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JSS 046 2B Luce Earlysyamin
THE EAFk v SYAM IN Bi.JRrviAjS HIS16RV by G. H. Luce 1 Not long ago, I was asked to give an opinion about a pro posal to write the history of the Shans. The proposal came from a Shan scholar for whom I have great respect, and who was as well fitted as any Shan I know to do the work. He planned to assemble copies of all the Shan State Chronicles extant; to glean all references to the Shan States in Burmese Chronicles; and finally to collect source materiu.ls in English. · Such, in brief, was the plan. I had to point out that it omitted what, for the older periods at least, were the most important sources of all: the original Old 'l'h ai inscriptions of the north, the number of which, if those from East Bm·ma, North Siam and Laos, are included, may well exceed a hundred; 1 and the elated contem porary reco1·cls in Chinese, from the 13th century onwards. I do not know if these sources have been adequately tapped in Siam. · They certainly have not in Burma. And since the earlier period, say 1.250 to 1450 A.D., is the time of the m~'tSS movements of the Dai2 southward from Western Yunnan, radiating all over Fmther India and beyond, the subject is one, I think, that concerns Siam no less than Burma. I am a' poor scholar of 'l'hai; so I shall confine myself here to Chinese and Burmese sources. The Chinese ones are mainly the dynastic histories of the Mongols in China (the Yuan-shih ), and the his-' tory of the earlier half of the Ming dynasty (the Ming-shih ). -
Appendix to Atula Hsayadaw Shin Yasa: a Critical Biography of An
Appendix to Atula Hsayadaw Shin Yasa: a Critical Biography of an Eighteenth‐Century Burmese Monk: Documents related to Atula’s trial in 1784 (version 1.1) Alexey Kirichenko This appendix contains documents that detail the progress of Atula’s trial in 1784 or that were, in my analysis, relevant to it. The original Burmese text of each document is reproduced followed by either a translation or a summary of a document. I also provide comments that explain the contents and the purpose of the document in question. All documents are in chronological order and numbered sequentially. The references in the biography follow these numbers. In reproducing Burmese texts, the original spelling of the manuscripts or the source publications was provisionally retained (with few corrections). In later versions of this appendix I plan to edit the documents in accordance with modern Burmese spelling conventions. The summaries detail the key messages of documents simplifying the style and omitting the quotes from Buddhist texts and some minor points. In future versions the summaries will be replaced by full translations. Document no. 1 Royal order dated the eight day of the waning moon of Nayon 1144 (June 3, 1782) Text: /bkefawmfBuD;jrwfawmfrlvSaom omoem'g,umawmf b0&Sifrifw&m;BuD; trdefUawmf&Sdonf? t&yf&yf q&mawmfoCFmawmftaygifwdkU/ avtoacsFESifh urÇmwodef; yg&rDq,fyg; tjym;oHk;q,fudk jznfhawmfrlí oyÜnKtjzpfodkU a&mufawmfrlaom bk&m;jrwfpGm y&dedAÁmef,lawmfrlonfaemuf ykxkZOf&[ef;wdkU toD;oD; t,l0g' uGJjym;usifhaqmifMuonf/ tZmwowf umvmaomu oD&d"r®maomurifwdkUudk -
MYANMAR AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (2006-2007 to 2015-2016)
The Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Planning and Finance MYANMAR AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (2006-2007 to 2015-2016) Central Statistical Organization Ministry of Planning and Finance in Collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar 2017 The Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar MYANMAR AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (2006-2007 to 2015-2016) Central Statistical Organization Ministry of Planning and Finance in Collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar 2017 MYANMAR AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (2006-2007~2015-2016) Published by Central Statistical Organization, Office No. (32), Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Visit us at www.csostat.gov.mm and www.mmsis.gov.mm e-mail: [email protected] Copyright@ Central Statistical Organization, Myanmar. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copy right holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copy right holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Director- General Central Statistical Organization, Office No. (32), Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. FOREWARD Central Statistical Organization of Myanmar is endeavoring to deliver the key socio-economic statistical messages to all citizens with the support of continuous data series that reflect the current situations of the country. Since Agricultural Sector is the backbone of Myanmar Economy, the purpose of this publication is to provide detailed statistical information on Myanmar Agricultural Sector for the period between 2006 2007 and 2015-2016. -
Myanmar Buddhism of the Pagan Period
