious importance the other hand, more dynamic, but in reality ◊ el cañonero del equipo of using examples does not seem to be neither phantasma nor knowledge structure ■ ― [kaɲo'neɾo, - ɾa] adj nave, translated into real facts. Undoubtedly, is, respectively, static or purely dynamic. embarcación: que está armada there is the need to make other statistical Both describe the same episode, but from con uno o varios cañones studies on a scientific level, not merely different viewpoints, leading to different ◊ un barco cañonero indicative, to confirm the proportions and conclusions. canónica [ka'nonika] nf rel vida the hypothesis formulated above. And there The crucial aspect for the scholastics monástica de los teólogos según is also the need to know the criteria that was to describe the structure of knowledge las reglas antiguas determines whether an example should or and, therefore, the phantasma can give the ◊ la canónica de la Catedral should not be used in a given definition, so impression of being something static, when de León that the person looking for the information it is not, because it is not simply an evident canonical [kanoni'kal] adj que may have a better judgment on the matter. representation, as a photograph would be, but se relaciona con el reglar That being said, stepping back from it is a schematic representation that precedes ◊ vestimenta canonical the lexicographic view and into the the concept, in which, and by means of which, canónico, -ca [ka'noniko, anthropological view, we attempt to the intellect retains the concept. Besides, the -ka] adj explain something tremendously obvious intellect always needs this representation 1 rel=eclesiástico; relativo a los such as the importance of a definition being when we think and use the concepts by means cánones y disposiciones de la accompanied by an example. of the conversio ad phantasmata (conversion iglesia To address this issue, I should state one to sense experience). ◊ Está estudiando derecho of my theses with a personal opinion that As to Piaget, the most important point canónico. may not be shared by others: is to describe, not only the structure, but 2 rel texto, libro: que es ‘One truly understands a definition the dynamics of the assimilation process. establecido o admitido por una when the definition takes concrete He does not consider knowledge as a tradición o religión shape, in an internal way, in which what pre-supposition, as scholastics do, but as ◊ evangelio canónico is being defined is materialized by an the result of a process and of a movement. 3 =adecuada; que se ajusta a las example.’ From this perspective, there are two types características de un canon con I started to be truly aware of such thesis, even of scheme: the first, of action, and the exactitud though I already knew the anthropological second, of knowledge. The action schemes ◊ norma canónica fundamentals previously, while making are principles of learning economy: once canóniga [ka'noniγa] nf coll the corrections of the 50,000 entries of the an action considered successful is executed, siesta que se toma antes del dictionary. Then I realized that most of and then repeated several times, it creates almuerzo the time my mind could only distinguish an action scheme that turns such action ◊ Se echó una canóniga en la the meaning of an entry or the meaning of into a permanent habit of the individual. última hora de clase. a definition of a polysemous entry when On the other hand, the knowledge scheme canónigo [ka'noniγo] nm rel ecl I read its example(s). Moreover, when is more structuring of the perception and esiástico de una catedral compiling entries, what first came to my it functions exactly as what organizes this ◊ canónigo asesor mind was an example, and based on the perception. The scheme converts itself into example I would start to search for the genre a mental structure that is determined by an Sample entries from (hypernym) to which the word belonged as object. For example, this structure allows Kernerman Spanish Dictionary its differential characteristic and, only then, the possibility of executing actions towards I could shape the definition. Immediately absent objects and, therefore, it configures after that, my mind started to check whether the perception towards a present or absent this definition would fit all the possible object. After this massive generalization, of examples in relation to the defined meaning. structuring the perception of the object, a What I discovered was that the mind makes series of subtler differentiations according a double recognition: from the example to to its similarities and differences starts, and the abstract definition and from the abstract this is exactly the knowing process. Finally, definition to the example and to all its it is possible to state that such schemes can possible examples. be transferred and generalized. I mentioned above that this phenomenon However, beyond the difference happened ‘most of the times’, because every between classical anthropology and its once in a while, in cases in which the meanings phantasma and modern anthropology are more popular, the presence of an example and its schemes, what is most important Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 18

is that both movements teach and support 5. Conclusion that there is no pure thought (in the human As expressed by the title, this article does not being, obviously) and that the process of merely present a lexicographic point of view, actualization with concepts is accompanied nor a particularly lexicographic perspective, by a phantasma or a scheme that allows but mostly explains the anthropological and thinking in action. linguistic insights of a person who has been This is the important point, when someone meticulously following the procedures of gives us a definition of something we can the lexicography professional. Surely, Kernerman Spanish Dictionary probably understand each word separately, on a lexicographic level, there are strong was developed from 2006 to but we may not understand what it truly refers reasons for the guidelines described 2010 under the editorship of to until the moment we create this scheme or above for creating a dictionary—to write Miguel Eduardo Montoro. phantasma, which comes from a sensitive succinct definitions; use meta-elements to The first part of the dictionary order (not only thoughts) and implies, in disambiguate polysemous terms; and add was compiled by Sebastián a sense, a sensitive universal schematic illustrative examples for each sense. By Cerón, Sergio López and representation of every materialization writing this article, I wanted to share the Verónica Elizondo, and revised possible of the semantic space limited and amazement witnessed by a philosopher who by Irene Renau Araque. demarcated by the definition. is discovering, from his own perspectives The second part was compiled In this respect it is important to stress and also from his science, that everything by Sergio López, Patricia the importance of examples in the areas that he once executed blindly in creating Teijeiro, Ivana Fasano and of pedagogy and education. The example a dictionary in fact has a deep foundation Federica Urquiza, and revised contributes directly to the elaboration of in the human being, in the way we learn, by Elisenda Bernal Gallén. the scheme that allows us to understand the in the way we communicate and in the The third part was compiled definition. Sometimes, when the definition way we assimilate contents. I hope this by Sergio López, Ivana Fasano refers to something that is extremely clear, interdisciplinary essay is, somehow, useful and Patricia Teijeiro. there is no need for examples, because for lexicography professionals. The first part corresponds our mind elaborates the scheme as a to the 12,000 most common sort of sensitive generalization of every Notes words, the second to the possible example that might work for the 1. This is referred to by modern 24,000 most common words, definition. lexicographers as ‘formal definition’ and the third to the 50,000 But this does not happen all the time, (cf. Trimbley, 1985: 75-76), which is most common words. nor most of the time and, especially, this is sufficient for our purpose. not how it works when we learn something 2. Cf. Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I, 85, 1, new. in Opera Omnia, 1992. If there is something in which the majority of thinkers are in agreement, and that most References thinkers in history had the tendency to use, Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la it is the ‘definition–example’ pair, when Real Academia Española. 22nd ed. something new is being taught. First, it Madrid: Spanish Royal Academy. is necessary to state the definition as an 2001. abstract mold that needs to be filled by the Diccionario General de la Lengua materialization of the example that always Española. Barcelona: Vox. 2009. follows such a definition. This way of Gran Diccionario de la Lengua Española. passing on education and knowledge has not Barcelona: Larousse. 2008. changed since the early days of history until Opera Omnia Thomae Aquinatis cum today, and it indicates something structural hypertextibus in CD-ROM. Busa, R.S.J. within human beings. (ed.). Milano: Editel. 1992. ‘Something structural’ refers to the Piaget, J. 1956 [1924]. Le jugement et le convenience and/or necessity for those who raisonnement chez l’enfant. 4th ed. learn, that examples are essential to truly Paris : Delachaux & Niestlé. understand what is being said. Piaget, J. 1957 [1950]. La construction However, if this is how it works for any du réel chez l’enfant. 2nd ed. Paris: kind of teaching/education, that is evermore Delachaux & Niestlé. so for a dictionary, which is the first giver of Piaget, J. 1998 [1936]. La naissance de the semantic coordinates of a word. It does l’intelligence chez l’enfant. 9th ed. not matter whether it is a native speaker Paris: Delachaux & Niestlé. who is consulting a monolingual dictionary Saussure, F. de, 1949 [1916]. Cours de or someone learning a foreign language linguistique générale. 4th ed. Paris: consulting a bilingual dictionary. Payot. To sum up, I consider an advantage Trimbley, L. 1985. English for science and and a very important characteristic of the technology: A discourse approach. dictionary we elaborated the fact that each Cambridge & New York: Cambridge and every one of the definitions of the University Press. entries is accompanied by (an) example(s)

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 of usage. 19

Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera (ed.). Specialised Dictionaries for Learners

