Lewis & Clark . . mmm ch . mm lun goo HIKE for d? Buffalo tongue THROUGH HISTORY ON A 2-YEAR CAMPING TRIP
SQUIRRELS THAT BARK IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Lewis_Clark_Cover.idd.indd 1 3/15/17 10:23 AM 2 The Great Unknown On March 4, 1801, a tall, redheaded Vir- ginian named Thomas Jefferson was sworn in as the third president of a very young United States of America. The u IN 1799, country was small compared with its Napoleon present size. Bonaparte took Americans knew there was a lot of land control of France. Then he set out west of the Mississippi River. They knew to conquer the American Indians lived there. Some rest of Europe and beyond. While tak- white trappers had been out West. But ing over country no one had any real idea what was truly after country in o t there. efferson inten e to fi n o t. Europe, he sent troops to North He knew he needed someone special to America to tighten help. He found that someone in Meri- France’s hold wether Lewis. over its Louisiana Territory. But in When Jefferson became president, he 1803, Napoleon appointed Lewis as his secretary. After surprised everyone the day’s work of state was done, the two by selling the terri- tory to the U.S. He men studied maps and explorers’ jour- needed the money nals. They shared dreams of discovery. to pay for his war Jefferson was curious about the West. with Britain. He was also ambitious. He wanted to make the United States a great empire: huge, powerful, wealthy, and free. Jefferson’s curiosity and interest were great, but he never made it west of the Mississippi River. However, he made it possible for his young friend, U.S. Army captain Meriwether Lewis, to take the trip of a lifetime.
l WHILEINOFFICE, the nation’s size Jefferson made when the United one of the biggest States got the rights land deals in his- to the land on April tory – and one of 30, 1803. It also the best bargains. brought Jefferson’s For just $15 million dream of a U.S. (less than 3¢ an empire from coast acre!), the Louisiana to coast closer to Purchase doubled reality.
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r WHEN JEFFERSON took office, Americans had little idea what lay in Terra Incognita (the unknown land) west of the Mississippi. Jefferson believed that explorers volcanoes. He also Missouri River to would find live expected them to the Pacific Ocean woolly mammoths discover a water- with only a small and other prehis- way on which gap where over- toric creatures and boats could sail all land travel would huge, lava-spewing the way from the be necessary.
u IN 1801, THE tage in claiming it. United States and Jefferson wanted European coun- to win the race. tries looked at Russia and Britain the land between wanted to move the Mississippi in from the north. and the Pacific Spain and France as a giant prize. wanted to move The first nation to in from the south. explore and map The United States the land would wanted to move in have a big advan- from the east.
Lewis_Clark_2-3.indd 3 3/15/17 10:25 AM 4 For nearly half a year before the purchase of the Louisiana Profi les of Territory, President Jefferson and Meriwether Lewis stud- ied books and maps of the West, planning an expedition Lewis, Clark, that Lewis would lead. On January 18, 1803, Jefferson m e it offi ci e s e Con ress to pprove for mission to e p ore the re ion. Con ress ree . and Others Jefferson had picked Lewis to lead the expedition, and he trusted him to choose the rest of the team – including a fe ow offi cer to he p him comm n the crew. n ne ewis wrote to i i m C r tr ste frien from his army days, asking him to join the exploration Meriwether Lewis
knew a lot about captain’s positive herbs, and she traits: courage, taught him how curiosity, and sci- to treat injuries entific knowledge. and cure illnesses He trusted Lewis YOU MIGHT SAY with plants found with his dream. that Meriwether in the wild. In his And Lewis rose Lewis spent his seven years in the to the challenge. life training to lead army, Lewis had He proved himself the expedition. As learned how to to be the right a boy roaming the command soldiers man to lead this woods of Virginia and negotiate with once-in-a-lifetime and Georgia, he American Indians. adventure. had soaked up Lewis had several Born: knowledge about personal problems, August 18, 1774 plant and animal but Jefferson rec- Died: life. His mother ognized the young October 11, 1809
r SACAGAWEA be better at help- (SAK-uh-jah-WEE- ing the explorers uh) was 15 years communicate with old or younger people who spoke when she met other languages. Lewis and Clark Her presence – during the winter and that of her of 1804–1805 in infant son, born what is now North shortly before the Dakota. The two trip began – often leaders hired her made relations u YORK WAS York’s biggest some unknown husband, a French easier between an African man contribution was reason, York’s Canadian trapper, Indians and the held in slavery by an unexpected one: presence made to be an interpret- explorers. William Clark. He He was popular some American er. But Sacagawea, Born: 1787? worked as hard with American Indians more will- a Shoshone Died: 1812? as any other man Indians the team ing to accept his woman, proved to on the expedition met. They had nev- companions. team, but did not er seen an African receive any pay. person before. For
What does the name Sacagawea mean?