MYANMAR BUDDHISM OF THE PAGAN PERIOD (AD 1000-1300) BY WIN THAN TUN (MA, Mandalay University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES PROGRAMME NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the people who have contributed to the successful completion of this thesis. First of all, I wish to express my gratitude to the National University of Singapore which offered me a 3-year scholarship for this study. I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor Than Tun. Although I have never been his student, I was taught with his book on Old Myanmar (Khet-hoà: Mranmâ Râjawaà), and I learnt a lot from my discussions with him; and, therefore, I regard him as one of my teachers. I am also greatly indebted to my Sayas Dr. Myo Myint and Professor Han Tint, and friends U Ni Tut, U Yaw Han Tun and U Soe Kyaw Thu of Mandalay University for helping me with the sources I needed. I also owe my gratitude to U Win Maung (Tampavatî) (who let me use his collection of photos and negatives), U Zin Moe (who assisted me in making a raw map of Pagan), Bob Hudson (who provided me with some unpublished data on the monuments of Pagan), and David Kyle Latinis for his kind suggestions on writing my early chapters. I’m greatly indebted to Cho Cho (Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture, NUS) for providing me with some of the drawings: figures 2, 22, 25, 26 and 38. -
Buddhism in Myanmar a Short History by Roger Bischoff © 1996 Contents Preface 1
Buddhism in Myanmar A Short History by Roger Bischoff © 1996 Contents Preface 1. Earliest Contacts with Buddhism 2. Buddhism in the Mon and Pyu Kingdoms 3. Theravada Buddhism Comes to Pagan 4. Pagan: Flowering and Decline 5. Shan Rule 6. The Myanmar Build an Empire 7. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Notes Bibliography Preface Myanmar, or Burma as the nation has been known throughout history, is one of the major countries following Theravada Buddhism. In recent years Myanmar has attained special eminence as the host for the Sixth Buddhist Council, held in Yangon (Rangoon) between 1954 and 1956, and as the source from which two of the major systems of Vipassana meditation have emanated out into the greater world: the tradition springing from the Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw of Thathana Yeiktha and that springing from Sayagyi U Ba Khin of the International Meditation Centre. This booklet is intended to offer a short history of Buddhism in Myanmar from its origins through the country's loss of independence to Great Britain in the late nineteenth century. I have not dealt with more recent history as this has already been well documented. To write an account of the development of a religion in any country is a delicate and demanding undertaking and one will never be quite satisfied with the result. This booklet does not pretend to be an academic work shedding new light on the subject. It is designed, rather, to provide the interested non-academic reader with a brief overview of the subject. The booklet has been written for the Buddhist Publication Society to complete its series of Wheel titles on the history of the Sasana in the main Theravada Buddhist countries. -
Ageless Cities of Time
AGELESS CITIES OF TIME 1 INTRODUCTION The ancient cities in Myanmar are a wonder to behold as they still retain their striking beauty of timeless buildings, despite being worn by age and time. Several iconic landmarks present in these cities hold historical value that tells a story of the rise and fall of the kingdom, the glory of a capital, and the spread of Theravada Buddhism within the nation. You will discover much in these cities; from temples erected thousands of years ago, a township with excavated archaeological sites, and the prominence of Myanmar’s changing capitals, this is a land with an exciting history to tell. You’ll be taken in wonder as you visit all of Myanmar’s ancient civilisations and learn how the origins and history that led to the developing nation we see today. 2 PYU CITIES The Pyu Cities comprise of Halin, Beikthano and Sri Kestra. These sites have been excavated and are part of the Pyu Kingdom, which stretched from Tagaung in the north to the Ayeyarwady River and to south of present-day Daw. History During 832CE, the Pyu kingdom was attacked by an army of Nanzhao who kidnapped 3,000 citizens and took them away. The remaining citizens left behind went on to blend with the rest of Bamar society, which settled along the upper Ayeyarwady banks by the end of 800CE. Highlights Sri Kestra was excavated in 1926 and there was relic chambers that were discovered to hold a twenty-page Buddhist manuscript and gilded Buddha images. There were also three pagodas: Payama, Payagyi and Bawbawgyi that points to Sri Kestra being a centre for early Buddhism in Myanmar. -
Title Conditions of Myanmar in Nyaungyan Period All Authors Wai
