Science Journals

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Science Journals RESEARCH ARTICLE EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2016 © The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. Distributed Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). animal kingdom 10.1126/sciadv.1500983 Tim Janicke,1* Ines K. Häderer,2 Marc J. Lajeunesse,3 Nils Anthes2 Since Darwin’s conception of sexual selection theory, scientists have struggled to identify the evolutionary forces underlying the pervasive differences between male and female behavior, morphology, and physiology. The Darwin- Bateman paradigm predicts that anisogamy imposes stronger sexual selection on males, which, in turn, drives the evolution of conventional sex roles in terms of female-biased parental care and male-biased sexual dimorphism. Al- though this paradigm forms the cornerstone of modern sexual selection theory, it still remains untested across the animal tree of life. This lack of evidence has promoted the rise of alternative hypotheses arguing that sex differences are entirely driven by environmental factors or chance. We demonstrate that, across the animal kingdom, sexual Downloaded from selection, as captured by standard Bateman metrics, is indeed stronger in males than in females and that it is evolution- arily tied to sex biases in parental care and sexual dimorphism. Our findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that Darwin’s concept of conventional sex roles is accurate and refute recent criticism of sexual selection theory. INTRODUCTION (usually the female) becomes a limiting resource for the less caring Understanding the numerous behavioral, morphological, and physio- sex (usually the male) so that the latter competes for access to the http://advances.sciencemag.org/ logical differences between the sexes constitutes a central theme in many former (10). However, more recent work proposes that causality here scientific disciplines, including psychology (1), medicine (2), and biol- can act both ways (11, 12), where the sex experiencing stronger pre- ogy (3). For more than a century, evolutionary biologists have debated copulatory sexual selection is selected to provide less parental care whether males and females are subject to consistently different selec- (13). Second, sexual selection is considered as one major source tion pressures and whether these give rise to the so-called conventional driving the tremendous sexual dimorphism observed in behavioral, sex roles (4). On the basis of observations in fish, birds, reptiles, and morphological, physiological, and life history traits (14). Many po- mammals, Charles Darwin argued that males are typically eager to lygamous species show striking elaboration of ornaments and arma- copulate, whereas females are choosy about whom to mate with (5). ments in males relative to the rather inconspicuous appearance of However, it took nearly seven decades since these observations before females, which is predicted as a prime outcome of sex biases in sexual researchers began investigating the ultimate reasons for the proposed selection (3). sex difference in mating propensity. Inspired by Darwin’ssexrolecon- The evolutionary trajectories linking anisogamy-related investment cept, Angus John Bateman demonstrated that, in fruit flies, repro- and male-biased sexual selection to conventional sex roles have recently ductive fitness and mating success are more variable in males compared been formalized as a “sexual cascade,” providing a logical imperative to females (6). Even more importantly, Bateman discovered that fer- for sexual differentiation that back Darwin and Bateman’soriginalin- on February 14, 2016 tility increased more steeply with the number of mates for males sights (15). However, despite this well-founded theoretical framework, compared to females, which he interpreted as the primary cause of the Darwin-Bateman paradigm has received substantial criticism. First, sex differences in mate competition and thus for Darwinian sex roles. Bateman’s own study has been questioned on statistical (16)andex- Bateman argued that the observed male bias in the strength of sexual perimental (17) grounds, raising doubts whether his data provide ev- selection arises ultimately from anisogamy and must therefore be in- idence for the postulated sex difference in selection. Second, although herent to all sexually reproducing animals and plants. These ideas many empirical studies support stronger sexual selection in males, later crystallized in the three Bateman principles predicting that males others convincingly show that both sexes can experience similar levels typically exhibit (i) more variance in reproductive success, (ii) more var- of sexual selection and that sex roles can be reversed (18). Further, it is iance in mating success, and (iii) a stronger dependency of reproductive widely acknowledged that females can also benefit from multiple success on mating success (7). mating (19) and that sperm production entails nontrivial costs Combining Bateman’sprincipleswithDarwin’s conception of eager for males (20). These findings challenge Bateman’s restrictive views males and discriminating females, the Darwin-Bateman paradigm is that female fertility depends primarily on egg production and male now the most commonly invoked concept to explain conventional fertility on the number