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R. Conrad Steinstein MEETMEET THE AUTHORAUTHOR R. Conrad SteinStein R.R. Conrad Stein knew from the ttimeime he was twelve yyearsears old tthathat he wanted to be a writer. AAfterfter serving as a Marine, he studied history at the UUniversityniversity ooff Illinois. A ffewew yyearsears after he ggraduated,raduated, his backbackgroundground in historhistoryy helped him ggetet assassignmentsignments writiwritingng history books fforor young readers. He has published more than eighty books; many TARGET SKILLSKILL ooff them are biobiographiesgraphies or are ffocusedocused on MainMain IdeasIdeas andand DDetailsetails historhistory.y. Stein believes his jjobob is to express Determine the main ideas ofof the tthehe ddramarama ooff hihistoricalstorical eevents.vents. text. FindFind ddetailsetails tthathat support ththee mmainain iideas.deas. GENREGENRE NarrativeNarrative nonfictionnonfiction tellstells aboutabout people,people, events, or placesplaces that are real. As yyouou read, look fofor:r: factualfactual informationinformation thatthat tellstells a storystory featuresfeatures such as photographsphotographs and captions e eventsvents in ttimeime oorderrder RI.5.2RI.5.2 determine two or more main ideas and explain how theythey are supported byby details/ summarize; RI.5.3RI.5.3 explain the relationships between individuals/events/ideas/concepts in a text;text; RI.5.10RI.5.10 read and comprehend informational texttext Go 752752 Digital by R. Conrad Stein ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did explorersexplorers helphelp America become the country it is today? 753753 In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson doubled the size of the United States after completing an agreement with France calledcalled the Louisiana Purchase. He had acquired the vast Louisiana Territory west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson decided to form an expedition through the unexplored Territory to the Pacific Ocean. HHee asked Meriwether Lewis to lead a group called the Corps of DDiscovery.iscovery. Lewis chose William Clark to help him as co-leader. In 1804, Lewis anandd CClarklark bbeganegan ttheirheir journey ffromrom St. Louis, MMissouri.issouri. TTheyhey travetraveledled tthroughhrough tthehe Great PPlainslains anandd tthenhen stostoppedpped fforor the winter season. A trader and his wiwife,fe, a Native American namenamedd SacaSacagaweagawea ((saksak uuhh jjuhuh WEEWEE uh),uh), joinedjoined thethe expeditionexpedition whenwhen it resumedresumed its jjourneyourney in AAprilpril 1805. LewisLewis consideredconsidered thethe MandanMandan (MANMAN duhn) Indians’ stories aboutabout huge bears to be fancifulfanciful talestales until one ofof the explorersexplorers waswas chasedchased byby a grizzlygrizzly bear.bear. 754 TheThe Great Falls ofof the Missouri River were a beautifulbeautiful sight, butbut also were difficultdifficult to travel around. WilliamWilliam ClarkClark hadhad perhapsperhaps thethe FallsFalls of the Missouri River in present-present- best eyesighteyesight of ananyy crew member. dayday Montana. Here thethe river tumbledtumbled On May 26, he saw the outline of a downdown a bluff that was as highhigh as a greatgreat mountain rangerange to thethe west. In modernmodern six-story building.building. TheThe roar the next few days,days, all of the explorers ofof the water was deafening.deafening. Lewis couldcould see thethe snow-coveredsnow-covered RockyRocky ccalledalled it, “the ggrandestrandest sisightght I ever Mountains on thethe horizon.horizon. TheThe sightsight beheld.”beheld.” But the waterfallwaterfall meant that was inspiringinspiring as wewellll as troubling.troubling. TThehe thethe explorersexplorers hadhad to carrycarry theirtheir boatsboats explorers knew that theythey would havehave andand supplies up steep cliffs before theythey to findfind a way to cross the incredible couldcould set out againagain on quieter waters barrier.barrier. upstream.upstream. Traveling around the fallsfalls Before thetheyy could cross the Rockies, tooktook the party twenty-four days, and the Corps of DiscoverDiscoveryy faced the Great leftleft evereveryoneyone exhausted.exhausted. 