Title Conditions of Myanmar in Nyaungyan Period All Authors Wai Wai Hein Publication Type Local Publication Publisher (Journal name, Proceeding of the Conference of 92th Anniversary of University of issue no., page no Mandalay,pp:41-46 etc.) This paper “Conditions of Myanmar in Nyaungyan Period (1599-1752)” is an attempt to examine the socio-economic conditions of the country under the successive kings who undertook the peace and stability of the country with good Abstract administrative system .At that time, the country had often faced with many internal disasters as well as external dangers. Thus, how the efficient kings tried to carry out the peace and stability of the country and under inefficient kings the country underwent into difficulties were discussed in this paper. Keywords Konbaung Period, King Badon, King Mindon Citation Issue Date 2018 Conditions of Myanmar in Nyaungyan Period Wai Wai Hein1 Abstract This paper “Conditions of Myanmar in Nyaungyan Period (1599-1752)” is an attempt to examine the socio-economic conditions of the country under the successive kings who undertook the peace and stability of the country with good administrative system .At that time, the country had often faced with many internal disasters as well as external dangers. Thus, how the efficient kings tried to carry out the peace and stability of the country and under inefficient kings the country underwent into difficulties were discussed in this paper. Introduction There were ten dynasties in Nyaungyan Period, and the names of kings and their years of reign were indicated. Although King Nyaungyan tried to reform Myanmar, his reign year was only six years long and so it was described that his son, King Anaukphetlun, continued to do so. -
A Case Study for Development of Tradition and Culture of Myanmar People Based on Some Myanmar Traditional Festivals
A Case Study for Development of Tradition and Culture of Myanmar People Based on some Myanmar Traditional Festivals Aye Pa Pa Myo* [email protected] Assistant Lecturer, Department of English, Yangon University of Education, Myanmar Abstract It is generally said that Myanmar is a beautiful country situated on the land of Southeast Asia and it is also a land of traditional festivals which has the collection of tradition and culture. This paper has an attempt to observe the development of tradition and culture of Myanmar People based on some Myanmar Traditional Festivals. The research was done with analytical approach. It took three months. self-observation, questionnaires, taking photos, and interviewing were used as the research tools. Data were analyzed with the qualitative and quantitative methods. In accordance with the findings, it can be clearly seen that the majority of Myanmar enjoy maintaining and admiring their tradition and culture, assisting others as much as they can, hospitalizing the others, particularly, foreigners. Their inspiration can influence the tourists, as well as Myanmar Traditional Festivals can reveal the lovely and beautiful Myanmar Tradition and Culture. Therefore, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar can be called the Land of Culture to the great extent. In brief, the findings from the research will support to further research related to observing dynamic development of Aspects of Myanmar. Key Terms- tradition and culture Introduction Our Country, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar situated on the Indochina Peninsula in South East Asia is well-known as “the Golden Land” because of its glittering pagodas, vast tract of timber forests, huge mineral resources, wonderful historical sites and monuments and the hospitality of Myanmar People. -
Title STATES of HOSTILITIES in AVA PERIOD (FIRST AVA PERIOD)
Title STATES OF HOSTILITIES IN AVA PERIOD (FIRST AVA PERIOD) All Authors Mi Mi Hlaing Publication Type Local publication Publisher (Journal name, Mandalay University Research Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1 issue no., page no etc.) Ava is located at the Ayeyarwady-Myitnge river confluence, the territory and influence of Ava was extended since the time of King Thado Minphya. From the reigns of King Mingyi Swasawkè and Mingaung to that of Shwenan Kyawtshin, Ava faced with the attacks Mons from Lower Myanmar and hilly region. In Abstract addition Ava had to deal with the invasion of China. Since the Shans enabled to occupy Myaydu and Dipèyin, the rice growing regions of Mu valley had fallen into the hands of Shans. The first Ava period was declined by the invasions of Shans. Keywords Ava, Lower Myanmar, Mons, Shans, the racial conflicts Citation Issue Date 2018 STATES OF HOSTILITIES IN AVA PERIOD (FIRST AVA PERIOD) Dr Mi Mi Hlaing ABSTRACT Ava is located at the Ayeyarwady-Myitnge river confluence, the territory and influence of Ava was extended since the time of King Thado Minphya. From the reigns of King Mingyi Swasawkè and Mingaung to that of Shwenan Kyawtshin, Ava faced with the attacks Mons from Lower Myanmar and hilly region. In addition Ava had to deal with the invasion of China. Since the Shans enabled to occupy Myaydu and Dipèyin, the rice growing regions of Mu valley had fallen into the hands of Shans. The first Ava period was declined by the invasions of Shans. Keywords: Ava, Lower Myanmar, Mons, Shans, the racial conflicts Introduction This research paper deals with the instability of politics brought about by regionalized warfares, attempts for mastery and conflicts of warring states in first Ava period. -
Neil Sowards
