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Kernerman Kdictionaries.Com/Kdn DICTIONARY News Number 19 y July 2011 Kernerman kdictionaries.com/kdn DICTIONARY News Integrating phonetic transcription in a Brazilian Portuguese dictionary Luiz Carlos Cagliari 1. The dictionary in everyday work. It is always common for a phonetician to K Dictionaries has developed a series of dictionaries for learners transcribe his or her own language. When doing that, all kinds of various languages, including Portuguese/French. This of sound variation are registered, according to the speakers’ dictionary was based on European Portuguese, whose words pronunciation. On the other hand, when doing phonology, the had a phonetic transcription with European pronunciation. A sound patterns are interpreted following theories in order to group of lexicographers from the University of São Paulo, under get an abstract sound system of the language. In this case, the the supervision of Ieda Maria Alves, adapted the Portuguese phonetic variation is accommodated into their phonemes. The entries to Brazilian vocabulary, and another team from UNESP phonological transcription does not represent a pronunciation (São Paulo State University) at São José do Rio Preto, under of the language, in the same sense as phonetic transcription the supervision of Claudia Xatara, adapted to Brazilian the does. Moreover, phonological transcription does not relate to Poruguese translations of the French entries. language in the same way as orthography does. According In line with the change from European to Brazilian to the rules of writing systems, orthography has the function Portuguese, I gathered a group of students to be involved in of neutralizing the phonetic variation of a language on the modifying the phonetic transcription. The collaborators were word pronunciation level, allowing all speakers to read. Patrícia Ormastroni Iagallo, Bruno Sérgio Sedenho, Priscila Consequently people read in their own dialectal variety or, if Maria Mendonça Machado, Cristiane Jussara Romanatto, they wish, using another variety, for instance, a more culturally Caroline Talge Arantes, Eliane de Oliveira Galastri and Lara or educated pronunciation. Vieira Balieiro. The first three were working on their MA Of course, a dictionary presents the orthographic form for degrees and the other four were undergraduate students at words. If it is decided to implement phonetic transcription UNESP / Campus of Araraquara. in order to help users with the pronunciation, chiefly when I started learning how to operate the XML program that was the dictionary is bilingual, then nothing is more appropriate used for this work and discussing all kinds of problems related than asking a phonetician to do the job. However, not all to the phonetic transcription. phoneticians know exactly what is demanded and expected in such a case. Certainly, a phonological transcription is 2. Problems with phonetic transcription inadequate. For the reader, spelling works better than the I have been working as a phonetician for the past three decades phonological transcription in a language like Portuguese. On and during this period I have carried out many projects, exploring the other hand, which variety should represent the language different areas of articulatory, acoustic and experimental in the dictionary? The option for educated pronunciation is a phonetics. The task of doing phonetic transcription was present good choice, but it is not clearly defined. 1 Integrating phonetic transcription in a Brazilian Portuguese dictionary y Luiz Carlos Cagliari 6 Kernerman French-Portuguese dictionary: Adapting the translation from European Portuguese to Brazilian Portuguese y Helena Sakano Fernandes and Claudia Xatara 10 Kernerman Dutch Dictionary y Truus Kruyt 12 Anthropological and linguistic fundamentals of lexicographic work y Miguel Eduardo Montoro 19 Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera (ed.). Specialised Dictionaries for Learners y Amélie Josselin-Leray 26 Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (ed.). A Way with Words: Recent Advances in Lexical Theory and © 2011 All rights reserved. Analysis. A Festschrift for Patrick Hanks y Elizabeth Knowles 28 Henri Béjoint. The Lexicography of English. From Origins to Present y Anatoly Liberman K DICTIONARIES LTD Nahum 8 Tel Aviv 63503 Israel y 31 Invitation to ASIALEX 2011 in Kyoto Ai Inoue Tel: 972-3-5468102 32 In Memorium: Shigeru Takebayashi, 1926-2011 y Hiroko Saito Fax: 972-3-5468103 [email protected] Editor y Ilan Kernerman http://kdictionaries.com ISSN 1565-4745 2 Since the definition of the dialect was We come across more detailed phonetic crucial, I started to look at dictionaries to transcriptions in bilingual dictionaries. find out what they have done in such regard. Because they transcribe all items, they must The dictionaries intended for native