1. General presentation and structure both theoretical and practical considerations The work under review, edited by Pedro related to the purposes and the designing of Fuertes-Olivera (University of Valladolid, dictionaries aimed at this particular category Spain), is a Festschrift in honour of of user. Professor Enrique Alcaraz Varó (University of Alicante, Spain). Professor Alcaraz (who 2. Description of the chapters died in 2008) was an academic, a sworn • Part I translator, and a dictionary compiler, who The very first chapter, Henning Bergenholtz dedicated most of his career to LSP and and Sven Tarp’s paper entitled “LSP translation (in particular in the field of Lexicography or Terminography? The English Law), and thus inspired a change Lexicographer’s Point of View”, sets the in direction in English studies in Spanish tone for the first part of the work, which universities. It is worth noting that the is deeply rooted within the framework of contributors to this collection were chosen the Function Theory (FT) developed at the not because of their acquaintance with Aarhus School of Business in Denmark. Alcaraz, but because they were scholars Along with the second chapter, also by Tarp, who “could make a real contribution to the it outlines some of the tenets of this theory development of pedagogical specialized relating to user needs and the functions of Specialised Dictionaries for lexicography” (p.2), which is the focus of dictionaries. The last three chapters focus Learners this book. This might account for the fact on particular types of dictionaries: Chapter Pedro A. Fuertes–Olivera (ed.) that Alcaraz’s works are only cited in two 3 deals with monolingual SLDs while Lexicographica. Series Maior articles, which seems surprising at first Chapters 4 and 5 both focus on bilingual 136 sight. ones. Berlin/New York: Walter de After a preface by the editor, a short tribute Chapter 1 opens with a discussion about to Alcaraz Varó and a selected bibliography the difference between lexicography and Gruyter. 2010 of his works by two of his former students, terminology. The authors, who insist on ISBN 978-3-11023132-8 the core of the volume is divided into three saying the title of their paper was not their e-ISBN 978-3-11023133-5 (unequal) parts. The first, which represents own choice but the editor’s, claim that there ISSN 0175-9264 almost half of the book, comprises five is no clear dividing line between specialized papers by advocates of the Danish ‘Function lexicography and terminography, which they Theory’ of lexicography – either founders actually envisage as synonyms. Although of the theory or disciples – that show how most of the arguments put forward are valid, it can contribute to the development of the last one, about ‘research funding’ and specialized learners’ dictionaries (SLDs). ‘influences and positions at universities’, The second part groups four papers dealing seems debatable. In what appears to be with the contribution of linguistics as a a response to one of Humbley’s papers whole to the development of SLDs, with a (2002), the authors demonstrate that the particular emphasis on culture-bound items, FT bridges the gap between specialized figurative meaning, lexical semantics and lexicography and terminography and does actants, and corpus linguistics. The third not widen it. To do so, they focus on the part contains only two papers, intended concept of user needs, which, they say, is to pave the way for new developments very closely linked to the specific situations in SLDs in two promising areas: Chinese the users are in. Quoting Tarp (2008), they lexicography and Internet terminological explain that “a lexicographical function is dictionaries. The book ends with a two-fold defined as the satisfaction of the specific bibliography of the dictionaries quoted types of lexicographically relevant needs within the book (approximately 60) and that may arise in a specific type of potential other literature. There are also useful notes user in a specific type of extralexicographi- on the contributors, and a name and subject cal situation”. They list nine criteria to be index. There is no general conclusion to the used when drawing the profile of dictionary work. users, then remind the readers that the This volume is the first, to our knowledge, FT distinguishes between three types of to explicitly bring together the dual issues situations: cognitive, communicative and of specialized dictionaries and learners’ operational. The rest of the article focuses dictionaries, i.e. SLDs. We thus expect on two main types of communicative to find here a discussion of the notion of situations: translation and reception. The ‘learner’, a rather complex concept since section on translation tries to show how two it can refer to the learner of a language or translation dictionaries in which the authors of a specific field of interest; as well as of were involved (the English Gene Technology Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 20

Dictionary and Spanish Gene Technology and practical exercices/training. During Dictionary, 1998) meet the needs of their the learning process, the learner also finds intended users (translators of specialized him/herself in various cognitive situations texts) because those had been anticipated where the SLD can be of great help. For eLEX2011 by the compilers. The dictionaries thus instance, when the learner systematically Electronic lexicography provide knowledge on the subject field by studies the subject field, he/she may find it in the 21st century: means of systematic introductions to the useful to turn to a dictionary (instead of a New applications for field of molecular biology, and cater for handbook) to have a systematic overview the needs of the translators through every of the field, such as the ones found in new users phase of the translation process: translators the above-mentioned Gene Technology The second conference on can find explanations in the mother tongue dictionaries, or a systematic introduction electronic lexicography, for the understanding phase, equivalents to its specific LSP. In addition to cognitive eLEX2011, will take place with relevant meaning discrimination for situations, which are the “easiest to deal this year in Bled, Slovenia, the transfer phase, and grammatical and with” according to Tarp, communicative November 10-12. It is organised syntactic information for the production and practical situations are those in which by Trojina, Institute for Applied phase. In the section dealing with reception, an SLD may also satisfy users’ needs in a Slovene Studies, under the aegis the authors introduce the difference between way that should be further investigated. By of the European Association for lay people, semi-experts and experts, and combining the user profile with the various Lexicography (EURALEX). show how one single headword, RNA, has situations described, the lexicographer may The conference aims to build on (or could have) two different definitions in be able to identify the essential functions of the first eLEX conference, held the English Gene Technology Dictionary an SLD. Although the chapter is well-written in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium depending on the user’s level of expertise. and most of the explanations are clear, more (http://uclouvain.be/en-cecl- In the concluding remarks, while the authors examples would have been welcome. elexicography.html), which was seem to express doubts about whether Chapter 3, by Rufus H. Gouws from the very successful, and proved that terminographers are as interested in user University of Stellenbosch in South Africa, electronic lexicography needs an needs as specialized lexicographers, they focuses on a particular type of SLD: the event where current projects are maintain that a “superior theory for a tool for monolingual one. It starts with a much presented and topical issues are specific needs” is much wanted, no matter needed discussion of the concept of the discussed. whether it originates from lexicographers learner, which is twofold in the case of The programme will consist of or terminographers. pedagogical specialized lexicography: it can presentations of papers, software, As mentioned above, Sven Tarp is also refer to the learner of a language or to the and posters. A wide range of the author of Chapter 2, entitled “Functions learner of a subject field. Each of these two topics will be covered, from of Specialized Learner’s Dictionaries”. He types of learners can be further sub-divided usage practices of electronic postulates right from the start that “the very according to their degree of competence dictionaries, new dictionaries concept of a specialised learners’ dictionary or knowledge, which has to be taken into and dictionary databases, and can only be defined by determining the consideration by the lexicographer. The the latest developments in possible lexicographic functions which language learners can thus be sub-divided dictionary writing systems, to these dictionaries may have”. He claims into beginners, intermediate and advanced, the exploitation of language that, so far, studies on SLDs have limited while those of a subject field can be lay resources, such as corpora and the concept of ‘learner’ to that of the learner persons, semi-experts or experts. For the Wordnet, and natural language of a language, neglecting those acquiring author, the average user of an SLD is a processing tools. knowledge about a specific field. Before semi-expert at the intermediate language The keynote speakers come from outlining what he means by lexicographic level. After analyzing dictionary users in both academia and industry, functions, Tarp explains that the user’s accordance with FT criteria, the author and include Sylviane Granger needs are punctual and situation-dependent examines dictionary functions. He believes (University of Louvain), Simon information, which leads him to analyze that, contrary to what is advised for general Krek (Amebis software company the various types of situations related learners’ dictionaries, in SLDs text production and Jozef Stefan Institute), to the learning process. A learner must should be given more prominence than text Erin McKean (Wordnik), acquire knowledge, but also skills, which reception. This means that fewer lemmata Michael Rundell (Lexicography he/she finds necessary to divide into can be included, but included items have to MasterClass), and Serge Verlinde two main categories: communicative/ be given a more comprehensive treatment. (University of Leuven). linguistic skills and practical skills. The Gouws makes the point that the dictionary former consist mainly of skills for text structure should logically result from the reception, text production and translation analysis of the dictionary functions and – which can be further sub-divided into deals with the following aspects: (i) data 24 sub-categories, while the latter may be distribution: he insists on the importance of interpretive or operative. Knowledge and including texts dealing with issues related to skills, he argues, are distinct categories, the subject field outside the macrostructure even as far as language is concerned. While (called “outer texts”); (ii) access structure: knowledge can be rather easily acquired very interesting suggestions are made by learners, two mediating elements are regarding ways of improving information required to transform the information retrieval in the dictionary depending on retrieved from the dictionary into linguistic the needs of the user – the example of a

