Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery
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Boone's Lick Heritage, Vol. 11, No. 2
BOONE’S LICK HERITAGE The Missouri River from the bluffs above historic Rocheport Two Historic Views of the Missouri River 19th-century Voyage Up the River and 20th-century Memoir of a One-time Riverman VOL. 11 NO. 2 — SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2012 BOONSLICK HISTORICAL SOCIETY PERIODICAL EDITOR’S PAGE A River Runs Through It . Our theme in this issue of Boone’s Lick Heritage is As a youngster growing up in the St. Louis area during water, specifically streams and rivers. Waterways have the 1940s, I was part of a family that often vacationed in played a major role in the exploration and settlement of this the southeastern Missouri Ozarks, a region defined by its country by Europeans, many of whom were finding and fol- many springs and spring-fed streams. The Current River, lowing the earlier pathways and villages of Native Ameri- for example, was born of and is sustained by spring waters, cans. Starting with the 1804-06 Corps of Discovery journey the largest of which is Big Spring near Van Buren. Big by Lewis and Clark up the Missouri, “our river” played the Spring and the Current are Ozark waters that tug at my starring role in the exploration and western movement of soul, especially when I’m absent from their rugged wa- our young nation. And the Missouri’s northern tributary, the tershed. The region’s many springs and the waters of the Mississippi (as many of us like to think), drew Gen. Lewis Current, along with those of its southern artery, called the Cass and Henry Rowe Jacks Fork, and the nearby Schoolcraft north in 1821 Eleven Point, course and Schoolcraft again in through my veins and bind 1832, seeking its head- me to place as strongly as waters and source (Lake blood to family. -
Oregon Historic Trails Report Book (1998)
i ,' o () (\ ô OnBcox HrsroRrc Tnans Rpponr ô o o o. o o o o (--) -,J arJ-- ö o {" , ã. |¡ t I o t o I I r- L L L L L (- Presented by the Oregon Trails Coordinating Council L , May,I998 U (- Compiled by Karen Bassett, Jim Renner, and Joyce White. Copyright @ 1998 Oregon Trails Coordinating Council Salem, Oregon All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Oregon Historic Trails Report Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Project history 3 Introduction to Oregon's Historic Trails 7 Oregon's National Historic Trails 11 Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail I3 Oregon National Historic Trail. 27 Applegate National Historic Trail .41 Nez Perce National Historic Trail .63 Oregon's Historic Trails 75 Klamath Trail, 19th Century 17 Jedediah Smith Route, 1828 81 Nathaniel Wyeth Route, t83211834 99 Benjamin Bonneville Route, 1 833/1 834 .. 115 Ewing Young Route, 1834/1837 .. t29 V/hitman Mission Route, 184l-1847 . .. t4t Upper Columbia River Route, 1841-1851 .. 167 John Fremont Route, 1843 .. 183 Meek Cutoff, 1845 .. 199 Cutoff to the Barlow Road, 1848-1884 217 Free Emigrant Road, 1853 225 Santiam Wagon Road, 1865-1939 233 General recommendations . 241 Product development guidelines 243 Acknowledgements 241 Lewis & Clark OREGON National Historic Trail, 1804-1806 I I t . .....¡.. ,r la RivaÌ ï L (t ¡ ...--."f Pðiräldton r,i " 'f Route description I (_-- tt |". -
Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes, Volume II: Tribal Case
OCS Study BOEM 2017-001 Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes Volume II: Tribal Case Studies US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region This page intentionally left blank. OCS Study BOEM 2017-001 Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes Volume II: Tribal Case Studies David Ball Rosie Clayburn Roberta Cordero Briece Edwards Valerie Grussing Janine Ledford Robert McConnell Rebekah Monette Robert Steelquist Eirik Thorsgard Jon Townsend Prepared under BOEM-NOAA Interagency Agreement M12PG00035 by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of National Marine Sanctuaries 1305 East-West Highway, SSMC4 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Makah Tribe Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Community of Oregon Yurok Tribe National Marine Sanctuary Foundation US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of National Marine Sanctuaries US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Pacific OCS Region December 31, 2017 This page intentionally left blank. DISCLAIMER This study was funded, in part, by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Region, Camarillo, CA, through Interagency Agreement Number M12PG00035 with the US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the US Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY This report can be downloaded from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s Recently Completed Environmental Studies – Pacific webpage at https://www.boem.gov/Pacific-Completed-Studies/. -