Lewis_Clark_4-5.indd 4 3/15/17 10:31 AM party. “Believe me,” he wrote, “there is no man on Earth with whom I should feel equal pleasure in sharing [this ad- venture] as with yourself.”* “I will cheerfully join you,”* Clark replied. But the two didn’t actually join forces until October. In the meantime, they prepared for the trip. Each picked a few men from the U.S. Army for the Corps of Discovery, as their team was known. William Clark Lewis and Clark picked each corps member for a reason. WILLIAM CLARK WAS *Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, vol. 1, by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL. D. Dodd, born in Virginia. Mead & Company, 1904. But for a while, he lived in Kentucky. At that time, it was l LEWISAND CLARK a wild frontier. would never have Clark lived far made it to the from schools. So Pacific and back he taught himself without the skills or learned from of all their team his older broth- members. Here ers. At 19, Clark they’re shown on joined the U.S. a steep bank of Army. He served the Columbia River, as an engineer, near Celilo Falls in building forts and Oregon. How will bridges. He also they get everyone went into Spanish and all the supplies territory as a spy! down the 20-foot During his army drop to the river? career, Clark met In the center, Lewis a young officer and Clark direct the named Meriwether team. Sacagawea Lewis. They and her husband, became friends. Charbonneau, are And their mutual among those stand- respect led to ing on the right. one of the great- est partnerships d SEAMAN, LEWIS’S in U.S. history. Newfoundland Clark’s skills made dog, also made up for Lewis’s the trip. Lewis weaknesses, and bought Seaman for vice versa. For $20 while waiting instance, Clark’s for the journey to steady calm bal- begin. A Shawnee u EVERY MEMBER Whitehouse’s skills anced Lewis’s man offered to filled a role that with buckskin kept quick temper. trade three beaver helped the team everyone clothed. Also, Clark’s fair- skins for Seaman. survive. Collins Gibson and ness with the The skins were and Willard were Cruzatte’s fiddle Indians won their worth a lot of good hunters, music kept morale respect. And money, but Lewis and Goodrich was high. But the team Clark’s skillfully refused. a skilled fisher- had troublemakers. drawn maps were man. They helped Newman and Reed a key contribution keep the team tried to desert – to the expedition’s fed. Cruzatte and run away – but valuable research. Labiche were were caught and Born: expert boatsmen, sent back to St. August 1, 1770 and Gass was a Louis to be pun- Died: capable carpenter. ished by the army. September 1, 1838
Lewis_Clark_4-5.indd 5 3/15/17 10:31 AM 6 Preparing for the Expedition Lewis and Jefferson wanted the expedition ty. nce they were in the wi erness they to start as soon as possible. But there was a wo h ve to m n e witho t ny items ot to o fi rst. ewis be n b yin s pp ies. they h eft behin . ewis went to hi Choosin wh t to t e w s bi ob. he e phi to stoc p on s pp ies n infor te m co n t c rry e tr wei ht over the m tion. e h ot to e rn n f st. i e ro h terr in or n they wo cross. st ent before bi test he cr mme in t the e p orers h to t e every necessi the now e e he co bo t m p m
boat shown here is similar to the one they used. The boat was heavy, u CLARKSKETCHED especially when this design for loaded with sup- a 55-foot-long plies. And rapids, keelboat. It could rocks, and riv- be rowed, sailed, ers that became or pushed by u DURING THE WINTER take the keelboat deeper from rain poles. In narrow at their training out on the river to or melted snow waters, men on camp, Lewis and practice for their all made it harder shore could use Clark had the men journey. The keel- to use. ropes to tow it. After a Pittsburgh boatmaker built it, Lewis and others rowed it down the Ohio River. Then they rowed it up the Mississippi to the Wood River camp. The boat turned out to be big and clumsy. It made the trip harder and more tiring than they had expected!
l LEWIS BOUGHT 15 flintlock rifles and many other weap- ons. Rifles were needed to hunt animals for food. They also were a defense against attacks by wild animals and – per- haps – unfriendly Indians.