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 skills and practical skills: communication possible treatment of the term nitric acid is 21 particulary convincing; (iii) microstructure: genre conventions. The third focal point, the discussion about the treatment of terms (which includes collocations), has meaning and the phrasing of the definitions already received much, if not too much, depending on the profile of the user is very attention according to him. Since syntactic relevant and the author also suggests adding structures in the source language and the a bilingual dimension to the microstructure, target language can differ considerably (he The conference organisers – while specifying that this would limit the gives the example of structures typical of Trojina, Institute for Applied target user group; (iv) grammar: since the Danish and German legal language, Slovene Studies – are currently SLDs are more geared towards production, which are not found as such in French working on projects that involve grammatical data should be included, but and English translations), he insists that developing dictionary and outside the entry proper so as not to impede contrastive information should be given in corpus resources for Slovene, access to subject-specific data. The next the dictionary. As far as genre conventions with particular focus on section discusses the problems related are concerned, he states that learners must user-friendliness of dictionary to the type of monolingual specialized produce translations that conform to the tools and corpus interfaces. dictionary to be produced, (basically single conventions of the target language culture: Other research conducted at the field versus multifield), in particular the they must therefore be systematically institute includes exploitation placement and ordering of outer texts to made aware of differences in cases such of lexicographic and corpus which the author seems rightly attached. as the use of capital initial letters in some resources for pedagogic The last section related to culture-dependent specific genres or sub-genres. He proposes purposes. or culture-independent items is rather that all the information relating to syntactic The town of Bled, where disappointing as it only alludes to the structures, genre conventions and what he eLEX2011 will take place, is a issue, which would have warranted a more calls “translation strategies” should ideally small alpine resort in Slovenia, in-depth analysis, but this gap is partly filled be placed in separate sections in the back known for its lake and beautiful in Chapter 6. matter, and these sections should contain surroundings, which attract With Chapter 4, by Sandro Nielsen from illustrative examples that show translation guests throughout the year. the Aarhus School of Business, we move strategies. For him, the best dictionary is We warmly invite you to the from the monolingual dictionary to what is a single-field dictionary, possibly with an conference, which we hope specifically called specialized translation electronic dimension, that focuses primarily will prompt interesting debates dictionaries for learners, within the on usage, and can be considered as an on current trends in electronic framework of the FT. The author makes the augmented reference tool. lexicography and give the case for dictionaries that view translation Specialized translation dictionaries participants the opportunity to as a whole, not limited to term-to-term are also the focus of chapter 5, by Ildikó network and meet partners for equivalence (it is texts, not words, that are Fata, a Hungarian lexicographer from the future collaborations. translated). He is very critical of what he University of Pilicscsaba. At first sight, calls the traditional specialized dictionary two chapters on the same topic may seem http://trojina.si/elex2011/index. (though giving no precise reference) which, redundant, but the two are rather different. html/ according to him, only helps to translate a Although the article is divided into several small portion of LSP texts. He feels that sections (the numbering of which is not really Iztok Kosem too little attention has been paid to research clear when references are made within), Trojina, Institute for Applied in the field of translation studies, which is it actually consists of two main parts: a Slovene Studies more useful to specialized lexicographers theoretical part based on the FT, describing [email protected] than surveys dealing with LSP translation the specialized translation dictionary as a that provide them with only vague ‘hints’ particular type of dictionary, and a more of what to do. The findings of translation practical part consisting of a report on a studies that seem most useful to him are bilingual German-Hungarian dictionary in the following: translation is concerned the field of pension insurance, explicitly with units larger than words; the clause and aimed at translators and interpreters, in sentence levels are of primary importance; which the author was involved. In the first and, the receiver’s perception of the target part, Fata shows that bilingual specialized text is increasingly important. Just like translation dictionaries are at the crossroads Gouws in the previous chapter, Nielsen of several scientific disciplines, drawing identifies several categories of users on the findings of translation studies, depending on their degree of competence in metalexicography, corpus linguistics, LSP the language or the subject field, but admits research and terminology. Since the author that the categorisation of users is very hard adopts Tarp’s definition of a translation to do. For him, the most common user of dictionary as one “designed to assist the an SLD is a lay person or a semi-expert user in solving problems related to the “at the best”, which is a slightly different translation process” (2004), she finds it view from Gouws’s. He also recommends useful to rely on a model of the translation that lexicographers identify the factual, process also adopted by Tarp (2007), linguistic, textual and cultural competences to identify the various functions of the of the intended users. The rest of the dictionary in relation to each of the steps article is devoted to two focal points of of the process. In accordance with Nord

LSP translation: linguistic structures and (2002), she includes bilingual specialized Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 22

dictionaries among translation auxiliary in English and its so-called equivalent materials. This section would have merited in Spanish, desayuno. The author insists clearer treatment, all the more so as some on the fact that cultural features are quotations or figures (e.g. Figure 6) have best identified when two languages are ABBYY LINGVO not been translated from German and are compared, and quotes the well-known for iOS apps not understandable for people who do not example of the various ways of referring master this language. She also mentions a to snow in ‘Eskimo languages’, as well as survey without giving sufficient information several examples from legalese in English ABBYY is integrating about it. In short, the first part of the article and Spanish. He extends the problem to that K DICTIONARIES content in could have benefited from the inclusion of the varying ‘semantic space’ between the LINGVO new application of more examples. In the second part, several languages, relying on the in-depth for iOS platforms, which which seems slightly disconnected from contrastive analysis of wood in English and enables iPhone, iPad and what preceded, she explains the context of bosque in Spanish. The section devoted iPod Touch users to access a developing Hungarian metalexicographic to ‘culture in traditional lexicography’ wide range of dictionaries for research which has led to the publication states that dictionaries have rarely paid different languages from leading of the translation-oriented bilingual LSP direct attention to the cultural dimensions publishers worldwide. dictionary of pension insurance. Although of words, but no traditional dictionary in The ABBYY LINGVO the main target users are native Hungarian particular is analyzed. Later on, though (in application has reached Top-10 translators and interpretors, five other section 5), there is a critical presentation of Grossing Apps position in Russia categories of potential users with varying LDELC. Two main drawbacks are pointed for 4 months, is #1 Reference backgrounds were identified (for instance, out: the first has to do with the format of App in Russia and other pension experts who have excellent the dictionary, whose linguistic perspective countries, and was chosen as a knowledge of the field but little knowledge is too traditional; the second concerns the Staff Favourite App in the iTunes of its LSP). Since the range of target users inclusion of cultural notes, whose very section in 61 countries in April is very wide, the macrostructure had to take existence seems to indicate that language and 2011. Features including fast and into account what was the minimum and culture are two separate things, something easy look-up and smart search maximum background knowledge required. unthinkable from the author’s point of view. for misspelled and inflected The number of user situations envisaged It is only in section 7 that the reader finds words allow users to make the was up to 18, the most interesting being some (heterogeneous) analyses of cultural most of the dictionary content on those grouped under the heading ‘opera- items in existing dictionaries, some of their iOS devices. tional-orientated user situations’, whose which are not specialized. Surprisingly A total of 38 titles from treatment is however not discussed at all. enough, the solutions proposed by Svensén K DICTIONARIES, covering The ‘introduction’ of the dictionary is (1993) are barely commented upon. In 20 European languages plus mentioned several times but never quoted. short, the author does not add much that Chinese, are available, consisting Finally, the author claims that the novelty is new. While he does outline interesting of pocket-sized dictionaries for of the dictionary lies in the fact that each possibilities for future development such as travel and daily communication. part is bilingual, something that is in fact the notion of a culture-dependency scale, The following language pairs are not uncommon. The last section is devoted or the idea of using Elementary Meaning on offer: to the pedagogical dimension of the Units to identify the cultural elements, Chinese (Simplified) – dictionary, which is interesting and could these ideas are not developed. And while English have been further developed. For instance, specialized dictionaries, either monolingual Chinese (Simplified) – French more concrete detail on how the corpus that or bilingual, are discussed, SLDs are not, Chinese (Traditional) – was designed helped to compile the entries which puts this article outside the scope of English and the so-called ‘mini-contexts’ would this volume. Czech – English have been welcome. All in all, this chapter Chapter 7, by Geart van der Meer Danish – English would have been better served focusing on (University of Groningen, the Netherlands) English – Chinese one aspect rather than two, the theoretical is the shortest of all chapters. It tackles the (Simplified) or the practical. very complex subject of the treatment of English – Chinese figurative meaning in monolingual SLDs. (Traditional) • Part II After stressing the importance for a learner The second part deals with the treatment of a specialized language to make the link of specific linguistics topics in relation to between the metaphorical meanings and the SLDs. The notion of culture is the first to literal meanings of a word or expression so be dealt with, in Chapter 6, by Aquilino as to grab their full meaning (something Sánchez, from the University of Murcia in which is part and parcel of the native Spain. The article discusses at great length speaker’s competence), the author analyzes the intricate relationship between language several examples taken from the business and culture, showing that language is a tool field, comparing definitions from various for the transmission of cultural knowledge, specialized dictionaries. He convincingly and that cultural features “are necessary argues that it is more than desirable for a ingredients for a complete understanding of dictionary to make learners aware of what a word”, and as such cannot be dissociated he calls the “double-sidedness” of the from words. Some examples are taken words, but then very honestly questions