of mating partners. Given these issues, it sex roles (8, 9). Specifically, it provides the conceptual framework to has been argued that, “At best, Bateman’sprinciplesshouldbe understand two central manifestations of conventional sex roles— considered as hypotheses and approached with great care” (21). Con- female-biased parental care and male-biased sexual dimorphism. First, sequently, as it stands, we are left with a concept that is at the core of Trivers predicted that the sex exhibiting greater parental investment sexual selection theory (13) but remains highly controversial and un- tested at a comparative scale. Recently, some researchers even proposed 1Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, that sexual selection theory as a whole is fundamentally flawed and Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1919 Route de Mende, needs to be replaced by “gender-neutral” models (22–24). This school 2 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France. Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for of thought predicts that sex roles are driven by stochastic processes or Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. 3Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA. by ecological, social, and demographic conditions. If true, males and *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] females are not expected to show the consistent sex differences in the Janicke et al. Sci. Adv. 2016;2 : e1500983 12 February 2016 1of10 RESEARCH ARTICLE strength of sexual selection, parental care, and sexual dimorphism as for the observed sex difference as DI, DIs,andDbss, with positive values predicted by the Darwin-Bateman paradigm (8). indicating a male bias. We quantitatively contrasted these opposing theories using estab- lished metrics of sexual selection: (i) the standardized variance in re- productive success (“opportunity for selection,” I), (ii) the standardized RESULTS variance in mating success (“opportunity for sexual selection,” Is), and (iii) the slope of an ordinary weighted least-squares regression of re- Consistent with Bateman’s principles, overall, males showed a higher D productive success on mating success (“Bateman gradient,” bss). The opportunity for selection ( I: lnCVR ± SE: 0.432 ± 0.188; z test: z = variance-based estimates I and Is capture upper limits of selection, 2.291, K = 81, P = 0.022; Fig. 2A) and a steeper Bateman gradient than whereas the Bateman gradient estimates the average strength and di- females (Dbss:Hedges’ d ± SE: 0.344 ± 0.162; z test: z = 2.131, K = 76, rection of sexual selection (25). We synthesized studies reporting these P =0.033;Fig.2C).Theopportunityfor sexual selection was slightly, metrics with a random-effects meta-analysis to test (i) the universality but not significantly, higher in males than in females (DIs:lnCVR±SE: of Bateman’s claim that sexual selection is typically stronger in males 0.151 ± 0.156; z test: z = 0.949, K = 88, P = 0.343; Fig. 2B). These than in females and (ii) the evolutionary link of sexual selection with findings reveal that sexual selection is typically stronger in males across Downloaded from sex-biased parental care and sexual dimorphism, accounting for phy- the sampled taxa. logenetic nonindependence and for repeated measurements of the Between-study variation significantly exceeded pure sampling error same species. We identified 72 studies on 66 animal species, providing for all Bateman metrics (DI: Q = 731.063, df = 80, P <0.001;DIs: Q = Db estimates of I, Is,and/orbss for males and females (Fig. 1). For each 984.471, df = 87, P < 0.001; and ss: Q = 541.216, df = 75, P < 0.001; reported Bateman metric, we computed an effect size and its variance Fig. 1). Parental care explained a significant fraction of the observed http://advances.sciencemag.org/ 100 A B C 90 80 70 60 on February 14, 2016 50 Study ID 40 30 20 10 0 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 ∆I ∆I ∆β s ss (lnCVR ± 95% CI) (lnCVR ± 95% CI) (Hedges’ d ± 95% CI) Fig. 1. Sex-biased sexual selection across the animal kingdom. (A
Recommended publications
  • 4 Reproductive Biology of Cerambycids
    4 Reproductive Biology of Cerambycids Lawrence M. Hanks University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois Qiao Wang Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand CONTENTS 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 133 4.2 Phenology of Adults ..................................................................................................................... 134 4.3 Diet of Adults ............................................................................................................................... 138 4.4 Location of Host Plants and Mates .............................................................................................. 138 4.5 Recognition of Mates ................................................................................................................... 140 4.6 Copulation .................................................................................................................................... 141 4.7 Larval Host Plants, Oviposition Behavior, and Larval Development .......................................... 142 4.8 Mating Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 144 4.9 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 148 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Growing a Wild NYC: a K-5 Urban Pollinator Curriculum Was Made Possible Through the Generous Support of Our Funders