Lewis_Clark_6-7.indd 6 3/15/17 10:33 AM 7 ing and medicine. He learned how to identi- the learning continued. Lewis and Clark fy and classify plants, animals, and minerals. practiced calculating their location by the e e rne how to n vi te fi n his w y stars. They also got to know their men. by looking at the stars. Thanks to Jeffer- Who might cause problems? Who might son’s connections, Lewis learned from the need discipline? Who could they depend on best men in their fi e s. in a tough situation? Most of the men were Lewis, Clark, and their men spent the fall experienced soldiers. They learned how to and winter of 1803–1804 at a camp on the work together to survive in the wilderness. Wood River, in what is now Illinois. There,
l MOST OF THE r LEWIS SPENT HEY, CAPTAIN LEWIS, time, the explor- the biggest part ers slept out in of his $2,500 on WHADDAYA THINK? the open. But to gifts for Indians. LEWIS AND CLARK and their team survive, they had He spent $669.50 spent the first winter at the Wood to know how to on everything from River camp. When they left, their build camps. These beads, combs, and keelboat was packed with biscuits, u TO NAVIGATE, LEWIS would protect knives to thimbles, coffee, dried apples, salt, and sugar. and Clark used them through mirrors, thread, and It also held 14 barrels of corn meal, celestial bodies, the harsh winter other such items. 20 barrels of flour, and 50 barrels including the sun, weather. Their first He also carried of salt pork. Also on board: 193 moon, planets, and project together Jefferson peace pounds of dried bean-and-vegeta- stars. Almost daily, was building the medals, like this ble soup. one of them used Wood River camp. one. He gave them either a sextant It was good prac- to chiefs as tokens or an octant to tice for the forts of friendship. measure the angle they would have between the horizon to build in order to and a celestial body. survive the next The other wrote two winters. down the measure- ment and the exact time it was taken.
Try This! Suppose you were going on a long journey to a place you’ve never been. What l FORTHEEXPLOR- thing was found. night, they spent supplies would you take ers’ journey to have So while the team an hour or more along? Write a list of all the value, Lewis and slept after training, watching the stars items, explaining why you Clark’s notes would Lewis and Clark and taking notes. would need each one. Would have to say just practiced reading they all fit in your knapsack? where each notable the sky to mark How heavy would it be? person, place, or their location. Each
Lewis_Clark_6-7.indd 7 3/15/17 10:33 AM 8 On May 14, 1804, at four o’clock in the afternoon, the Highlights of Corps of Discovery w s fin y on its w y. n the first y the men str e to move the he vi y o e ee bo t p the Expedition the isso ri iver. t w s st hint of the m ny tests of en- r nce n co r e the e pe ition wo f ce in the two ye rs n fo r months to come.
u IN JUNE 1805, of portaging and d CANOES WERE and [the] bottom the team came to two weeks back always flipping filled with water the Great Falls of on the river, they over. “One canoe & [sank]. . . . The the Missouri River. entered a narrow in which Sergeant men, several of They could no lon- valley, or gorge, Gass was steer- which could not ger travel by boat. with “the most ing . . . was nearly swim, hung onto So they had to remarkable cliffs turning over,” wrote the canoe. . . . One portage (carry their that we have yet Clark on October 8, man, Thompson, boats) from the seen.”* They were 1805. “She sprung [was] a little hurt, high land to the at Montana’s Gates a leak or split [and] everything low. After 21 days of the Mountains. open on one side [got] wet.”*
u MOSQUITOES AND r IN JUNE 1805, “I expected, every other insects as they walked instant, to see him made the explor- along bluffs 90 lose his strength ers uncomfortable feet above the and slip off,” wrote most of the time. Marias River, Lewis.* The cap- Sometimes the Richard Windsor tain stayed calm. biting got really slipped over the He told the young bad. Then the men edge. “God, God, private to use his made big, smoky Captain, what shall knife to dig foot- *William Clark and Meriwether fires to keep the I do?” he cried, and hand-holds. It Lewis. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, gnats and mosqui- as he hung by his worked. Windsor vol. 2, by Reuben Gold toes away. left hand and foot. was saved. Thwaites, LL. D. Dodd, Mead & Company, 1904.