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 from everyday language, such as breakfast the feasibility of it in a monolingual SDL. 23

He comes to the conclusion that for some how difficult it is to combine all of them. metaphors whose origin is rather obscure Since learners always have difficulty with (like benchmark), there is no need for a actants, and especially when dealing with tentative explanation in the dictionary, but LSP, this paper usefully feeds the discussion that for others whose origin can be traced about SLDs both from a theoretical and a back (like bubble or scorched earth policy), practical point of view. English – Czech some information should be presented to the The last chapter of the second part is English – Danish user. The least space-consuming solution dedicated to corpus linguistics. Lynne English – Finnish lies in the wording of the definition, which, Bowker (University of Ottawa, Canada) first English – French thanks to collocations or words suggestive reviews the main lexicographic concepts at English – German of the literal field, could help the learner stake, i.e. specialized dictionaries, learners’ English – Greek make a link between the basic sense and the dictionaries, SLDs – concepts that have English – Hungarian metaphorical one. He actually undertakes either already been defined or should have English – Icelandic to adapt some of the definitions found been defined earlier in the volume. Quoting English – Italian in existing dictionaries, which proves a Varantola (2003), she interestingly points English – Latvian success. out that a learner is rather different from a English – Lithuanian With Chapter 8, we are back to purely non-native speaker. The most novel part of English – Polish linguistic matters: Marie-Claude L’Homme this review lies in the presentation of what English – Portuguese (University of Montréal, Canada) examines can be called hybrid learners’ dictionaries: (Portugal) the treatment of arguments (‘actants’ in dictionaries, such as MEDAL, which mainly English – Romanian the theory of Explanatory Combinatorial deal with general language but tend to include English – Slovak Lexicology developed by Mel’čuk et al., a very large number of specialized terms. In English – Slovenian cf. 1995) in several existing dictionaries, the next two sections, she first explains the English – Spanish and reports on her team’s project to turn fundamentals of corpus linguistics, defining English – Swedish what was a rather formal terminology the term corpus, showing its advantages English – Turkish database, the DiCoInfo, into an SLD in over introspection and giving general facts French – English the field of computing and the Internet. about the size of general-language corpora German – English After a very useful review of the way – a useful reminder for readers who would Hungarian – English five existing dictionaries (among which a not be familiar with the subject. Then Icelandic – English learner’s dictionary such as COBUILD, she traces the history of the contribution Italian – English and an SLD such as DAFA) deal with the of corpus linguistics to general learners’ Latvian – English problem of actants (through pronouns, a dictionaries, explaining that the use of Lithuanian – English numbering system, general semantic labels, corpora in specialized lexicography is not as Portuguese (Portugal) – etc), she presents the original database of systematic but is (slowly) taking up. Relying French DiCoInfo. That database, unlike former on a corpus helps general lexicographers in Slovak – English specialized dictionaries, does not focus several areas: information about frequency Slovenian – English on conceptual information, but rather on can help to construct the headword list, Spanish – English linguistic information; moreover, it is clearly compile the definitions and order the senses; Turkish – English corpus-based, and does not limit itself to it can also provide authentic examples ABBYY LINGVO Dictionaries the noun grammatical category. Through the – something of great help to learners – for iOS are available on the example of the entry Internet, the reader is and help to identify grammatical and AppStore: shown the various information categories phraseological patterns. What seems more http://itunes.apple.com/us/ that appear in the entries, among whose original in her explanation is the resort to app/lingvo-dictionaries/ striking features are the actantial structure, learner corpora. The very last section of this id391989146?mt=8#/ the linguistic realizations of actants and article, about the potential of corpora for the lexical relation section. In the original SLDs, is a key issue that, in our view, should Published in collaboration version of DiCoInfo, actants are presented have been the main focus of the chapter. with K DICTIONARIES by means of actantial roles described by Bowker demonstrates that even though the fifteen different labels, the most common availability of specialized corpora is not being Agent, Destination, Instrument and so much of an issue any more, not many Patient. These labels may sound familiar to dictionaries seem to rely on them yet. linguists, but are definitely opaque for most According to her, all the above-mentioned users. This is the reason why the DiCoInfo advantages of resorting to corpora for team undertook to (automatically) convert general learners’ dictionaries can be applied the existing labels into more user-friendly to specialized ones, all the more so as the ones. Relying on the above-mentioned focus of the latter has recently shifted from review of the way actants are presented text reception to text production by LSP in existing dictionaries, the team decided, learners. She seems to be in favor of a for various reasons that are very clearly hybrid approach, but applied in reverse: new outlined, that the most appropriate means corpus-based specialized dictionaries could of representing actants would be to resort to include both specialized terms and general typical terms (as in DAFA). A thorny issue is words frequently used within the field. She the choice of the ideal typical term: several recommends that SLDs rely both on corpora criteria are suggested, but the author shows recording native speaker usage and learner Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 24

corpora. One last promising suggestion is with the tricky issue of the translation of to use spoken-language corpora, a road yet culture-bound items. The authors argue that to be trodden. ‘calque’ – be it semantic, morphological, phonological or else – is a more effective Part III approach than the usual free translation Finally, the last part deals with the strategy. Although this section is very challenges ahead for pedagogical specialized interesting from a contrastive point of view, dictionaries. In Chapter 10, Zhang Yihua and its relevance regarding lexicography is not The 9th International Guo Qiping (from Guangdong University obvious, and it could have been shortened or School on Lexicography of Foreign Studies, China) give the reader more directly connected to lexicographical Multi-disciplinary a very interesting insight into Chinese issues. Lexicography: Traditions and pedagogical specialized lexicography. The very last chapter was written by the Challenges of the XXI century They start by demonstrating that although editor of the book, Fuertes-Olivera, and will be held at Ivanovo State China has produced many general truly deals with “Lexicography for The University, Russia, September specialized dictionaries (GSDs), it still Third Millenium” as it focuses on Internet 8-10, 2011. lacks SLDs. Most existing dictionaries are dictionaries. After a reminder about the not appropriate because they are intended functional approach, which is the theoretical For more information please only for professionals (either field experts framework used in his paper, the author contact Professor Olga or translators), and do not record enough tries to refine De Schryver’s typologies of Karpova: olga.m.karpova@ linguistic information. This is backed up electronic dictionaries (2003) by adding gmail.com or lexico2011@ with the results of a survey conducted three more criteria: (i) the identity of the gmail.com among 128 undergraduate students who compiler, (ii) the type of access to the attend specialized courses taught in English: dictionary – free vs. restricted, and (iii) only a third use bilingual English-Chinese the intended user of the dictionary. This specialized dictionaries, because they leads him to highlight the category of find the existing dictionaries unhelpful. institutional Internet reference works, which The authors infer from their findings can be further sub-divided into restricted that users are demanding a new type of institutional Internet reference works and free dictionary. The growing bilingual context ones. The former correspond to electronic of education in China, from pre-school versions of ‘traditional’ dictionaries, and to higher education, makes this country a are thus of lesser interest than the latter, “huge potential market” for SLDs, with which are the focus of the rest of the article. many textbooks written in English. Hence Those dictionaries, compiled by “amateur the need for a theoretical framework for a lexicographers” working in identifiable new type of dictionary. The authors first institutions, have rarely been studied, which show how SLDs differ from GSDs in terms makes the contribution really valuable. of users, purposes, linguistic, functional and Based on the analysis of terms starting with structural features, then how they differ from the letter E in the dictionaries of finance general learners’ dictionaries. Next, they retrieved by the Yourdictionary.com portal, examine the functions of English-Chinese the author has identified three sub-types: SLDs, which are both communicative (i) glossaries compiled by consultancies and cognitive. They insist that both active or private companies, (ii) reference works and passive vocabulary be included in the by national or international organizations, dictionary, together with a sufficient amount which, more often than not, are electronic of specialty knowledge. The structural versions of previous paper reference works, features of the ideal SLD are also under and (iii) reference works compiled by scrutiny: dictionary design should take amateur trained lexicographers working megastructure, microstructure, distribution in the language industry. Unsurprisingly and access structure into consideration. The enough, it is the last category that fares sub-section dealing with the inclusion of the best as to users’ communicative needs. lexical relationships is very complex, and The lexicographic quality of the first two Figure 4 in particular would have required is indeed rather poor. The last part of this further explanations. Section 5 discusses chapter consists of recommendations definitions; the authors argue that they regarding the construction of future free should be ‘multidimensional’ (based on institutional Internet reference works. The cognitive domains, and with a focus on author lists six essential lexicographic the foreign tongue), ‘holistic’ (situated requirements: the lemma selected should within a larger frame, with a mention of be relevant; the treatment of meaning hypernyms, differentiae, co-hyponyms, etc) should include contextualization and and ‘pertinent’ (in accordance with specific be aimed at semi-experts more than academic fields). They give a few much laymen; semantic relationships should needed examples to illustrate their point, but be signalled; grammatical information the source of these examples is not clearly should be separately included; the

