THE DUAL STATE INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE Series Editors: Mark Findlay, Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney, Australia Ralph Henham, Nottingham Law School, Nottingham Trent University, UK This series explores the new and rapidly developing field of international and comparative criminal justice and engages with its most important emerging themes and debates. It focuses on three interrelated aspects of scholarship which go to the root of understanding the nature and significance of international criminal justice in the broader context of globalization and global governance. These include: the theoretical and methodological problems posed by the development of international and comparative criminal justice; comparative contextual analysis; the reciprocal relationship between comparative and international criminal justice and contributions which endeavor to build understandings of global justice on foundations of comparative contextual analysis. Other titles in the series: Policing in Hong Kong Kam C. Wong ISBN 978 1 4094 1060 7 Criminal Law Reform and Transitional Justice Human Rights Perspectives for Sudan Edited by Lutz Oette ISBN 978 1 4094 3100 8 Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code The Legacies and Modern Challenges of Criminal Law Reform Edited by Wing-Cheong Chan, Barry Wright and Stanley Yeo ISBN 978 1 4094 2442 0 Exploring the Boundaries of International Criminal Justice Edited by Ralph Henham and Mark Findlay ISBN 978 0 7546 4979 3 The International Criminal Court and National Courts A Contentious Relationship Nidal Nabil Jurdi ISBN 978 1 4094 0916 8 The Dual State Parapolitics, Carl Schmitt and the National Security Complex Edited by ErIc WILsOn Monash University, Australia © Eric Wilson 2012 All rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Eric Wilson has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editor of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union Road 101 Cherry Street Farnham Burlington Surrey, GU9 7PT VT 05401-4405 England USA www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The dual state : parapolitics, Carl Schmitt and the national security complex. -- (International and comparative criminal justice) 1. Schmitt, Carl, 1888-1985--Political and social views. 2. State, The. 3. National security. 4. Domestic intelligence. 5. Critical criminology. 6. United States-- Politics and government--2001-2009. I. Series II. Wilson, Eric Michael, 1961- 327.1'01-dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wilson, Eric Michael, 1961- The dual state : parapolitics, Carl Schmitt and the national security complex / by Eric Wilson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-3107-7 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4094-3108-4 (ebook) 1. Schmitt, carl, 1888-1985--Political and social views. 2. schmitt, carl, 1888-1985--Influence. 3. State, The--History--20th century. 4. State, The--History--21st century. 5. Political science- -History--20th century. 6. Political science--History--21st century. 7. World politics--1989- I. Title. JC263.S34W55 2013 320.1--dc23 2012014884 ISBN 9781409431077 (hbk) ISBN 9781409431084 (ebk – PDF) ISBN 9781409471295 (ebk – ePUIIIB) Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group, UK. This book is dedicated to my Father, Don Gale Wilson, who gave to me that most precious of gifts—the love of reading. This page has been left blank intentionally Contents Notes on Contributors ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 The Concept of the Parapolitical 1 Eric Wilson 2 State–Corporate Globalization and the Rise and Demise of the New Deal World Order 29 Tom Reifer 3 Capitalism, Covert Action and State Terrorism: Toward a Political Economy of the Dual State 51 Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed 4 “America is Addicted to Oil”: U.S. Secret Warfare and Dwindling Oil Reserves in the Context of Peak Oil and 9/11 83 Daniele Ganser 5 Researching Parapolitics: Replication, Qualitative Research and Social Science Methodology 101 David N. Gibbs 6 The Unusual Suspects: Africa, Parapolitics and the National Security State Complex 117 Enrico Carisch 7 State Hierarchy and Governance: Of Shadows or Equivalence in Regulating Global Crisis 153 Mark Findlay 8 Dual State: The Case of Sweden 171 Ola Tunander 9 Canadian Stalking Horse: “A Parallel Power” 193 David MacGregor viii The Dual State 10 A Study in Gray: The Affaire Moro and Notes for a Reinterpretation of the Cold War and the Nature of Terrorism 213 Guido Giacomo Preparata 11 Schmitt, Ergenekon and the Neocons 273 Len Bracken 12 The Spectacle and the Partisan 297 Jeff Kinkle 13 Targeting Journalists and Media in the New World Order 315 Stig A. Nohrstedt and Rune Ottosen Afterword: Dual Schmitt, Deep Schmitt 337 William Rasch Index 345 Notes on Contributors Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is an international security analyst specializing in the historical sociology and political ecology of mass violence. He is Executive Director at the Institute for Policy Research & Development in London, and has taught international relations, contemporary history, empire and globalization at the University of Sussex and Brunel University. His work has been used by the 9/11 Commission, the U.S. Army Air University’s “Causes of War” collection (2007); the UK Ministry of Defence’s Joint Services Command & Staff College Research Guide on Counter-Terrorism and the GWOT (2008); Chatham House’s Middle East Programme; the International Labor Organization’s (ILO) World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization (2003); the Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies (2010), among others. He testified in U.S. Congress about his research on Western intelligence policies toward al-Qaeda in 2005, and has advised a range of agencies, including the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst; the UK Parliamentary Select Committee for Communities & Local Government in its Inquiry into the Government’s “Preventing Violent Extremism” (PVE) program; and the Metropolitan Police on delivery of the Government’s Channel Project. His latest book is A User’s Guide to the Crisis of Civilization: and How to Save It (London: Pluto/Macmillan, 2010). Len Bracken is an author and journalist living in Washington, DC. He is the author of three novels and three nonfiction books, including the biography Guy Debord—Revolutionary and works involving theories of terrorism and civil war. As a legal journalist he covers international trade policy issues concerning legislation, negotiations, regulations and court decisions. Enrico Carisch is a Partner in Compliance and Capacity International, L.L.C, a consulting firm that advises international organizations, states, the private sector and civil society on multilateral sanctions implementation and compliance. He served as a member of Security Council-mandated panels and groups of sanctions monitors, to gather information on violations of UN sanctions in Somalia, Liberia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Most recently he coordinated the UN Panel of Experts on the Sudan. He has worked as a financial and natural resources expert, advised European and Central African governments as well as to the International Conference on the Great Lakes in capacity-enhancement projects for secure and legal exploitation of natural resources in the region. Prior to his service to the international community, Carisch worked for over 25 years as an investigative journalist for print media and television. x The Dual State Mark Findlay holds the Chair in Criminal Justice at the Law School, University of Sydney, and a Chair in Law at the Law School, Singapore Management University. Professor Findlay is the Deputy Director of the Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney, and the leader of the Worldwide Universities Network on International and Comparative Criminal Justice (ICCJ Net). His current research interests focus on international and comparative criminal justice, and on regulating global crises. Wider cross-interdisciplinary dimensions of his work cut across globalization, global governance and cultures in transition. Daniele Ganser (b.1972) is a Swiss historian who specializes in international relations and international history from 1945 to today. His research interests are peace research, geo-strategy, secret warfare, resource wars, globalization and human rights. He is the Director of the Swiss Institute for Peace and Energy Research (SIPER) in Basel. He studied history and international relations at Basel University in Switzerland, Amsterdam University (UVA) in the Netherlands and at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) in England and received his PhD in modern history from Basel University in 2001. He was a Senior Researcher at the Center for Security Studies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. His most recent book on NATO’s secret armies and terrorism in Western Europe (Frank Cass, 2005) was translated into 10 languages. David N. Gibbs is Professor of History at the University of Arizona. His most recent book is First Do No Harm: Humanitarian Intervention and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2009). Jeff Kinkle (b.1979) is a writer, translator and researcher based in New York City. He received his PhD from the Centre for Cultural