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d ON NOVEMBER 7, r MEN’S FEET WERE 1805, after days rubbed raw from of soaking rains walking over rough and “fog so thick ground. The men . . . that we could got frostbite in not see across the the winter and in river,” the Corps of the summer, they Discovery finally got sunburned. reached the Pacific They had stomach coast. “Great joy troubles, boils and in camp,” wrote other infections, Clark. “We are in and all sorts of view of the ocean, u “I AM VERY appendix. He was wounds. Pierre this great Pacific sick and have buried where a Cruzatte acciden- Ocean which we been for sometime small river, named tally shot Lewis. [have] been so but have recovered Floyd’s River by his Yet, everyone but long anxious to my health again,” leaders, met the Charles Floyd made see.”* Sergeant Charles Missouri. it back to St. Louis. Floyd wrote on *William Clark. Original *Charles Floyd. The Original Journals of the Lewis and July 31, 1804.* But Journal of Sergeant Charles Clark Expedition, vol. 3, by on August 20, he Floyd by Charles Floyd. Reuben Gold Thwaites, Wisconsin Historical Society, LL. D. Dodd, Mead & died. It was proba- Electronic Publication, 2003. Company, 1905. bly from a ruptured
u JEFFERSON WANTED a day and night to know about the soaked to the weather. And every skin. In Oregon, man who kept where they spent a journal wrote the winter of about the problems 1805–1806, it caused by rain. rained 94 out of They spent many 106 days.
d IN MAY 1805, dog saved the a stampeding day by barking. buffalo bull came That made the close to trampling bull swerve, and it men sleeping by a missed the men’s campfire. Lewis’s heads by inches.
Lewis_Clark_8-9.indd 9 3/15/17 10:50 AM Lewis_Clark_10-11.indd 10 3/15/17 10:52 AM Lewis_Clark_10-11.indd 11 3/15/17 10:52 AM 12 The Peoples Encountered
by Lewis and Clark u CAMEAHWAIT WAS Sacagawea’s broth- The American Indians encountered by Lewis and Clark er. He was also a had their own ways of life. Peoples of the Great Plains, of Shoshone chief. He helped the Corps of the mo nt ins n of the cifi c co st h their own Discovery get safely languages, religions, traditions, and lifestyles that helped over the dangerous them do well in the different places they lived. But most Rocky Mountains. The Shoshone Americans of the time had little or no knowledge, under- were poor, but they standing, or experience of American Indian cultures. gave the explorers They thought Indians were savages who could become horses in exchange for goods. They also “normal” if they were taught Christianity and American gave them a guide ways of life. Lewis and Clark shared this prejudice. De- to lead the way. spite their mistaken belief, however, their meetings with the peoples of the West went remarkably well. There were few c ose c s b t on y once i con ict t e ives.
r BLACK MOCCASIN was a chief of the Hidatsa. He met Lewis and Clark when they d EVEN ON THE help was really spent the winter Pacific coast, far needed. Lewis’s near his village in from her own hot temper and 1804–1805. home and people, dislike of the Sacagawea helped Chinook nearly smooth relations drove him to burn between Indians down their vil- u ONCE WEST OF THE band of Salish “the likelyest and and the explorers. lages. Continental Divide sold the explorers honestest [people] Sometimes that (the line where horses and shared we have seen.”*
rivers begin flow- their food with *John Ordway. The Definitive ing west instead them. Sergeant Journals of Lewis and Clark by Gary E. Moulton. University of east), the group John Ordway, a of Nebraska Press, 2003. met the Salish corps member, people. A friendly called the Salish
l IN SEPTEMBER 1804, Lewis and Clark met some Teton Sioux (SOO) people. One chief didn’t like the trinkets Clark gave them. So he tried to r IN JULY 1806, youths tried to steal keep Clark and his while exploring with some rifles, a fight men from returning only Drouillard and broke out. The con- to their keelboat. the Field broth- flict resulted in two Clark drew his ers as company, Indian deaths. Just sword. Then both Lewis met eight eight weeks before sides got their Piegan youths. their journey’s weapons out. After They camped end, the explorers a tense standoff, together that night, had had their first they all backed but dawn brought fatal conflict with down. violence. When the American Indians.