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 specified. Finally, the last section deals access structure should be user-friendly 25 and, information about the subjet field However, a more practical implementation should be provided. An additional set of of many of the theoretical lines of research recommendations is Internet-specific and would be welcome. reinforces those already made by Almind Finally, it is said in the introduction (2005). They include resorting to more (p.24) that the book defends three main user-friendly search engines and proper ideas – that “there is a need and a market for hypertextuality, and to regular updating. specialised dictionaries for learners”, “most More importantly, the author advocates of the existing specialised dictionaries are integrating the dictionaries in “teaching not adequate for learners”, and “we need a packages”. Although the validity and sound theoretical framework for coping with desirability of all those recommendations known and unknown challenges in the realm cannot be questioned, they seem hard to of pedagogical specialized lexicography”. put into practice as the compilers of such From our point of view, the first two can dictionaries are said to be amateurs, and not be considered more as basic premises professional lexicographers. underlying the book than as topics actually discussed in the papers; it is only the chapter 3. Conclusion on Chinese lexicography that explictly In the first section, we mentioned that one of shows there is a market for this type of the things we expected to find when reading dictionaries, and the limitations of existing the work under review was discussions dictionaries are not systematically pointed about the concept of the learner. The book out. The third idea does run throughout the really was up to our expectations in that volume, but is limited to the presentation of respect. As far as theoretical considerations a single theoretical framework, which might KAMUS LENGKAP are concerned, we can say that it exceeded be seen as too restrictive. Inggris-Indonesia all expectations, since approximately two Indonesia-Inggris thirds are dedicated to theoretical aspects. References A Dictionary for Learners of However, the practical applications of English such bountiful theory are not sufficiently 1. Dictionaries Penerbit Erlangga developed in the book in our opinion. COBUILD = Sinclair, J. (ed.). (1987). If we set aside our own expectations, Collins COBUILD English Language Jakarta, Indonesia is this volume true to what it claims to Dictionary. 1st ed. London/Glasgow: July 2010 be in the preface and in the introduction? Collins. 551 pages, 235 x 158 mm According to the preface (p.2), it has three DAFA = Binon, J. et al. (2000). Dictionnaire Hardcover objectives: d’apprentissage du français des affaires. ISBN 978-979-075-181-1 (i) “defend[ing] a function-based Dictionnaire de compréhension et de http://erlangga.co.id/ transformative approach centred on the production de la langue des affaires. http://kdictionaries.com/ dictionary and the users, investigating Paris: Didier. products/junior/ppid.html/ which lexicographic theories and principles DiCoInfo = L’Homme, M.-C. (ed.). are best suited for learners enrolled on LSP Le Dictionnaire fondamental de From the series courses and/or Translation degrees”: the first l’informatique et de l’Internet. http:// KERNERMAN SEMI- sub-objective of the first objective is more olst.ling.umontreal.ca/cgi-bin/dicoinfo/ than fulfilled, since the FT seems to be the search.cgi/. BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES only theory outlined here, which is bound English Gene Technology Dictionary = to leave little room for a discussion about Kaufman, U. and Bergenholtz, H. in which lexicographic theory is best suited cooperation with B. Stumman, S. Tarp, for learners. The book is slightly misleading L. de la Rosa Marabet, N. la Serna in that respect as it might give the (false) Torres and G. la Serna Miranda (1998). impression that very few other scholars Encyclopedic Dictionary of Gene have studied the issue of user needs; Technology. English (with Spanish (ii) “honour[ing] Enrique Alcaraz’s equivalents). Toronto: Lugus. pioneering visions and daily activities as a LDELC = Summers, D. (ed.). (2000). teacher, translator of specialized texts, and Longman Dictionary of English lexicographer”: although the book is of Language and Culture. 3rd ed. London: great relevance for teachers, translators and Pearson ESL. lexicographers, it is not directly linked to MEDAL = Rundell, M. (ed.). (2007). Enrique Alcaraz’s ideas, something which MacMillan English Dictionary for could have been the focus of a general Advanced Learners. 2nd ed. Oxford: conclusion; Macmillan Education. (iii) “open[ing] up new lines of research in Spanish Gene Technology Dictionary = terms of the construction of pedagogically- Kaufman, U. and Bergenholtz, H. oriented specialized dictionaries”: this is in cooperation with B. Stumman, S. probably where the book proved to be more Tarp, L. de la Rosa Marabet, N. la successful, and in that respect it can be said Serna Torres and G. la Serna Miranda to honour the memory of Professor Alcaraz. (1998). Diccionario Enciclopédico Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 26

de Ingenieria Genética. Español Tarp, S. 2004. “How can Dictionaries assist (con equivalente in inglés). Toronto: Translators”. In Chan S.-W. (ed.), Lugus. Translation and Bilingual Dictionaries, 23-39. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 2. Other Verlag. (Lexicographica Series Maior Almind, R. 2005. “Designing Internet 122). Dictionaries”. Hermes, Journal of Tarp, S. 2007. “Lexicography in the Linguistics 34: 37-54. Information Age”. Lexikos 17: De Schryver, G.-M. 2003. “Lexicographers’ 170-179. Dreams in the Electronic-Dictionary Tarp, S. 2008. Lexicography in the Age”. International Journal of Borderland between Knowledge Lexicography 16:2, 143-199. and Non-Knowledge. General Humbley, J. 2002. “Nouveau dictionnaires, Lexicographical Theory with particular nouveaux rapports avec les utilisateurs”. focus on Learner’s Lexicography. Meta 47:1, 95-104. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Mel’čuk et al. 1995. Introduction à la Varantola, K. 2003. “Linguistic Corpora lexicologie explicative et combinatoire. (Databases) and the Compilation of Louvain la Neuve: Duculot/Aupelf – Dictionaries”. In van Sterkenburg, UREF. P. (ed.), A Practical Guide to Nord, B. 2002. Hilfsmittel beim Übersetzen: Lexicography, 228-239. Amsterdam/ Eine empirische Studie zum Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Rechercheverhalten professioneller Übersetzer. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Amélie Josselin-Leray Svensén, B. 1993. Practical Lexicography. CLLE-ERSS, Université Toulouse le Mirail, Principles and Methods of Dictionary France Making. Oxford: Oxford University [email protected] Press.

Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (ed.). A Way with Words: Recent Advances in Lexical Theory and Analysis. A Festschrift for Patrick Hanks

This Festschrift for Patrick Hanks, like festschrift, papers come from those (many Hanks’s own career, covers a period of of them long-term friends, colleagues, and extraordinary interest and technological associates) who have found Hanks’s work change for the practice of lexicography. particularly fruitful as representing the As Yorick Wilks, looking back to the early contribution of a key mover and shaker in 1980s, points out, “Computational search the field. within large corpora … was simply an aspiration.” Dictionaries were compiled in Introduction hard copy (in 1978, only storage in fireproof In “Getting to the Bottom of How Language cabinets saved fourteen years’ worth work Works”, Gilles-Maurice de Schryver sets for the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford the scene by outlining Hanks’s career and English Dictionary, when the Glasgow significant publications (for example, ‘Word premises were gutted by fire). Real-language Association Norms, Mutual Information, evidence was similarly likely to exist only and Lexicography’, co-authored with Ken in the form of citation-based handwritten Church in 1989). The three divisions of files. By 2010, dictionaries and reference the book, theoretical, computational, and had moved online, and the existence of lexicographic, reflect the main areas of that significant corpora is now taken as a norm. career. This explicit connection provides A Way with Words charts some of the paths a linking thread between the papers—as between the two extremes in the thirty years good a way as any of achieving a level of