NEIL SOWARDS c 1 LIFE IN BURMA © Neil Sowards 2009 548 Home Avenue Fort Wayne, IN 46807-1606 (260) 745-3658 Illustrations by Mehm Than Oo 2 NEIL SOWARDS Dedicated to the wonderful people of Burma who have suffered for so many years of exploitation and oppression from their own leaders. While the United Nations and the nations of the world have made progress in protecting people from aggressive neighbors, much remains to be done to protect people from their own leaders. 3 LIFE IN BURMA 4 NEIL SOWARDS Contents Foreword 1. First Day at the Bazaar ........................................................................................................................ 9 2. The Water Festival ............................................................................................................................. 12 3. The Union Day Flag .......................................................................................................................... 17 4. Tasty Tagyis ......................................................................................................................................... 21 5. Water Cress ......................................................................................................................................... 24 6. Demonetization .................................................................................................................................. 26 7. Thanakha ............................................................................................................................................ -
Buddhism and Written Law: Dhammasattha Manuscripts and Texts in Premodern Burma
BUDDHISM AND WRITTEN LAW: DHAMMASATTHA MANUSCRIPTS AND TEXTS IN PREMODERN BURMA A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Dietrich Christian Lammerts May 2010 2010 Dietrich Christian Lammerts BUDDHISM AND WRITTEN LAW: DHAMMASATTHA MANUSCRIPTS AND TEXTS IN PREMODERN BURMA Dietrich Christian Lammerts, Ph.D. Cornell University 2010 This dissertation examines the regional and local histories of dhammasattha, the preeminent Pali, bilingual, and vernacular genre of Buddhist legal literature transmitted in premodern Burma and Southeast Asia. It provides the first critical analysis of the dating, content, form, and function of surviving dhammasattha texts based on a careful study of hitherto unexamined Burmese and Pali manuscripts. It underscores the importance for Buddhist and Southeast Asian Studies of paying careful attention to complex manuscript traditions, multilingual post- and para- canonical literatures, commentarial strategies, and the regional South-Southeast Asian literary, historical, and religious context of the development of local legal and textual practices. Part One traces the genesis of dhammasattha during the first and early second millennia C.E. through inscriptions and literary texts from India, Cambodia, Campå, Java, Lakå, and Burma and investigates its historical and legal-theoretical relationships with the Sanskrit Bråhmaˆical dharmaßåstra tradition and Pali Buddhist literature. It argues that during this period aspects of this genre of written law, akin to other disciplines such as alchemy or medicine, functioned in both Buddhist and Bråhmaˆical contexts, and that this ecumenical legal culture persisted in certain areas such as Burma and Java well into the early modern period. -
A Semantic Study of Taste-Related Words in the Myanmar Language
Dagon University Research Journal 2014, Vol. 6 Religious Beliefs of Shan-Gyi National Live in Ae-Nai Village, Lashio Township, Shan State in Myanmar Kay Thi Thant* Abstract This study explored how to maintain Drum Ensemble (“saing wain:” in Myanmar) as Myanmar cultural heritage. The paper described especially relationship between spirit propitiation ceremony (“nat pwe” in Myanmar) and drum ensemble. Yangon Region is presumed to be the most developed place in the country that it could be very much liable to any infiltration of foreign culture and music. But fortunately, it was found that Big Drum Ensemble is still being used in some downtown areas and some adjacent area in Yangon region. Therefore, study sites were chosen some wards and villages of some Townships in Yangon Region to collect information and data regarding with the usage of drum ensemble. The three studied groups of the community were divided as follows: (1) The drum ensemble members of musicians whose livelihoods depend solely upon Bamar drum ensemble (2) appropriation ceremony (“na´ kana:” in Myanmar) professionals consisted of a woman or a sissy said to be chosen as consort by a spirit (spirit medium) (“na´ gado” in Myanmar), a leader of spirit medium (“kana: si:” in Myanmar), and other followers and (3) the audience. Then the audience comprised the doers and related persons, people who sponsored expenditure of ritual event (“kana: pwe:” in Myanmar) and people who come to watch entertainment. Again it could be classified two categories of audiences who came and watched drum ensemble entertainment. The first said to be the ones who are coming to watch according to their hobby who watch and listen with artistic ears and the remaining groups represent the ones who come and see just for fun.