    A K-5 URBAN POLLINATOR CURRICULUM Growing a Wild NYC LESSON 1: HABITAT HUNT The National Wildlife Federation Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world Through educational programs focused on conservation and environmental knowledge, the National Wildlife Federation provides ways to create a lasting base of environmental literacy, stewardship, and problem-solving skills for today’s youth. Growing a Wild NYC: A K-5 Urban Pollinator Curriculum was made possible through the generous support of our funders: The Seth Sprague Educational and Charitable Foundation is a private foundation that supports the arts, housing, basic needs, the environment, and education including professional development and school-day enrichment programs operating in public schools. The Office of the New York State Attorney General and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation through the Greenpoint Community Environmental Fund. Written by Nina Salzman. Edited by Sarah Ward and Emily Fano. Designed by Leslie Kameny, Kameny Design. © 2020 National Wildlife Federation. Permission granted for non-commercial educational uses only. All rights reserved. September - January Lesson 1: Habitat Hunt Page 8 Lesson 2: What is a Pollinator? Page 20 Lesson 3: What is Pollination? Page 30 Lesson 4: Why Pollinators? Page 39 Lesson 5: Bee Survey Page 45 Lesson 6: Monarch Life Cycle Page 55 Lesson 7: Plants for Pollinators Page 67 Lesson 8: Flower to Seed Page 76 Lesson 9: Winter Survival Page 85 Lesson 10: Bee Homes Page 97 February
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Pycnogonid Life History Traits Eric Carl Lovely University of New Hampshire, Durham
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Winter 1999 Evolution of pycnogonid life history traits Eric Carl Lovely University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Lovely, Eric Carl, "Evolution of pycnogonid life history traits" (1999). Doctoral Dissertations. 1975. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1975 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)
    European Journal of Taxonomy 286: 1–33 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.286 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2017 · Sabroux R. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. DNA Library of Life, research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8B9DADD0-415E-4120-A10E-8A3411C1C1A4 Biodiversity and phylogeny of Ammotheidae (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) Romain SABROUX 1, Laure CORBARI 2, Franz KRAPP 3, Céline BONILLO 4, Stépahnie LE PRIEUR 5 & Alexandre HASSANIN 6,* 1,2,6 UMR 7205, Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, Département Systématique et Evolution, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, CP 51, 75005 Paris, France. 3 Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany. 4,5 UMS CNRS 2700, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 Email: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] 4 Email: [email protected] 5 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F48B4ABE-06BD-41B1-B856-A12BE97F9653 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:9E5EBA7B-C2F2-4F30-9FD5-1A0E49924F13 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:331AD231-A810-42F9-AF8A-DDC319AA351A 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:7333D242-0714-41D7-B2DB-6804F8064B13 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:5C9F4E71-9D73-459F-BABA-7495853B1981 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:0DCC3E08-B2BA-4A2C-ADA5-1A256F24DAA1 Abstract. The family Ammotheidae is the most diversified group of the class Pycnogonida, with 297 species described in 20 genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Timing of Metamorphosis in a Freshwater Crustacean: Comparison with Anuran Models Saran Twombly Ecology, Vol. 77, No. 6. (Sep., 1996), Pp
    Timing of Metamorphosis in a Freshwater Crustacean: Comparison with Anuran Models Saran Twombly Ecology, Vol. 77, No. 6. (Sep., 1996), pp. 1855-1866. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658%28199609%2977%3A6%3C1855%3ATOMIAF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A Ecology is currently published by Ecological Society of America. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/esa.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Thu Mar 6 10:36:17 2008 Ecology, 77(6), 1996, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Intertidal Organisms of Point Reyes National Seashore