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l LEWIS AND CLARK’S something when 1805 meeting with she “instantly Shoshone people jumped up, and brought a happy ran and embraced surprise to him . . . weeping Sacagawea. She profusely.”* She was Shoshone had recognized her by birth. But the long-lost brother Hidatsa had kid- Cameahwait. She napped her was also reunited when she was a with Jumping Fish, girl. At a meeting a childhood friend. with the Shoshone *From Cyclopaedia of Modern chief, she was Travel by Bayard Taylor. Moore, about to translate Wilstach, Keys & Co., 1856.
l “THE KILLAMUCKS, u A COUNCIL MEETING Clatsops, Chinooks, held August 30, . . . resemble each 1804, was Lewis other as well in and Clark’s first their persons and official meeting with dress as in their an American Indian habits and man- group. Lewis made a ners,” wrote Lewis speech to a gather- on March 19, 1806. ing of Yankton Sioux “The most remark- people. “Children,” able trait . . . is the he told them, “[from peculiar flatness now on, you must] and width of fore- obey the commands head, which they of [the] great Chief artificially obtain by buffalo together, the President, who compressing the and shared holi- is now your only head between two day celebrations. father.”* The audi- boards while in . . . The chiefs told ence members infancy.”* Big White Lewis and Clark listened politely. about peoples They may not have *Meriwether Lewis. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark and places they understood much of Expedition, vol. 4, by Reuben u HE ORPS OF would see when the language. Then Gold Thwaites, LL. D. Dodd, T C Mead & Company, 1905. Discovery spent they resumed the Yankton Sioux the winter of their travels in the gave their own 1804–1805 at Fort spring. In 1806, speeches. Afterward, Mandan, close Mandan chief Big the explorers and to the villages of White accom- chiefs exchanged the Mandan and panied Lewis to gifts, and each group Hidatsa peoples, Washington, D.C. went its separate in present-day President Jefferson way. North Dakota. hosted a New *Meriwether Lewis. From Captain Meriwether Lewis’s The explorers and Year’s Eve party speech to the Yankton Sioux, Indians traded for Big White and August 30, 1804. https://www. nps.gov/mnrr/planyourvisit/ goods, hunted some of his people. upload/L&CSpeech.pdf.
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Plants and Animals on the Trail Jefferson told Lewis and Clark to look for “objects worthy of notice . . . [such as] growth & vegetable productions, es- pecially those not of the U.S., the animals of the country . . . u LEWIS CAREFULLY preserved a plant [and] times of appearances of particular birds, reptiles, or of this type on July insects.”* Corps of Discovery members were the fi rst white 9, 1806. Today, this Americans to see and describe more than 200 plant and an- species bears his name. It’s called imal species, or types, of the North American West. Lewis’s wild blue flax. *Thomas Jefferson. From Thomas Jefferson’s letter to Meriwether Lewis. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisandclark/transcript57.html.
Lewis_Clark_14-15.indd 14 3/15/17 10:55 AM 15 C
d WHILE CROSSING r THE SCARIEST LARK the Continental beast the corps ’ S Divide, Lewis col- came across was N lected seeds of the the grizzly bear. UTCRACKER common snowber- Charbonneau, ry. He sent them Joseph Field, back to Jefferson, Bratton, and who planted them Drouillard all bare- and then gave ly escaped grizzly
seeds to others. attacks. Near the L The species now Great Falls of the EWIS ’
grows in places far Missouri, Lewis S from where Lewis had forgotten to W OODPECKER first found it. load his rifle. He outran a grizzly just long enough to jump into a river and make his get- away. d THE AMERICAN I estimate the u AMONG THE bison (commonly number of [buf- discoveries named called buffalo) falo] which could for their finders d THE MOUNTAIN amazed Lewis and be [seen] at one are Lewis’s wood- holly (below), Clark. Bison view to amount pecker and Clark’s cottonwood, roamed the plains to 3,000.”* The nutcracker. bigleaf maple, in huge herds. explorers enjoyed and Engelmann Counting them was eating the meat. spruce are among impossible. “I do They really liked the trees first not think I [exag- the hump and the described by Lewis gerate],” wrote tongue, which and Clark. Lewis, “when were quite tasty.