755 SacagaweaSacagawea quicklyquickly provedproved to be a valuable asset to the expedition.expedition. Carrying herher babybaby boyboy on SoonSoon thethe membersmembers ofof thethe herher back, SacagaweaSacagawea won the partyparty began to wonder whywhy theythey admirationadmiration ofof thethe crew. SheShe hadhad not yet seen any ShoshoneShoshone carefullycarefully scannedscanned thethe riverbankriverbank to (shoh(shoh SHOHSHOH nee)nee) or other American findfind edibleedible rootsroots andand fruit.fruit. TheseThese Indians. TheTheyy had seen signs ofof foodsfoods providedprovided a welcomewelcome reliefrelief IndianIndian settlement—hunters’settlement—hunters’ traitrailsls fromfrom thethe customary dietdiet ofof meat andand abandonedabandoned campsites—campsites—butbut andand water.water. AndAnd inin thethe mountainmountain since they left the Mandan and country, the Missouri River became Hidatsa (hee(hee DAHT suh) villages,villages, a crookedcrooked stream thatthat splitsplit into the Corps of Discovery had not manymany small tributariestributaries. SacagaweaSacagawea encounteredencountered any otherother peoplepeople at all.all. pointed out landmarks that she remembered from a journey as ANALYZEANALYZE THTHEE TETEXTXT a slave child, and she helpedhelped the Explain Historical EventsEvents What does captains choosechoose thethe correct river ththee auauthorthor ddoo to mmakeake hihistoricalstorical eeventsvents easy to understand? How does this help branchesbranches on which to travel. you see relationships between the events and people described in the texttext?? 756756 InIn mid-August,mid-August, MeriwetherMeriwether withwith their powerfulpowerful neighbors,neighbors, Lewis, hikinghiking ahead of the partyparty thethe Blackfeet. TheyThey had nevernever with a fewfew other explorers, came seenseen white people, but constant upon three Shoshone women and warfarewarfare made the Shoshone several children. Lewis had carried suspicioussuspicious ofof all outsiders. Lewis anan American flag in his pack for just hopedhoped to buy horses from the such a meeting. tribe.tribe. Now that the rivers had HeHe wavedwaved thethe bannerbanner andand walkedwalked allall but disappeared, he needed slowly toward the group. One ofof the horseshorses to cross the peaks ofof the children fled. The women sat very RockyRocky Mountains. But the chief,chief, still as if frozen with fear. Lewis CameahwaitCameahwait (kuh(kuh mee uhuh wayt),wayt), explainedexplained thatthat hehe was an explorer,explorer, wouldwould not part with anyany of the andand thethe womenwomen ledled him toto theirtheir animals.animals. Lewis did persuade village.village. CameahwaitCameahwait to send a few Shoshone TheThe ShoshoneShoshone were a smallsmall tribetribe toto find Clark and the rest of the partyparty who were almost alwaysalways at war andand bringbring themthem to thethe village.village. AtAt first,first, the Shoshone were cautious ofof Lewis and Clark, but the explorers soon realized that they were fortunatefortunate to encounter the Indians.Indians. 7577557 TheThe next morning, Clark and the others The expeditionexpedition crossed the Rockies arrivedarrived at the village, and a meeting was onon foot,foot, usingusing the horses to carrycarry theirtheir equipment and supplies. heldheld with Chief Cameahwait. Sacagawea preparedprepared to serve as the translator. When the meetingmeeting began,began, SacagaweaSacagawea stared intentlyintently at the chief.chief. Then she broke into teartearss of joy. Lewis wrote, “She jumped up, ran,ran, andand embracedembraced him,him, andand threwthrew herher blanketblanket over him, and cried profusely.”profusely.” SacagaweaSacagawea recognizedrecognized Cameahwait as herher brother,brother, whomwhom sheshe hadhad not seen in six years.years. CheCheersers and laughterlaughter rose from the village.village. TheThe ShoshoneSShoshone hailedhailed Sacagawea as a lostlost daughterdaugghter whowho hadhad come home.home. OnOn SeptemberSeptember 1, 1805, the CorpsCorps ofof DiscoveryDiscovery leftleft the Shoshone territory.territory. ChiefChief CameahwaitCameahwait not onlyonly providedprovided thethe partyparty withwith horses,horses, hehe alsoalso gave themthem a guideguide to showshow themthem thethe bestbest route throughthrough thethe mountains.mountains. Crossing the Rockies proved to bebe a difficultdifficult ordeal. The trails were tootoo ruggedrugged to rideride on, so thethe partyparty walkedwalked andand useusedd thethe horseshorses as packpack animals.animals. ANALYZE THE TEXT PrimaryPrimary Sources The author uses a primary source, a direct quote from Lewis’s writinwriting,g, in the first paraparagraph.graph. What can yyouou conclude about Lewis from his words? 758758 Upon reachingreaching thethe ClearwaterClearwater River Valley,Valley, thethe expeditionexpedition builtbuilt new canoes to continue theirtheir journey westwest. In mid-September,mid-September, a blinding ClearwaterClearwater River in present-daypresent-day snowstormsnowstorm struck.struck. EvenEven the Idaho.Idaho. TheThe waterswaters werewere so clearclear ShoshoneShoshone guideguide got lost.lost. Worst ofof all,all, thatthat thethe riverriver bottombottom andand schoolsschools ofof the once-abundant wild game could fishfish werewere visiblevisible despitedespite thethe river’sriver’s not be found on the hihighgh mountain depth. In the Clearwater country,country, peaks.peaks. TheThe explorersexplorers were forcedforced to LewisLewis
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