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 covered by the book. Understandably for a homogeneity for the book. A few of the links 27 are a little tenuous: for example, Jonathan positive conclusion: “Everyone has more Green’s enjoyable article “ARGOT: the access than they ever had before. Life is Flesh Made Word’, on the development good.” Other papers in this section deal with of Francophone slang, apparently had its computational approaches to the lexicon in genesis in a request by Hanks for a similar English, German, and Czech—springing piece for the Elsevier Encyclopedia of from Hanks’s activities in the United States, Language and Linguistics (2005). However, Germany, and the Czech Republic. the piece itself is so interesting that no-one could cavil at its presence. It is perhaps to Lexical analysis and dictionary writing be regretted, given Hanks’s work in names Rosamund Moon opens the section lexicography, that there is no article which on lexical analysis and its impact on reflects this specific area. dictionary-writing with “Words that Spring As an addendum to the Introduction, to Mind”, a paper which presents a corpus sixteen pages are devoted to a bibliography study of the phraseology of spring to mind. of Hanks’s publications, ordered Starting with an examination of contrasting chronologically. One of those listed as dictionary treatments of the item, her ‘forthcoming’ is also one of the most warmly contribution exemplifies her quotation referenced: Lexical Analysis: Norms and from Hanks on the necessity for “patient Exploitations (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), studies at the word-face” as a prerequisite which Wilks describes as “his forthcoming for demonstrating systems and formulating magnum opus”. de Schryver writes with explanations. Sue Atkins provides a detailed understandable admiration of his subject’s account of the development of a recent continuing productivity: there is clearly and major database, the DANTE project, A Way with Words: Recent no question but that the next few years are as developed for the New English-Irish Advances in Lexical Theory likely to be busy ones as ‘forthcoming’ is Dictionary (2010), and considers its possible and Analysis. A Festschrift replaced by publication dates. application to FrameNet. Other papers in for Patrick Hanks the section include Kilgarriff and Richlý’s Gilles-Maurice de Schryver Theoretical aspects and background reflections on a possible route from corpus (ed.) The first two papers in the theoretical to dictionary: “Semi-Automatic Dictionary section underscore the chronological reach Drafting”. Kampala: Menha. 2010 of the book. The first of them, “Defining Human beings seek certainties. A Way With ISBN 978-9970-101-01-6 the Definiendum”, is actually the last paper Words concludes with Michael Rundell’s (unfinished at his death in 2007, and lightly thought-provoking paper “Defining edited here by Rosamund Moon) written Elegance”. In it, Rundell looks back to the by John Sinclair. Starting with the typical early days of corpus lexicography, when treatment in a dictionary of idiomatic phrases real-language examples could replace (appearing at the end of an entry, with citation lexicographers’ constructs. He recalls the forms that are likely to be ad hoc), Sinclair plaintive protest “But it was in the corpus” argues that corpus evidence offers a strong when he had to “confront members of the case for multi-word units of meaning to be team with outlandish examples in text they given the status of headwords. Yorick Wilks’s had compiled”. The point may seem an paper on “Very Large Lexical Structures”, on obvious one, but it is a useful corrective: the other hand, introduces a seminal paper Rundell has captured a moment at which from the past: it was first published in 1977, what in any terms represented an exponential and opens a fascinating window on what is shift in resource was for that very reason now a vanished world, since (as Wilks puts being given a status beyond question. Every it) the text “refers to a thesaurus where one advance needs to be welcomed with an would now refer to WordNet”. element of testing and scepticism.

Computing lexical relations Conclusion Ken Church’s paper “More is More”, This is an enjoyable and thought-provoking which opens the section on computational volume, which brings together accounts of lexicography, takes a backward glance the early days of computational lexicography, at the pioneering days when he “mocked with speculation as to where the future up” something similar to the COBUILD might take us. It will be of interest both corpus using the AP (Associated Press) to those who are intent today on exploring newswire. (“I chose the AP wire merely the latest developments, and those whose because it was handy.”) However, it swiftly focus lies in tracing the changing history of comes up to the present day, engaging lexicography over the past thirty years. with Adam Kilgarriff’s contention that “Googleology is bad science.” The paper Elizabeth Knowles provides a stimulating overview of what Editor, Dictionaries (Journal of the (even allowing for provisos about dirty Dictionary Society of North America) data) can be achieved, before coming to a [email protected] Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 28

Henri Béjoint. The Lexicography of English. From Origins to Present

This well-written book is a treasure house of additional strength lies in his expertise in information. Since English prides itself on a French lexicography. The field being what greater number of various dictionaries than it is, Béjoint had many serious predecessors. any other language, a major work on English References to B.T. Sue Atkins, Michael lexicography inevitably becomes a survey Rundell, Patrick Hanks, and especially and analysis of general lexicography. The Sidney Landau have been strewn most balance between “theory” and “practice” in generously in the text. such works depends on the author’s tastes Despite its title, Béjoint’s book does not and predilections, because dictionary making discuss English specialized dictionaries, hardly needs “theory” in the sense in which dictionaries of slang, etymology, local we understand linguistic theory or theory of words, usage (they are only mentioned in numbers. Those attempt to explain the nature passing), let alone bilingual dictionaries of of certain phenomena, while “lexicographic physics, engineering, medicine, and the like. theory” generalizes the experience of the An attempt to cover everything would have profession. The difference between such resulted in a multivolume version of The questions as “What is a phoneme?” (or Oxford History of English Lexicography, “What is a separate word?”) and “What a utopian project. As could be expected, is a dictionary?” requires no elaboration. not the same attention has been given to The Lexicography of Béjoint knows it and, most fortunately, every major dictionary. For example, James English. From Origins to never promotes Theory with capital T; Stormonth’s A Dictionary of the English Present Chapter 10 shows that in his case a small Language (New York: Harper & Brothers, Henri Béjoint t may sometimes also be unnecessary. He 1885) fell through the cracks. The Century New York: Oxford University has a realistic view of the uneasy union Dictionary got minimal coverage (less than Press. 2010 between lexicography and linguistics; a page, p. 89). Béjoint says that it still has especially revealing is the section on admirers. Since I am one of them, I am ISBN 978-0-19-829967-7 linguistics and structuralism (pp. 264-66). grieved to see how underestimated this Lexicography cannot disregard the progress magnificent work is. The same holds for in semantics, but a dictionary purports to be Henry Cecils Wyld’s 1932 The Universal a convenient reference book, and, inasmuch Dictionary of the English Language (“… as no amount of theorizing will tell us where good on pronunciation and etymology, and the line between several remote senses of a could have been successful if it had been word and homonyms lies (to give just one published in other circumstances,” p. 110). example), every time we write an entry on This verdict and note 18 on p. 268 (“He a polysemous word, the age-old question [Wyld] wrote A Short History of English presents itself anew. The same holds for the (1914), A History of Modern Colloquial question about the descriptive versus the English (1920), etc.”) show that Béjoint is prescriptive mode (yes, dictionaries should not quite aware of Wyld’s stature and the provide us with a faithful transcript of the excellence of The Universal Dictionary. On chosen language at any given moment rather pp. 233-34 we read about the cases in which than lay down the law, and yes, millions of the outcome of court procedures depended people open dictionaries to find out how to on dictionary definitions. If Béjoint had spell, pronounce, and use words correctly, followed the history of Dictionary of that is, according to the accepted standard) American Regional English, he could have and about the breadth of inclusion (the added a few more curious examples to this more words between the covers, the better, section. but something must be left out, so where On the other hand, occasionally the should one draw the line?). The recent book contains more than its structure and literature on such matters is enormous, indexes suggest. For example, I looked and lexicographers profit by knowing it. up etymology in the index and found five However, even the most erudite among references: etymology in Blount, p. 58; in them still depend on the requirements of Bailey, p. 64; in Richardson, p. 83; in OED,

the publisher, their own common sense, and p. 102; in W3, p. 134. Additionally, on p. 72, intuition (a fancy synonym for experience Béjoint speaks about etymology in Samuel that has become second nature). This book Johnson; on p. 83 about Horne Tooke; is certainly descriptive, not prescriptive, on p. 140, about the American College but Béjoint has given so much thought to Dictionary; on p. 85 about Webster’s lexicography that anyone who is interested derivations; on p. 45 about Walter von in the subject will learn a good deal about Wartburg’s Französisches etymologisches