THE CHALLENGE to COMMUNICATE at Fort Mandan in North Dakota, Their Interpreters Were Two Frenchmen Who Had Been Living with the Introduction Indians
THE CHALLENGE TO COMMUNICATE At Fort Mandan in North Dakota, their interpreters were two Frenchmen who had been living with the Introduction Indians. They hired Touissant Charbonneau and one of his Shoshone wives to interpret for them when they met the Shoshones. The Hidatsa call her When Lewis and Clark embarked upon their epic Sakakawea, or Bird Woman and the Shoshones call journey in 1804, they knew very little about the her Sacagawea. people they would encounter along the Missouri River. Even less was known about the tribes of the Charles McKenzie was a Canadian trader who Columbia. The explorers had no idea of how or by observed the Lewis and Clark expedition in the what means those people would communicate. Mandan Country in the spring of 1805. He describes them below: With the help of interpreters, they were sometimes able to effectively exchange information with the The woman who answered the purpose of wife to tribes along the way. However, there were many Charbonneau, was of the Serpent Nation and lately times when their interpreters were not able to help taken prisoner by a war party:- She understood a them. Often they had to rely on other methods of little Gros Ventres, in which she had to converse communication, such as sign language and drawing. with her husband, who was a Canadian, and who did not understand English- A Mulatto, who spoke Communication Challenges for the Expedition bad French and worse English served as interpreter to the Captains- So that a single word to be Communication was generally not a problem as the understood by the party required to pass from the party traveled up the Missouri River. -
Kidnapped and Sold Into Marriage on the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Fact or Fiction? Name: _________________________ Below is a passage on Sacagawea. On the following page is a chart with ten statements. Indicate whether each statement is fact or fiction. Sacagawea was born sometime around 1790. She is best known for her role in assisting the Lewis and Clark expedition. She and her husband were guides from the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean and back. Kidnapped and Sold into Marriage Sacagawea was kidnapped from her Shoshone village by Hidatsa Indians when she was twelve years old. She was promptly sold into slavery. She was then sold to a French fur trapper by the name of Toussaint Charbonneau. The pair became married and had a son named Jean-Baptiste. On the Lewis and Clark Expedition Although there are conflicting opinions concerning how important Sacagawea was to the Lewis and Clark expedition, she did serve as the interpreter and negotiator to the Shoshone tribe - that was led by her brother Cameahwait. She helped them obtain essential supplies and horses while she carried her infant son on her back. Furthermore, Sacagawea helped identify edible plants and herbs and prevented hostile relations with other tribes simply by being with the expedition. She was even more important on the return trip because she was familiar with the areas in which the expedition was traveling. Lewis and Clark received credit for discovering hundreds of animals and plants that Sacagawea had probably seen for years. Although she received no payment for her help, her husband was rewarded with cash and land. Death and Adoption of her Children Six years after the journey, Sacagawea died after giving birth to her daughter Lisette. -
Fort Clatsop by Unknown This Photo Shows a Replica of Fort Clatsop, the Modest Structure in Which the Corps of Discovery Spent the Winter of 1805-1806
Fort Clatsop By Unknown This photo shows a replica of Fort Clatsop, the modest structure in which the Corps of Discovery spent the winter of 1805-1806. Probably built of fir and spruce logs, the fort measured only fifty feet by fifty feet, not a lot of space for more than thirty people. Nevertheless, it served its purpose well, offering Expedition members shelter from the incessant rains of the coast and giving them security against the Native peoples in the area. Although the Corps named the fort after the local Indians, they did not fully trust either the Clatsop or the related Chinook people, and kept both at arms length throughout their stay on the coast. The time at Fort Clatsop was well spent by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The captains caught up on their journal entries and worked on maps of the territory they had traversed since leaving St. Louis in May 1804. Many of the captains’ most important observations about the natural history and Native cultures of the Columbia River region date from this period. Other Expedition members hunted the abundant elk in the area, stood guard over the fort, prepared animal hides, or boiled seawater to make salt, but mostly they bided their time, eagerly anticipating returning east at the first sign of spring. The Corps set off in late March 1806, leaving the fort to Coboway, headman of the Clatsop. In a 1901 letter to writer Eva Emery Dye, a pioneer by the name of Joe Dobbins noted that the remains of Fort Clatsop were still evident in the 1850s, but “not a vestige of the fort was to be seen” when he visited Clatsop Plains in the summer of 1886. -