    Intertidal Organisms of Point Reyes National Seashore PORIFERA: sea sponges. CRUSTACEANS: barnacles, shrimp, crabs, and allies. CNIDERIANS: sea anemones and allies. MOLLUSKS : abalones, limpets, snails, BRYOZOANS: moss animals. clams, nudibranchs, chitons, and octopi. ECHINODERMS: sea stars, sea cucumbers, MARINE WORMS: flatworms, ribbon brittle stars, sea urchins. worms, peanut worms, segmented worms. UROCHORDATES: tunicates. Genus/Species Common Name Porifera Prosuberites spp. Cork sponge Leucosolenia eleanor Calcareous sponge Leucilla nuttingi Little white sponge Aplysilla glacialis Karatose sponge Lissodendoryx spp. Skunk sponge Ophlitaspongia pennata Red star sponge Haliclona spp. Purple haliclona Leuconia heathi Sharp-spined leuconia Cliona celata Yellow-boring sponge Plocarnia karykina Red encrusting sponge Hymeniacidon spp. Yellow nipple sponge Polymastia pachymastia Polymastia Cniderians Tubularia marina Tubularia hydroid Garveia annulata Orange-colored hydroid Ovelia spp. Obelia Sertularia spp. Sertularia Abientinaria greenii Green's bushy hydroid Aglaophenia struthionides Giant ostrich-plume hydroid Aglaophenia latirostris Dainty ostrich-plume hydroid Plumularia spp. Plumularia Pleurobrachia bachei Cat's eye Polyorchis spp. Bell-shaped jellyfish Chrysaora melanaster Striped jellyfish Velella velella By-the-wind-sailor Aurelia auria Moon jelly Epiactus prolifera Proliferating anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica Giant green anemone Anthopleura artemissia Aggregated anemone Anthopleura elegantissima Burrowing anemone Tealia lofotensis
    [Show full text]
  • Egg Cannibalism by Passion Vine Specialist Disonycha Chevrolat Beetles
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.005611; this version posted April 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 1 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 2 3 Egg cannibalism by passion vine specialist Disonycha Chevrolat beetles 4 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) 5 6 7 8 Colin R. Morrison1,2*, Wyatt Armstrong2, Lawrence Gilbert2 9 10 1 Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The University of Texas at Austin, 11 Austin, TX 78723 USA 12 2 Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723 USA 13 14 15 16 17 * To whom correspondence should be addressed. 18 19 20 21 22 23 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.005611; this version posted April 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 2 24 Abstract 25 Cannibalistic behavior is now recognized to be an important component of nutritional ecology in 26 both carnivorous and herbivorous species, including many beetle families (Englert and Thomas 27 1970; Beaver 1974; Dickinson 1992; Bartlett 1987; Alabi et al. 2008). This habit was historically 28 viewed by an incidental outcome of unnaturally crowded laboratory situations with little 29 ecological importance (Fox 1975), but it is increasingly acknowledged that cannibalism 30 represents a potentially advantageous behavior (Richardson et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Spineless Spineless Rachael Kemp and Jonathan E
    Spineless Status and trends of the world’s invertebrates Edited by Ben Collen, Monika Böhm, Rachael Kemp and Jonathan E. M. Baillie Spineless Spineless Status and trends of the world’s invertebrates of the world’s Status and trends Spineless Status and trends of the world’s invertebrates Edited by Ben Collen, Monika Böhm, Rachael Kemp and Jonathan E. M. Baillie Disclaimer The designation of the geographic entities in this report, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expressions of any opinion on the part of ZSL, IUCN or Wildscreen concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Citation Collen B, Böhm M, Kemp R & Baillie JEM (2012) Spineless: status and trends of the world’s invertebrates. Zoological Society of London, United Kingdom ISBN 978-0-900881-68-8 Spineless: status and trends of the world’s invertebrates (paperback) 978-0-900881-70-1 Spineless: status and trends of the world’s invertebrates (online version) Editors Ben Collen, Monika Böhm, Rachael Kemp and Jonathan E. M. Baillie Zoological Society of London Founded in 1826, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is an international scientifi c, conservation and educational charity: our key role is the conservation of animals and their habitats. www.zsl.org International Union for Conservation of Nature International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) helps the world fi nd pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. www.iucn.org Wildscreen Wildscreen is a UK-based charity, whose mission is to use the power of wildlife imagery to inspire the global community to discover, value and protect the natural world.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Biological Control of Invasive
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States Roy Van Driesche Bernd Blossey Mark Hoddle Suzanne Lyon Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2002-04 Department of Service August 2002 Agriculture BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Technical Coordinators Roy Van Driesche and Suzanne Lyon Department of Entomology, University of Massachusets, Amherst, MA Bernd Blossey Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Mark Hoddle Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the authors of the individual chap- We would also like to thank the U.S. Depart- ters for their expertise in reviewing and summariz- ment of Agriculture–Forest Service, Forest Health ing the literature and providing current information Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West on biological control of the major invasive plants in Virginia, for providing funding for the preparation the Eastern United States. and printing of this publication. G. Keith Douce, David Moorhead, and Charles Additional copies of this publication can be or- Bargeron of the Bugwood Network, University of dered from the Bulletin Distribution Center, Uni- Georgia (Tifton, Ga.), managed and digitized the pho- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, (413) tographs and illustrations used in this publication and 545-2717; or Mark Hoddle, Department of Entomol- produced the CD-ROM accompanying this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature on the Chrysomelidae from CHRYSOMELA Newsletter, Numbers 1-41 October 1979 Through April 2001 May 18, 2001 (Rev