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 all its angles from his exposition. His Wörterbuch (incidentally, headwords 29 in it are not Latin but reconstructed 265, 275, 276, and 283. A passage (from Proto-Romance or Proto-French forms, an article by Rundell) on p. 282 is worth and what do the dates 1922-28 mean?). quoting: On pp. 59-60 Gazophylacium Anglicanum “Most learners… would probably see (1689), an etymological dictionary, is said some connection between bay, in its meaning to be “considered anonymous by some but of ‘an indentation in the coastline’, and bay, attributed to Stephen Skinner, the famous when it means ‘a recess’ (as in a loading author of the Etymologicon LinguΦ bay or a bay window); conversely, few AnglicanΦ (1671) by others, with a second learners would see any connection whatever edition called A New English Dictionary between the two main meanings of club Showing the Etymological Derivation of the (‘a society that people join’ and ‘a heavy English Tongue in 1691, which explained stick used as a weapon’). Nevertheless, the the etymology of ‘all common English historically motivated (but counter-intuitive) words’, and it had a second part with proper organization of the native-speaker tradition names.” Famous is a relative concept, but has in general been carried over into the who suggested that Gazophylacium was MLDs [monolingual learner’s dictionaries], written by Skinner? The book seems to so that bay appears in L[ongman] have been an abridged pirate translation D[ictionary of] C[ontemporary] E[nglish] of the Etymologicon by a well-hidden and A[dvanced] L[earner’s] D[ictionary] as publisher. On p. 47, a footnote refers the five separate noun homographs, while club readers to a bibliographical survey of appears as just one. Even more confusingly, English etymological dictionaries. Note drill (‘a tool for making holes’) and drill (‘a 13 on p. 101 warns them that Bayle’s form of instruction based on repetition’) are 1696 Dictionnaire historique et critique grouped together in one homograph, while PIX is a dictionary of history but adds that in drill (‘an agricultural tool for planting English Spanish Picture 1992 a two-volume etymological dictionary seeds’) is shown as a separate entry.” Dictionary for iPhone (Dictionnaire Historique de la Langue On the same page, Béjoint discusses game Marquee Publishing Française) appeared. In connection with ‘activity, sport’ and game ‘wild animals’ and Toronto, Canada incongruent titles Béjoint cites Jacques says (note 37): “From an Old Saxon word Azaïs’s Dieu, l’homme et la parole, “a meaning ‘fellowship’, and the use of the September 2010 highly original etymological dictionary” word for an amusement, and a metonymy.” Compatible with iPhone, iPod (1853; p. 8). The usual trend is opposite, For Old Saxon read Gothic, and of course touch, and iPad. namely, to call a dictionary etymological an English word, unless it is a borrowing, Requires iOS 4.0 or later. only because it supplies the included words can be from neither Old Saxon nor Gothic. http://marqueepublishing.com/ with etymologies. In England this tradition Gaman ‘amusement, diversion’ was attested app-pix.html/ was perpetuated by Nathan Bailey. A more in Old English. All this goes a long way http://itunes.apple.com/il/app/ recent teaser using the adjective etymological toward showing that someone who wants pix-english-spanish-picture/ as a marketing ploy is Chambers’ dictionary to appreciate this book to the full should id389305736?mt=8#/ (for more than a century, beginning with read it from cover to cover. I devoted so 1867, not an etymological dictionary despite much space to etymology because it is Published in collaboration the promise on the title). my field, but I have no illusions about its Collecting such crumbs for the index must place in lexicography and could offer many with K DICTIONARIES have looked like a waste of time to Béjoint, quotations like the following from Howard the more so as, according to him, “[t]here Jackson’s 1988 book Words and their were also …dictionaries of etymology, Meaning: “[L]exicographers consistently, although the field is more than adequately or perhaps persistently, put into dictionaries covered by the OED: the Oxford Dictionary certain kinds of information for which the of English Etymology, 1966, by G.W.S. vast majority of users have no need and Friedrichsen, R.W. Burchfield and C.T. would not miss if they were not included Onions, no less, which had several reprints, in dictionaries. Into this category would the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, come grammatical information including 1999, etc.” (125). No less, as I understand, part-of-speech labels, etymology and refers to the impressive team; the rest perhaps pronunciation” (p. 244 here). shows that it is better to stay away from Besides a short introduction and an the subject of which one has no firsthand equally short conclusion, the book contains knowledge. Needless to say, the OED is not ten chapters: 1. “Dictionaries and the an etymological dictionary, though Murray Dictionary,” 2. “A Brief History of English and Bradley were great etymologists and Dictionaries,” 3. “The British Tradition of though their etymologies are splendid. the Scholarly Dictionary,” 4. “The American Other great dictionaries also used to employ Tradition of the Utility Dictionary,” 5. “A specialists familiar with the study of word New Tradition: The Dictionary for Foreign origins. As pointed out above, polysemy is Students,” 6. “English Dictionaries of hard to keep apart from etymology, and we the Twentieth Century: The Cultural, the find remarks on this subject on pp. 263-64, Functional, and the Scientific,” 7. “The Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 30

Study of Dictionary Users and Uses,” should be left to the grammar, and the 8. “Lexicography and Linguistics”. 9. current rapprochement is not much help: “Computers and Corpora in Lexicography,” if there is no difference between lexical and 10. “A Theory of Lexicography?”. The information and grammatical information, book has been written for lexicographers, then the dictionary can contain anything, and but at least two chapters (Six and Seven) the limit is only practical,” p. 40. Béjoint is will provide enjoyment to anyone who aware of the circumstance that “[t]he corpus cares about language and culture. To give revolution has not solved all the problems of some idea of how chapters are organized, lexicography…. The corpus shows what is I will reproduce the rubrics of Chapter 6: used, not what is not used but is part of the 6.1 Cultural and Functional Dictionaries. language…. It provides data, but cannot give 6.1.1 The mouthpieces of a culture (6.1.1.1 explanations…. It is about performance, Politics and religion, 6.1.1.2 Ethnicity, not competence” (p. 369). He has shown 6.1.1.3 The taboos of sex and excretion, how dictionaries have progressed over the 6.1.1.4 Gender, 6.1.1.5 Proper names and centuries and what excellent reference tools culture, 6.1.1.6 What can the lexicographer they have become. And yet “…one cannot do?); 6.1.2 Some dictionaries are more help thinking that modern dictionaries, cultural than others; 6.1.3 The common although more sophisticated than ever, have features of modern dictionaries (6.1.3.1 also become less imaginative, less exciting. Dictionaries are more user-friendly, 6.1.3.2 In this sense, one can regret the old days, Dictionaries represent more varieties of when dictionaries were much worse, and English, 6.1.3.3 Dictionaries have more also much better” (p. 222). ADVANCED PASSWORD terms), 6.2 The end of a period? (6.2.1 The Lexicography of English. From Suur inglise-eesti seletav Lexicographers: slaves or masters? 6.2.2 Origins to Present is an eminently readable sõnaraamat Lexicography: an art, a craft, or a science?). book. A set of illustrations (samples of Password Advanced English Each of the other chapters contains many dictionary pages) enhances its value, as do Dictionary for Speakers of more rubrics. a copious bibliography and indexes. In Chapter 6 we read, among other things, The book is practically free from typos. I Estonian about the difficulties of defining words and have noticed only a few: p. 7, top, slov -, not TEA Kirjastus remaining, if not politically correct, at least slov,; p. 15, middle, Norwegian has ø, not Tallinn, Estonia politically neutral. In some cases this goal ö; p. 191, second paragraph, Millennium; p. April 2011 is unattainable (think of God, communism, 277, top: “In English, nouns are lemmatized 2,318 pages, 250 x 170 mm and so forth). As regards Béjoint’s own in the masculine singular form….”: Hardcover, 2 volumes formulations, I was amused only once, when masculine?; p. 349, Häufigkeitswörterbuch: ISBN 978-9949-24-031-9 I read that for a teenager the dictionary is the first umlaut is missing. The reference to (vol. 1) a book to help her to do her homework (p. Hausmann et al. in Osselton 1999 should ISBN 978-9949-24-032-6 227). Even in our progressive age I hope be to 1989. Somewhere Shcherba’s name (vol. 2) that boys also use dictionaries to prepare appears as Scerba without hačeks, but I ISBN 978-9949-24-033-3 (vol. for classes. Some humor is unconscious. have lost the page reference. The only On p. 104, Béjoint explains what the term circumstance that impedes reading is a great 1+2) derivative means; his opinion of his readers’ mass of acronyms cluttering the text, but http://tea.ee/ level of linguistic sophistication becomes they were probably unavoidable. http://kdictionaries.com/ abundantly clear. On p. 221 he quotes products/advanced/kaedee. a respectable author in whose opinion Anatoly Liberman html/ the Grimms came to lexicography from University of Minnesota, Twin Cities literature and lets it go without a word of [email protected] From the series comment. The section on students’ inability KERNERMAN SEMI- to use a dictionary would have been funny BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES if it were not so sad. Béjoint’s attitude toward scholarship and scholars is commendable. He does not want lexicographers to jump on the bandwagon of every linguistic theory (cf. “…the more information the linguists come up with, the more difficult it is to include it in a dictionary,” p. 345; “Linguists are interested in the definition of words, but they have not produced much,” p. 331). He is not enarmored of Halliday’s theory to such an extent as to support its application to lexicography: “For Lexicographers, the distinction between syntax and lexicon is important because it determines what goes

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 into the dictionary, as opposed to what 31