Teacher's Guide to Missouri Town 1855 and Fort Osage(PDF, 1MB)
Historic Sites Teacher’s Guide Missouri Town 1855 ForT osaGe naTional hisToric landMark Jackson County Parks + Rec REVISED MARCH 2018 CONTENTS Planning Your Visit .................................................................................................................. 1 Historic Cemetery Courtesy ..................................................................................................... 2 Historic Site Courtesy ............................................................................................................... 3 Guidelines for Teachers and Chaperones ................................................................................ 4 Fort Osage Fact Sheet ........................................................................................................... 8-9 Fort Osage History ............................................................................................................. 10-11 Lewis & Clark in the Greater Kansas City Area .................................................................. 12 Fort Osage School Tour Teacher Materials ...................................................................... 14-15 Map to Fort Osage .................................................................................................................. 16 Missouri Town 1855 Fact Sheet ........................................................................................ 20-21 Synopsis of Missouri Town 1855 ....................................................................................... 22-24 Missouri -
Lewis & Clark Legacy
Maka h IR N ation al His Lo toric lo Tra Lewis and Clark Land il National Historic Trail 5 ma rk Interpretive Center Qu inault IR SEAT Colv Exploration TLE W ille IR ASHINGTON Upper Missouri River Breaks Cap Blackfeet IR Discovering the Legacy of Lewis and Clark Fo e D National M rt C isap Spokane IR onum The Corps of Discovery traveled latsop N poin S National Historical ParkSPOKANE 15 ent tme tatio Nez Perce n n L LE R a t C EW WIS up the Missouri River, over the id tion am IS Rocky Bo Fort Belknap Red Lake IR gefie al M p 90 ys IR ld N em IR Rocky Mountains, and down the at orial Turtle Mountain IR Bicentennial Commemoration 2003-2006 io 8 Flathe Fort Peck Co C na 2 ad LEWIS nfluence olum l W IR Indian Reservation of Yellowsto Snake and Columbia Rivers. ild Yak M Mis ne and bia life Ind ama Lew ONTANA souri Rivers R R ian R nake Rive Coeu is and Clark LEWIS M e es S r r d LEWIS iss iver G erv ’A o R Despite great physical challenges, fug ation RICHLAND lene uri e IR e o LEW rg P IS Three Tribes M d e N ORT LEWIS isolation, and near starvation at LA C LEWIS Pass useum ation ND olumbia GREA Fort Berthold Red Lake Bois Forte Passamaquoddy IR al S River T Charles M. Russell Spirit Lake IR IR ge times, the expedition mapped cenic A MISSOULA FALLS IR Fort B IR Grand Porta Lake K National W erthold Reservation IR S Ro R Travelers' Rest up E c Ne A e vast territories of the West. -
NPS Form 10 900-B
NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 8/2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail (Revised) Section number Appendices Page 159 ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATION Figure 1. William Buckles, “Map showing official SFT Routes…,” Journal of the West (April 1989): 80. Note: The locations of Bent’s Old Fort and New Fort Lyon are reversed; New Fort Lyon was west of Bent’s Old Fort. NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 8/2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail (Revised) Section number Appendices Page 160 Figure 2. Susan Calafate Boyle, “Comerciantes, Arrieros, Y Peones: The Hispanos and the Santa Fe Trade,” Southwest Cultural Resources Center: Professional Papers No. 54: Division of History Southwest Region, National Park Service, 1994 [electronic copy on-line]; available from National Park Service, <http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/safe/shs3.htm> (accessed 11 August 2011). NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 8/2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Historic Resources of the Santa Fe Trail (Revised) Section number Appendices Page 161 Figure 3. “The Southwest 1820-1835,” National Geographic Magazine, Supplement of the National Geographic November 1982, 630A. NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 8/2002) OMB No. -
Mandan/ Hidatsa Encounter Packet Unit: Politics & Diplomacy (Elementary and Middle School)