    Literature on the Chrysomelidae From CHRYSOMELA Newsletter, numbers 1-41 October 1979 through April 2001 May 18, 2001 (rev. 1)—(2,635 citations) Terry N. Seeno, Editor The following citations appeared in the CHRYSOMELA process and rechecked for accuracy, the list undoubtedly newsletter beginning with the first issue published in 1979. contains errors. Revisions and additions are planned and will be numbered sequentially. Because the literature on leaf beetles is so expansive, these citations focus mainly on biosystematic references. They Adobe Acrobat® 4.0 was used to distill the list into a PDF were taken directly from the publication, reprint, or file, which is searchable using standard search procedures. author’s notes and not copied from other bibliographies. If you want to add to the literature in this bibliography, Even though great care was taken during the data entering please contact me. All contributors will be acknowledged. Abdullah, M. and A. Abdullah. 1968. Phyllobrotica decorata de Gratiana spadicea (Klug, 1829) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, DuPortei, a new sub-species of the Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomel- Cassidinae) em condições de laboratório. Rev. Bras. Entomol. idae) with a review of the species of Phyllobrotica in the Lyman 30(1):105-113, 7 figs., 2 tabs. Museum Collection. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 104(1244-1246):4-9, 32 figs. Alegre, C. and E. Petitpierre. 1982. Chromosomal findings on eight Abdullah, M. and A. Abdullah. 1969. Abnormal elytra, wings and species of European Cryptocephalus. Experientia 38:774-775, 11 figs. other structures in a female Trirhabda virgata (Chrysomelidae) with a summary of similar teratological observations in the Coleoptera.
    [Show full text]
  • PYCNOGONIDS Sea Spiders of California
    PYCNOGONIDS Sea Spiders of California Sea spiders are neither spiders nor crustaceans. They are a separate class of the phylum Arthropoda (or a separate sub phylum according to some). They do, however, have considerable gross anatomical similarity to spiders. The following comments on the general anatomy and natural history of sea spiders are drawn in large part from a semi-popular synopsis by King (1974) augmented with observations by others (particularly Bouvier 1923). King's account is recommended to all interested in the ecology or taxonomy of California sea spiders. STRUCTURE most pycnogonids have four pairs of legs although species with five or six pairs are found elsewhere in the world (Fry and Hedgpeth 1969), and may be located in waters offshore California An anterior proboscis, a dorsal ocular tubercle, and a posterior abdomen are found along the midline of the body (Fig. 1). The ocular tubercle may either be absent (as m the aberrant interstitial Rhqnchothorax) or may range from a low nub to a long thin "turret" raised far above the dorsum. It may be followed by one or more anoculate tubercles along the dorsal midline. The abdomen may in some species protrude above the dorsum rather than posteriorly. Three other types of appendages occur: chelifores, palps, and ovigers. Chelifores are short, 1-4 segmented limbs above the proboscis, usually ending in chelae. Posterioventral from these a pair of palps are located in some species Chelifores and palps are not present in all species, and their structure varies with age in some families. The chelifores may be chelate in the young and achelate in the adult (eg.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Chemical Ecology of Cerambycids
    5 Chemical Ecology of Cerambycids Jocelyn G. Millar University of California Riverside, California Lawrence M. Hanks University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois CONTENTS 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 161 5.2 Use of Pheromones in Cerambycid Reproduction ....................................................................... 162 5.3 Volatile Pheromones from the Various Subfamilies .................................................................... 173 5.3.1 Subfamily Cerambycinae ................................................................................................ 173 5.3.2 Subfamily Lamiinae ........................................................................................................ 176 5.3.3 Subfamily Spondylidinae ................................................................................................ 178 5.3.4 Subfamily Prioninae ........................................................................................................ 178 5.3.5 Subfamily Lepturinae ...................................................................................................... 179 5.4 Contact Pheromones ..................................................................................................................... 179 5.5 Trail Pheromones ......................................................................................................................... 182 5.6 Mechanisms for
    [Show full text]