Invitation to ASIALEX 2011 in Kyoto

A catastrophic disaster struck the Tohoku Katsumasa Yagi and Ai Inoue). Furthermore, region in north west Japan on Friday, 11th a workshop on software for lexicography is March 2011. Thousands of people died or planned, including a demonstration of the went missing, and hundreds of thousands TLex Suite (Organizer, Gilles-Maurice de became homeless in a matter of minutes. Such Schryver). For more information please visit The Asian Association for was the power of the initial earthquake and the the website, http://www.asialex2011.org/. Lexicography (ASIALEX) tsunami it spawned. The Japan Self-Defense Kyoto, the venue of ASIALEX 2011, was was inaugurated at the Force has been actively involved in providing the capital of Japan for thousands of years Dictionaries in Asia conference assistance to the disaster-struck region, and many elements of its precious heritage and various countries and international remain. You can visit temples and shrines in March 1997, at the Hong organisations have extended their support for (some are designated as national treasures Kong University of Science the reconstruction of the disaster area. They and others as World Heritage Sites) and and Technology. have been working diligently day and night will also have the opportunity to enjoy The association was set up to help the victims. I sincerely convey my Japanese gastronomic culture. I believe the with a view to act as a catalyst wholehearted sympathy to the victims and participants will be able to learn about this for future cooperative research bereaved families, and express my gratitude beautiful city as well as about lexicography, and to promote lexicographical to everyone for such enormous support. both of whom are unique, and am confident development in Asia. It has Thanks to this eager support, the Tohoku that ASIALEX 2011 will be a fruitful since held the following region will rise from the rubble, slowly but conference. It is rather difficult to explain international conferences: steadily. the wonderful experience awaiting you in 1999 Guangzhou, China Now, several months later, a variety Kyoto and ASIALEX 2011 in the limited of news reports on the aftermath of the space here. Seeing is believing! Please 2001 Seoul, Korea earthquake and the status of the nuclear attend ASIALEX 2011 and visit Kyoto. We 2003 Tokyo, Japan power plants has spread around the world. look forward to meeting you this summer! 2005 Singapore However, it is important to note that these 2007 Chennai, India plants are in Fukushima, which is located Ai Inoue 2009 Bangkok, Thailand well north of Tokyo, and they have little Department of Foreign Languages 2011 Kyoto, Japan impact on people around the country. National Defense Academy of Japan http://asialex.org/ Furthermore, the venue of ASIALEX 2011, [email protected] Kyoto, is more than 500 kilometres away from Fukushima. Therefore, Kyoto remains unaffected and ASIALEX 2011 will be held there as originally scheduled. Selected publications by Shigeru Takebayashi ASIALEX 2011, the 7th biennial conference of the Asian Assoiation for Lexicography Books (ASIALEX), will take place at the Kyoto 1981 Eigo no fonikkusu [English phonics]. Tokyo: The Japan Times. TERRSA conference hall (a fifteen-minute 1982 Eigo onseigaku nyuumon [An introduction to English phonetics]. Tokyo: walk from Kyoto Station, http://www. Taishukan Shoten. kyoto-terrsa.or.jp/), from 22nd to 24th August. 1984 Eigo no tsuzuriji to eigo no hatsuon no shidoo—Lighthouse eiwajiten The conference theme is ‘Lexicography: wo tsukatte [Teaching English spelling and English pronunciation—using Theoretical and Practical Perspectives’. We the Lighthouse English-Japanese Dictionary]. Tokyo: Kenkyusha. are pleased to invite three keynote speakers. 1996 Eigo onseigaku [English phonetics]. Tokyo: Kenkyusha. The first is Professor Zafar Iqbal (President, Dictionaries ASIALEX; University of Management and Kenkyusha’s New English-Japanese Dictionary, Enlarged Second Edition. Technology, Lahore), who will deliver a Tokyo: Kenkyusha. 1951. speech entitled ‘Lexicography: Building Kenkyusha’s New Concise English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Kenkyusha. Bridges of Understanding, Communication 1955. [pronunciation] and Universal Brotherhood’. Professor Robert Kenkyusha’s New Pocket English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Kenkyusha. Lew (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań) 19571. [pronunciation] will give a speech entitled ‘User Studies: Kenkyusha’s New English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Kenkyusha.19604 Opportunities and Limitations’. And Professor [pronunciation], 19805, 20026. [editor] Kikuo Maekawa (National Institute for Kenkyusha’s New Collegiate English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Kenkyusha. Japanese Language and Linguistics, Tokyo), 19671, 19682, 19713, 19774, 19855, 19946 20037. [member of the editorial will deliver a speech entitled ‘Development committee] of Japanese corpora at the National Institute Kenkyusha’s Union English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Kenkyusha. 19721, for Japanese Language and Linguistics’. In 19782. [editor] addition, we plan to conduct the following Kenkyusha’s Lighthouse English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Kenkyusha. symposiums: E-dictionary (Organiser, 19841, 19902, 19963, 20024, 20075. [editor] Yukio Tono); User studies (Organizer, Yuri Kenkyusha’s Luminous English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Kenkyusha.20011, Komuro; Commentator, Robert Lew), and 20052. [editor] Phraseology and Dictionaries (Organisers, Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2011 In Memoriam Shigeru Takebayashi, 1926-2011

Professor Emeritus Shigeru was very much looking forward to English spoken in North America Takebayashi, phonetician and witnessing next year’s publication and Britain, and how to incorporate lexicographer, passed away on 10 of the commemorative edition of the information in dictionaries. He March 2011, one day before the Lexicon, the Circle’s journal. used the ’hooked schwa’ symbol devastating earthquake and tsunami As a phonetician, Takebayashi [ɚ] to transcribe vowels whose hit Japan. made immense contributions to r-sounds are pronounced in North He was born on 22 September the education of English phonetics American speech, and was the first 1926 in Asakusa, Tokyo. In 1944, in Japan by teaching the subject to show stress marks on all idioms during the Second World War, as well as writing textbooks about and phrasal verbs2. he was admitted to the English it, including the widely-read Not only was Professor Department of the Tokyo School Takebayashi spared from having of Foreign Languages (the to witness what happened to Japan present-day Tokyo University of the day after his death, he was also Foreign Studies). Here, English spared from feeling the pain of phonetics lessons given by Tamihei losing his wife, who passed away Iwasaki fascinated the new student quietly, it seems, sitting in her chair with refreshing insights. After at breakfast almost exactly 24 hours the war, Takebayashi entered the before her husband died in hospital. University of Tokyo and enjoyed Neither knew about the other’s attending Yoshio Nakano’s lectures (impending) death. on Shakespeare and studying On May 15 the ILC held a party linguistics with Shiro Hattori, when at the Rihga Royal Hotel Tokyo in he was invited by his former teacher, honor of Professor Takebayashi. Iwasaki, to join the team of writers 108 ILC members, former students for the Enlarged Second Edition of and colleagues gathered to pay Kenkyusha’s New English-Japanese Eigo onseigaku nyuumon [An tribute to the late professor’s life Dictionary. He was the only student introduction to English phonetics], and work. among the contributors of this Taishukan Shoten, 1982. After his The professor disliked formalities, famous dictionary, and later recalled retirement, he wrote the tome Eigo loathed war, loved Mozart and was that this experience determined his onseigaku [English phonetics], a keen gardener and photographer. future course. Kenkyusha, 1996—a voluminous The hundreds of his former students When he was a student at the work covering more or less all will miss him greatly and will University of Tokyo, Takebayashi aspects of present-day English always remember him. suffered from pulmonary pronunciation, and comparing it tuberculosis and was in and with that of Japanese wherever Notes out of hospital throughout his possible, to accommodate Japanese 1. A detailed account of ILC, by undergraduate and graduate years. learners. The book was published in Kaoru Akasu, can be found in After graduation he taught English time for his seventieth birthday. KDN 15, 2007. at the University of Electro- As a lexicographer, his name 2. Kenkyusha’s Union English- Communications and later moved can be found on the covers of Japanese Dictionary (1972). to the Tokyo University of Foreign well-known learners’ dictionaries Studies, where he taught phonetics published by Kenkyusha of Tokyo, Hiroko Saito and phonology for 23 years until his including the Lighthouse titles, Tokyo University of Foreign retirement in 1989. which have influenced not only Studies He was one of the founding other English-Japanese dictionaries [email protected] members of the Iwasaki Linguistic but also bilingual learners’ Circle1, which started in 1962 dictionaries of other languages, in and which will celebrate its and out of Japan. A phonetician, he jubilee in 2012. As president of was always concerned with how to A list of selected publications this association of nearly 200 appropriately describe and transcribe appears on p. 31. members, Professor Takebayashi contemporary pronunciations of

K DICTIONARIES LTD Nahum 8 Tel Aviv 63503 Israel ı Tel 972-3-5468102 ı Fax 972-3-5468103 ı [email protected] ı http://kdictionaries.com