u IN 1804, IN what today is Nebraska, Lewis r “WE FOUND THE and Clark first saw antelope [extremely “infinite numbers” shy] and [watchful] of short-tailed insomuch that we d “CAPTAIN CLARK little rodents. Lewis had been unable narrowly escaped called them “bark- to get a shot at PRONGHORN, OR AMERICAN ANTELOPE being bitten by ing squirrels.” That them,” Lewis wrote a rattlesnake in was because of the on September 17, r LEWIS MADE MANY candlefish. Lewis the course of his sound they made 1804.* He eventu- sketches of fish, said the candlefish walk,” wrote Lewis. when alarmed by ally sent pronghorn such as trout and was “superior to He described a the humans. But skins and skeletons a type of smelt any fish I ever species “smaller corps member John back to Jefferson. called eulachon or tasted.”** than those com- Ordway called them mon to the Middle “prairie dogs.” And Atlantic states.”* that’s the name that A
r IN THE FALL OF ROMATIC stuck. Lewis sent 1804, the Corps four live prairie dogs
of Discovery came A back to Jefferson as
across many plant STER a gift. species new to *Meriwether Lewis. Original them. Among Journals of the Lewis and Clark
them: Wood’s rose, P Expedition, vol. 1, by Reuben INK Gold Thwaites, LL. D. Dodd, broomwood, aro- Mead & Company, 1904. C **Meriwether Lewis. Original matic aster, and LEOME Journals of the Lewis and Clark pink cleome. Expedition, vol. 4, by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL. D. Dodd, Mead & Company, 1905.
Lewis_Clark_14-15.indd 15 3/15/17 10:55 AM 16 Lewis and Clark’s historic journey ended on September Lewis and 23, 1806, when they arrived back in St. Louis. The United States still remembers the Lewis and Clark expedition to- day, more than 200 years after it took place. Why? What is Clark’s Legacy the legacy of this pioneering westward expedition? l l LEWIS AND CLARK LEWIS IS SHOWN and their fel- wearing an ermine low travelers mantle (a weasel- are remembered fur garment) draped throughout the over his clothes. western United Lewis and Clark’s States. This statue reports of the in Great Falls, West’s great rich- Montana, shows ness drew dreamers u THIS PAINTED u THE JOURNALS the explorers, and entrepreneurs buffalo robe and kept by Lewis, York, and Seaman, (risk-taking busi- other objects Clark, and sev- Lewis’s dog. nesspeople). John preserved by eral of their men Jacob Astor started Lewis and Clark are considered a fur-trading sta- helped educate by some to be a tion near the corps’ historians and national literary Oregon winter social scientists treasure. They’re camp in April 1811. about American still valuable today. His employees Indian culture. So Environmentalists bought furs to ship did Lewis’s and use their back east. The fur Clark’s journals. descriptions of trade helped Astor The friendships the undisturbed plant become the coun- explorers made and animal life try’s first millionaire. were also safe- as a guide for guards for those restoring species’ who came after long-lost habitats them. But misun- – their natural derstandings soon homes. tipped the scales toward conflict. Many of the West’s original inhabitants were wiped out.
YOU MAY WANT TO experience a little bit of history first- hand by exploring the Lewis & Clark Trail and joining the Lewis & Clark Trail Heritage Foundation: http:// www.lewis andclark.org.
