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Aspects of Sentence Analysis in the Arabic Linguistic Tradition, with Particular Reference to Ellipsis

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Aspects of Sentence Analysis in the Arabic Linguistic Tradition, with Particular Reference to Ellipsis Durham E-Theses Aspects of sentence analysis in the Arabic linguistic tradition, with particular reference to ellipsis. Al-Liheibi, Fahd M M. How to cite: Al-Liheibi, Fahd M M. (1999) Aspects of sentence analysis in the Arabic linguistic tradition, with particular reference to ellipsis., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1494/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the variations in your languages and your colours: verily in that are signs for those who know. Qur'an: 30, 22 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT The Arabic linguistic tradition is one of the most magnificent traditions in the history of linguistics, but some aspects of it are still largely unexplored. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the analysis of the syntax and semantics of sentences in the Arabic linguistic tradition. It covers sentence cohesion and the process that links the different elements of the sentence. It focuses on the ellipsis of certain elements of the sentence and on when Arab linguists consider the sentence to be elliptical. The study consists of seven chapters. Chapter One provides some introductory remarks and gives an account of previous studies relating to the subject. Chapter Two gives a brief historical account of traditional Arabic lin- guistic studies. It deals briefly with the most important linguistic schools. It also includes an explanation of some of the most important principles on which Arabic linguistic thought is based. Chapter Three is devoted to the concept of the sentence and the syntactic and semantic connections between the two indispensable elements on which the simple Arabic sentence is based. Chapter Four gives a detailed explanation of the theory of government ( `amal) which has dominated Arabic sentential studies from their inception up to the present. It registers the views of the leaders of the Baran and K.Ofan schools and discusses their disputes about the determination of governing and governed elements. Chapter Five is devoted to the study of ellipsis in Arabic grammatical thought. This chapter discusses most of the types of Arabic sentence which Arab grammarians regard as elliptical, and the different ways in which they assume the ellipted elements. Chapter Six deals with ellipsis in traditional Arabic rhetorical studies. The chapter draws upon the valuable material left to us by 'Abdul Qahir al-Jurj aril (d. 1078). It covers the rhetorical purposes of ellipsis and offers a brief comparison between the rhetorical treatment of ellipsis in Arabic and Halliday and Hasan's treatment of ellipsis in English. Chapter Seven summarises the major findings of this study, and makes some additional observations and recommen- dations for further studies related to the subject. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract... ... i Table of contents... ... Declaration... ... ....... vii Dedication... ... Copyright... ... ......... .......... ix Acknowledgements... ... ....... x List of abbreviations and symbols........ ......... ... xi Chapter One Introduction 1.1 The main aims and objectives of the research... ... 1 1.2 The value of the study and its contribution to the field........ 5 1.3 The use of the term "sentence" in this study ... ... 7 1.4 The use of the terms "ellipsis, ellipted, elliptical" ... ....... 8 1.5 Previous studies... ... ........ 9 1.6 An overview of the contents of the study... ... ........ ... 14 1.7 Notes on translation, transliteration and dates... ... ........ 16 1.7.1 Translation... ... ....... ....... 16 1.7.2 Transliteration... ... ....... ... 17 1.7.3 Dates. 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Two Historical background 2.1 Introduction... ... ... 21 2.2 The inception of Arabic linguistic studies... ... ....... ... 22 2.3 The Baran school... ... ........ ... 27 2.4 Sibawayh and his Book... ... ........ ... 29 2.5 The Kafan school... ... ... 31 2.6 The school of Baghdad... ... 33 2.7 The Andalusian school... ... ... 33 2.8 The Egyptian school... ... ... 34 2.9 Foreign influence... ... ....... ... 38 2.10 Arabic rhetorical studies... ... ... 43 2.11 Basic principles... ... ........ 52 2.11.1 Analogy... ... ......... 53 2.11.2 Causation... ... 58 Chapter Three The concept of the sentence in Arabic grammar and rhetoric 3 .1 Introduction... ... ........ ... 67 3.2 Indispensable elements and extra elements... .............. ... 69 3.3 Connections between elements... ... ... 81 3.3.1 Connections between indispensable elements... ... ........ 82 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.3.2 Connections between indispensable elements ................85 and extra elements 3.4 The assumed structure of the sentence. 89 3.5 The rhetorical approach to sentence analysis ....................97 Chapter Four The theory of government 4.1 Introduction . 107 4.2 The roots of the theory in explaining grammatical. .108 functions 4.3 Type of governing words. .121 4.3.1 Verbs. 4.3.2 Nouns. 130 4.3.3 Particles. 134 4.4 The abstract governor .136 4.5 Baran—Kilfan dispute over the governing elements 139 4.6 Critics of the theory of government 151 4.7 Contemporary attempts to amend the theory government.... 159 Chapter Five Ellipsis in Arabic grammatical studies 5.1 Introduction..............................................................168 5.2 Arabic terms used to denote ellipsis............... ...... ..........170 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.3 Recoverability... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 172 5.3.1 Verbal indicators of ellipsis... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 175 5.3.2 Situational indicators of ellipsis... ... ... ... ....... ... ... 180 5.4 Rules for the assumption of ellipted elements... ........ 185 5.4.1 The location of the ellipted element... ... ... ........ ... 186 5.4.2 The number of the ellipted elements... ... ... ....... ... 187 5.4.3 Priority in the assumption of ellipted elements... ... 189 5.4.4 Ellipsis and emphasis... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 190 5.4.5 Abbreviated elements cannot be ellipted... ........ ... 192 5.4.6 Ellipsis should not prevent the governing word...... 193 being operative 5.4.7 Ellipsis from the second sentence... ... ... ... ....... ... 193 5.4.8 Implicit relations are not always due to ellipsis... ... 195 5.4.9 Ellipsis leads to a change in the functions... ... ... ....197 of elements 5.4.10 Ellipted elements may not be expressed... ... ... .....199 5.5 Exaggeration in the assumption of ellipted elements...205 5.6. Reasons for ellipsis... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ........ 209 5.7 Baran—Ktlfan disputes... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 210 5.8 Ibn Mada's call for the abolition the principles......... 219 of ellipsis V TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Six Ellipsis in Arabic rhetorical studies 6.1 Introduction... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 225 6.2 Rhetoricians and the concept nazm (construction)... ... 227 6.3 Ellipsis of the musnad ilayh ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....... 234 6.4.. Ellipsis of the musnad... ... ... ... ... ........ ... ... ........ ... 241 6.5 Ellipsis of the fadlah... ... ... ........ ... ... ... ... ............. 248 6.6 Non-ellipsis... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 261 6.7 Comparison of al-Jurjani's approach to ellipsis... ... ... 269 with that of Halliday and Hasan Chapter Seven Conclusions 7.1 Major findings. 278 7.2 Additional findings... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 285 7.3 Recommendations for further study... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 287 Bibliography... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......... ... ... ... ... ... 290 Appendix... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 310 vi DECLARATION DECLARATION I, the author of this thesis, declare that none of the material in this thesis has been previously submitted by me or any other candidate for a degree in this or any other university. vii DEDICATION DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my wife Noura al-Harbi and my daughter Amjdd whose love and moral support have sustained me constantly during my work. viii COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent, and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr James Dickins, for his professional guidance during the course of the study. I am indeed fortunate to have him as a supervisor. Dr. Dickins' knowledge in the areas of modern linguis- tics. Arabic—English translation and traditional Arabic linguistics advanced my understanding of these subjects. Without his support this thesis would never have been possible. My thanks are also due to King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah,
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