speakers set up the variety of the language that is being of Portuguese do not usually include used. Even in these cases, it is not always phonetic transcription. This is a pity. Only clear which is the chosen variety, because some orthoepic information would appear it is not indicated, and the transcriptions we close to the headwords when it is absolutely see are not strictly close to one dialect. An necessary. With the recent spelling reform additional problem is the use of phonetic of the Portuguese language1, words like symbols. In spite of statements indicating econômico indicate Brazilian pronunciation the use of the IPA, in practice, what we find and económico European Portuguese. But, is something adapted in a way that makes it this is not enough if we take into account painful to consult the dictionary. the difficulties users face, searching for In the Novo Dicionário Folha Webster’s the correct pronunciation. The problem Inglês/Português, Português / Inglês intensifies when the user is not a native compiled by Antônio Houaiss and Ismael Luiz Carlos Cagliari received speaker of Portuguese. Cardim (1996), all English and Portuguese his MA in Linguistics from the In the Aurélio Século XXI dictionary items have a phonetic transcription within State University of Campinas (1999), in the section Como Usar o Aurélio | | bars (which are traditionally used for (UNICAMP) in 1974 and his XXI (How to use the Dictionary), we find: morphological transcription, not for PhD from Edinburgh University “5. A ortoépia entre parênteses e em phonetics). The dictionary begins with a in Scotland in 1978. He started tipo claro, após a cabeça, esclarece a “phonemic transcription” that is, in fact, a the Phonetic Laboratory in the pronúncia, quando passível de dúvida phonetic one. After presenting all vowels, (vogal aberta ou fechada, pronúncia de consonants and diphthongs, there are Department of Linguistics at consoante ou de encontro consonantal, some notes relating to spelling forms for UNICAMP, where he taught hiato, etc.” (p. xv).2 pronunciation in the case of Portuguese. phonetics and phonology until “6. A transcrição fonética dos Nothing of the kind is said for English. It his retirement in 1997. In estrangeirismos vem logo após a says: 1991 he got his professorship cabeça, entre colchetes, e representa, “|ʒ| is a transcription for written s, z in Phonetics and Phonology no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional or x ending syllables, e.g. as, estas, (UNICAMP). He carried out (adaptado) a pronúncia aproximada da postura, atriz, exportar, expansão. The research on writing systems palavra na língua de origem. A tabela pronunciation of |ʒ| has two patterns, one at the School of Oriental and de transcrições fonéticas encontra-se na we should call old and Paulista pattern, 3 African Studies, London, in página XVI.” (p. xv). and the other, Rio-Lisboa pattern.” (p. 1988 and investigated prosody That dictionary is useless with regard vii). (Examples: Old-Paulista pattern: to phonetic transcription. It annotates velhas santas |'vɛʟas sãtas|; fortes garras as Senior Researcher at Oxford irrelevant cases and does not indicate the |'fωʀtɪz 'gaʀas|. Rio-Lisboa pattern: suas University in 2004. He has correct pronunciation when necessary. tias: |'suax 'tiax|; fortes garras |'fωʀtɪj been teaching and supervising The Dicionário Houaiss da língua 'gaʀax|.) MA and PhD students at portuguesa (2004) presents some details These examples show how confusing and São Paulo State University about orthoepy and phonetic transcription inaccurate those transcriptions are. (UNESP) since 2005. His (p. XIX). Like Aurélio, Houaiss uses the In this dictionary, the phonetic transcription main research interests orthoepic information for Portuguese follows the Rio-Lisboa pattern, but the include phonetics, phonology, words and presents phonetic transcription model has unacceptable transcriptions like writing systems, orthography only for foreign items. Houaiss employs the use of the same [ʀ] for Paulista |'fωʀtɪz| and literacy, and he has the International Phonetic Alphabet and Rio |'fωʀtɪj|. Obviously they do not have authored books and numerous (IPA) notation carefully in the phonetic the same pronunciation. In Paulista we have publications on these topics. In transcription, but in the orthoepic a voiced tap (or a retroflexed “r”), and in indication, the spelling notation is an Rio a voiceless velar fricative: mar ['max], recent years his research has option (using diacritics). The transcription porta ['pɔxta]. focused on writing systems comes within / / bars, which is misleading, The Michaelis Moderno Dicionário and prosody with particular since this symbol is properly used only for Inglês/Português Português/Inglês (2000) reference to intonation and phonological transcription. Although this presents
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