Mandan/ Hidatsa Encounter Packet Unit: Politics & Diplomacy (Elementary and Middle School) To the Cooperative Group: In this packet you will find: 1. a map showing locations of four tribal encounters 2. a short explanation of the Mandan/Hidatsa encounter 3. excerpts from Clark’s journal concerning that encounter 4. four questions for your group to discuss and try to answer Lewis and Clark spend the winter of 1804-1805 in North Dakota near the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes. During this winter the temperature dropped as low as 40 degrees below zero. The Captains had their men build a fort near the Mandan villages, which they named Fort Mandan. That is where they spent the winter, waiting for spring so that they could continue their journey. The Mandan and Hidatsa Indians were well acquainted with white fur traders and knew of many European customs. During the winter of 1804-1805, these Indians visited Fort Mandan almost daily and were helpful in providing food and information to the Americans. It was while they were at Fort Mandan that Lewis and Clark met Charboneau and his wife Sacagawea. It was also here that baby “Pomp” was born. Here is what Captain Clark wrote in his journal about the Mandan/Hidatsa Indians visiting the Corps at Fort Mandan: William Clark, December 31, 1804 “ A number of Indians here every Day our blacksmith mending their axes, hoes etc for which the squaws bring corn for payment.” At the end of their stay, the day before leaving Fort Mandan, Clark wrote: William Clark, Wednesday, March 20, 1805 “I visited the Chief of the Mandans in the Course of the Day and Smoked a pipe with himself and Several old men.” Questions and activities for cooperative group to consider: • find the location of Fort Mandan • how far did the Corps travel from St. -
The Sacagawea Mystique: Her Age, Name, Role and Final Destiny Columbia Magazine, Fall 1999: Vol
History Commentary - The Sacagawea Mystique: Her Age, Name, Role and Final Destiny Columbia Magazine, Fall 1999: Vol. 13, No. 3 By Irving W. Anderson EDITOR'S NOTE The United States Mint has announced the design for a new dollar coin bearing a conceptual likeness of Sacagawea on the front and the American eagle on the back. It will replace and be about the same size as the current Susan B. Anthony dollar but will be colored gold and have an edge distinct from the quarter. Irving W. Anderson has provided this biographical essay on Sacagawea, the Shoshoni Indian woman member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, as background information prefacing the issuance of the new dollar. THE RECORD OF the 1804-06 "Corps of Volunteers on an Expedition of North Western Discovery" (the title Lewis and Clark used) is our nation's "living history" legacy of documented exploration across our fledgling republic's pristine western frontier. It is a story written in inspired spelling and with an urgent sense of purpose by ordinary people who accomplished extraordinary deeds. Unfortunately, much 20th-century secondary literature has created lasting though inaccurate versions of expedition events and the roles of its members. Among the most divergent of these are contributions to the exploring enterprise made by its Shoshoni Indian woman member, Sacagawea, and her destiny afterward. The intent of this text is to correct America's popular but erroneous public image of Sacagawea by relating excerpts of her actual life story as recorded in the writings of her contemporaries, people who actually knew her, two centuries ago. -
Toussaint Charbonneau (1767- C
Toussaint Charbonneau (1767- c. 1839-1843) By William L. Lang Toussaint Charbonneau played a brief role in Oregon’s past as part of the Corps of Discovery, the historic expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in 1804-1806. He is one of the most recognizable among members of the Corps of Discovery, principally as the husband of Sacagawea and father of Jean-Baptiste Charbonneau, the infant who accompanied the expedition. The captains hired Charbonneau as an interpreter on April 7, 1805, at Fort Mandan in present-day North Dakota and severed his employment on August 17, 1806, on their return journey. Charbonneau was born on March 22, 1767, in Boucherville, Quebec, a present-day suburb of Montreal, to parents Jean-Baptiste Charbonneau and Marguerite Deniau. In his youth, he worked for the North West Company, and by the time Lewis and Clark encountered him in late 1804, he was an independent trader living at a Minnetaree village on the Knife River, a tributary to the Missouri near present-day Stanton, North Dakota. Charbonneau lived in the village with his Shoshoni wife Sacagawea, who had been captured by Hidatsas in present-day Idaho four years earlier and may have been sold to Charbonneau as a slave. On November 4, William Clark wrote in his journal that “a Mr. Chaubonée [Charbonneau], interpreter for the Gros Ventre nation Came to See us…this man wished to hire as an interpreter.” Lewis and Clark made a contract with him, but not with Sacagawea, although it is clear that the captains saw Sacagawea’s great benefit to the expedition, because she could aid them when they traveled through her former homeland.