Lewis_Clark_16-17.indd 16 3/15/17 11:02 AM 17 new land. Today, to supervise, or vacationers and WHAT oversee, rela- history buffs walk HAPPENED tions between Lewis and Clark’s the U.S. govern- u IN THE 200-PLUS trails. They also visit AFTER ment and the years since the parks and mon- American Indians. Lewis and Clark’s uments that honor THEIR He married and return, countless the explorers. Some had children. Americans have do it out of admira- u THE CORPS OF JOURNEY? He also adopted retraced the corps’ tion for the corps’ Discovery gave the Sacagawea’s son steps. First came achievements. U.S. a valid claim President Jean Baptiste, who explorers and fur Others are curious to the Oregon Jefferson had been an infant trappers. Then about what it Territory. That was made on the trail. The came settlers. might have a key step toward MERIWETHER boy was educated All were trying to been like to Jefferson’s dream LEWIS in Europe. Later, make their fortunes take part in of a coast-to-coast governor of the Jean Baptiste in a wide-open such an empire. Clark’s Louisiana Territory worked as a guide adventure. information- in 1807. But Lewis and interpreter for packed maps found that being a travelers heading made it easier for government official westward. other Americans wasn’t as satisfy- to go west. Using ing as commanding YORK Clark’s maps, fur a team of explor- believed traders made their ers. He missed the that his way to the Oregon challenge of life in hard Territory. In time, the wilderness. He work on more and more was also unlucky the trail was wor- Americans who in love. The women thy of reward. So wanted to make he courted turned he asked William money or start a down his marriage Clark for his free- new life followed. proposals. Lewis’s dom. Clark refused These Americans personal prob- until many years spread through- lems came back later, in 1832. out the West. to haunt him. He They expanded was found dead on SACAGAWEA the nation until October 11, 1809. may have Jefferson’s dream died young finally came true. WILLIAM or lived to CLARK a ripe old became age. No one a public really knows official what became in St. Louis. One of her. of his jobs was
l ON ITS RETURN, wrote Clark. “We the Corps of . . . [fired off our Discovery was guns] as a Salute to given a hero’s the Town. We were homecoming: “We met by all the vil- . . . descended to lage and received the Mississippi and a [hearty welcome] down that river to from its inhabit- St. Louis, at which ants.”*
place we arrived *William Clark. Original about 12 [o’clock],” Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, vol. 5, by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL. D. Dodd, Mead & Company, 1905.
Lewis_Clark_16-17.indd 17 3/15/17 11:02 AM 18 Activities
Imagine that you are a member of the Corps of WRITE A Discovery. Write a journal entry describing the sights and geography of the new lands you are JOURNAL ENTRY exploring. What does the landscape look like? What people do you encounter? What new types of the plants do you observe? What are the ani- mals like? Include a picture or two to illustrate your entry.
MAKE A SPEECH Imagine you are William Clark or Meriwether Lewis. You have recently returned from your expedition and are eager to share your excitement with oth- ers. Write a speech about your journey. Select a few points to highlight, such as cool a discovery or an amazing expe- rience. Practice the speech. Then give it to your classmates. Be sure to share your enthusiasm.
Lewis_Clark_18-19.indd 18 3/15/17 11:03 AM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES
Westward Expansion Pioneers Immigration Between the 1780s and 1850, waves In the 1800s, a new wave of settlers If you live in the United States today, at of settlers continued America’s push made their way west of the Mississippi some point you or your relatives were west. They moved into the Ohio and and Ohio valleys. They were regard- immigrants – whether your ances- Mississippi river valleys. They took ed as pioneers, and their desire for tors came from Asia via Alaska some overland wagons and flatboats down untouched farmland, timber, and gold 12,000 years ago, or whether your rivers. Learn about their routes and drove them west in numbers. Learn family emigrated from another country journeys, and the geographical features about the “prairie schooners,” or wag- just a year or two ago. The United unique to these newly explored lands. ons, they took, the houses they built, States is a nation of Immigrants. and the hardships they faced.
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS
HSS 5.8 Students trace the col- onization, immigration, and set- tlement patterns of the American people from 1789 to the mid- 1800s, with emphasis on the role of economic incentives, effects of the physical and political geogra- phy, and transportation systems. 5.8.3 Demonstrate knowledge of the explorations of the trans-Missis- sippi West following the Louisiana LEARN Purchase (e.g., Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, Zebulon Pike, John MORE Fremont). ONLINE! Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills: • As a teenager, Research, Evidence, and Point Sacagawea of View became the 3. Students distinguish fact from fiction by comparing documentary wife of a French sources on historical figures and trader, Toussaint events with fictionalized characters Charbonneau. In and events. 2000, the United States honored Sacagawea by putting her image on the one-dollar coin.
Lewis_Clark_18-19.indd 19 3/15/17 11:03 AM hmhco.com
EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon PROOFREADER: t er ART DIRECTION: op ins m nn FACT-CHECKER: Nayda Rondon, robe Desi n my c w ine DESIGNERS: n rown be David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR: Kathy Wilmore, James Waller PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Amy K. Hughes is beth or n enn inch ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine
GRADE 5 TITLES p. top ri ht immi r nts on Patricia . Gilcrease Museum: C.M. Russell: pp.12–13 top ewis n C r e pe ition . Granger Collection, NYC: p. top eft settin p Regions of North America eor e shin ton c mp p. mi e center c noe stri in tree pp. bottom enco nter with ie n Ch r es th r ien vret e int min p. center mi e i hite stern oo n n i ns Thomas Jefferson Ch r es sse p. bottom ri ht ewis n C r ower Co mbi iver . Library ins n i ns en min r n in of Congress: p. top center m p of ewis n C r s tr c . Montana Historical Society: C. . sse p. bottom eft or with n i ns p. mi e eft ish o thwest eop es The Constitution peop e . National Geographic Creative: ich r ch echt p. bottom center ich r Northwest Coast Peoples The New Nation in sor . Oregon Dept. of Transportation: r n chw r pp. center ewis n C r t Ce i o s . Peabody Museum, Harvard University: p. top eft picto r phic meric Lewis and Clark b ff o robe . Shutterstock: n re nit p. top center ri y be r rey ni er p orin the meric s estw r p nsion e p. bottom ri ht i mon b c r tt esn e mith p. center mi e pron horn Ch r es th r ien vret e int min p. top ri ht eriwether r y ett ements Pioneers ewis D. . o n p. top center po eon on p rte Do b e bb e p. bottom 13 Colonies mmi r tion eft ewfo n n o verett istoric p. top ri ht i i m C r p. top eft eriwether ewis p. mi e center hom s efferson n i n e ce e p. top Dec r tion of n epen ence n stri evo tion in meric ri ht co nci meetin en ent e p. mi e ri ht pr irie o s rco i n American Revolution Civil Rights p. bottom eft ti er mos ito m e b p. bottom eft Cleome spinosa pin ower p. top ri ht woo y m moth os w ecy p. top eft pper o ter e Revolutionary Women ont n n pp. f mist over cific co st ine ootstoc p. b e ower corpp p. top ri ht se t nt er st v in p. bottom eft Aster alpinus er iobocc r o p. top ri ht C r s n tcr c er tootsy p. top eft snowberries e mith p. top eft ewis n C r tr i om eichner p. top ri ht ewis s ON THE COVER: Lewis and Clark. i n temper on p ne by .C. yeth. Granger woo pec er imir r n e p. bottom c we coin . Collection, NYC. ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: rchive m e p. top center homeste ers nterfoto p. Acme Design Company: p nsion of the nite t tes m p p. . bottom eft ri e ohn p. top center ewis n C r st t e ry v ns ict re ibr ry p. top eft re t s of isso ri orth in ict re rchives p. Brobel Design: ee bo t p. mi e eft mo nt in ho y p. bottom center i i m C r s etch of tro t p. top eft n p. top i ry ictori ress t p. top eft estw r p nsion . Art Michael Kline Illustration: e m embers p. h y hin p. en s eet n Resource: eor e C it in p. mi e ri ht n n vi e p. mi e eft Chinoo ero Do p. C me hw it p. . wom n n chi mithsoni n meric n rt se m p. top center oy s r ve p. bottom eft io r D nce p. mi e ri ht c occ sin . Beinecke Rare Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: efferson ewis pp. tthew rey ewis Book Library, Yale University: p. top eft ee bo t . Getty Images: fre sse p. C r pp. ren rnes r i of ewis n C r pp. m ons vi e ewis bottom ri ht c we i in ich e p. center mi e b ff o opperfoto C r s et rn pp. tthew rey.
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