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Metropolitan Transit Research Study Word Searchable Version not a True Copy National Transportation Library Section 508 and Accessibility Compliance The National Transportation Library (NTL) both links to and collects electronic documents in a variety of formats from a variety of sources. The NTL makes every effort to ensure that the documents it collects are accessible to all persons in accordance with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998 (29 USC 794d), however, the NTL, as a library and digital repository, collects documents it does not create, and is not responsible for the content or form of documents created by third parties. Since June 21, 2001, all electronic documents developed, procured, maintained or used by the federal government are required to comply with the requirements of Section 508. If you encounter problems when accessing our collection, please let us know by writing to [email protected] or by contacting us at (800) 853- 1351. Telephone assistance is available 9AM to 6:30PM Eastern Time, 5 days a week (except Federal holidays). We will attempt to provide the information you need or, if possible, to help you obtain the information in an alternate format. Additionally, the NTL staff can provide assistance by reading documents, facilitate access to specialists with further technical information, and when requested, submit the documents or parts of documents for further conversion. Document Transcriptions In an effort to preserve and provide access to older documents, the NTL has chosen to selectively transcribe printed documents into electronic format. This has been achieved by making an OCR (optical character recognition) scan of a printed copy. Transcriptions have been proofed and compared to the originals, but these are NOT exact copies of the official, final documents. Variations in fonts, line spacing, and other typographical elements will differ from the original. All transcribed documents are noted as "Not a True Copy." The NTL Web site provides access to a graphical representation of certain documents. Thus, if you have any questions or comments regarding our transcription of a document’s text, please contact the NTL at [email protected]. If you have any comment regarding the content of a document, please contact the author and/or the original publisher. Word Searchable Version not a True Copy Word Searchable Version not a True Copy METROPOLITAN TRANSIT RESEARCH By Werner W. Schroeder Member and Vice-Chairman Chicago Transit Board III Word Searchable Version not a True Copy Word Searchable Version not a True Copy A NOTE BY THE AUTHOR The author has been keenly interested in the problems of local transit for many years and had the privilege of serving actively as a special attorney in the drafting of the Metropolitan Transit Authority Act and later as general counsel of Chicago Transit Authority during its formative years. The need for an impartial study of this nature became apparent in early 1954 and the author accepted the appointment as a member of the Chicago Transit Authority Board from the Honorable William G. Stratton, Governor of the State of Illinois, with the understanding that such a study would be undertaken. There was no single collection of material dealing with this subject. Information had to be sought in many different places - in ordinances, legis­ lative enactments and decisions of courts, in numerous studies, reports, plans and proposals of special commissions, various publications and in­ dividuals, and financial reports of the predecessor companies. Mr. V. E. Gunlock, Board Chairman, Mr. Walter J. McCarter, General Manager, and members of their staff have co-operated and con­ tributed much to this work and, while it is not practical to list all the individuals who contributed in one way or another, particular credit is given to Mr. Clyde B. North, Assistant Comptroller, whose exceptional research abilities and keen perception as to detail proved invaluable, and to Mr. H. L. Polland, Director of Public Information, for his editorial work. To all of them the author wishes to express thanks for their interest and help. W. W. S. V Word Searchable Version not a True Copy Word Searchable Version not a True Copy INTRODUCTION METROPOLITAN TRANSIT DEVELOPMENT By Stanley Berge Professor of Transportation Northwestern University In the twelve chapters of this book, Werner W. Schroeder, Vice Chairman of the Chicago Transit Board, presents a wealth of factual data collected during two years of research into the problem of transporting large numbers of people economically and efficiently in large and growing metropolitan areas. This volume is a most welcome addition to the literature of transportation, for it represents a painstaking, authoritative collection of previously unpublish­ ed information concerning transit in Chicago, together with a good many refer­ ences to transit developments in New York, Boston and other large urban cen­ ters. The summary in Chapter 12 and the detailed index of contents will make this study a valuable reference book for years to come. The boldness of some of the author's proposals may shock the reader at first, and will probably never satisfy those who believe the automobile should completely replace public transit in the city of the future. However, abundant evidence cited herein supports Mr. Schroeder's basic conclusion that great capital improvements both for highways and mass transportation are necessary for efficient living in the Chicago metro­ politan area and that immediate steps should be taken to integrate the planning and financing of a regional transportation system. Motor Vehicles, Population and Transit From 1945 to 1955, automobile registrations in the United States doubled from 26 million to 52 million and motor truck registrations doubled from 5 million to 10 million. Thus, the total vehicles on our roads and streets doubled from 31 million to 62 million. Were this flood of vehicles evenly spread over the 3 million miles of rural roads that serve the 3 million square miles of the United States, there would be no problem of congestion such as now plagues our large cities and their suburbs. But motor vehicles follow population and 60 per cent of our people live, work and play in but one per cent of the land. Two-thirds of the people of the United States now live in urban localities, and each census reveals a heavier concentration in our 168 metropolitan areas. Over 80 per cent of the 19 million increase in U.S. population from 1940 to 1950 took place in these areas, and nearly half of the increase was in the 25 largest cities and their suburban fringes. From 1950 to 1955 it has been reported that out of a growth of approximately 12 million in the national population, almost 98 per cent took place in urban areas, and the suburbs were found to be growing seven times as fast as the central cities.1/ 1/ Wilfred Owen, The Metropolitan Transportation Problem. VII Word Searchable Version not a True Copy While motor vehicle usage doubled during the decade preceding 1955, transit riding was cut in half from 23 billion rides in 1945 to 11.5 billion in 1955. The following data furnished by the American Transit Association indi­ cate the trend in transit passengers by types of service at five-year intervals since 1935 and annually since 1950. Note that the decline in riding since the wartime peak in 1945 has continued unabated each year since 1950, although the rate of attrition seems to be slowing down in recent years: U.S. Transit Passengers By Types of service (Millions) Surface Subway Trolley Motor Year Railways & El. Coach Bus Total 1935 7,276 2,236 96 2,618 12,226 1940 5,943 2,382 534 4,239 13,098 1945 9,426 2,698 1,244 9,886 23,254 1950 3,904 2,264 1,658 9,420 17,246 1951 3,101 2,189 1,633 9,202 16,125 1952 2,477 2,124 1,640 8,878 15,119 1953 2,036 2,040 1,566 8,260 13,902 1954 1,489 1,912 1,367 7,624 12,393 1955 1,207 1,870 1,202 7,250 11,529 Transit as a Factor in Urban Life Henry A. Babcock, Los Angeles engineer and specialist in urban land economics, prepared a thoughtful paper for the Southern California Planning Institute at the University of California - Los Angeles last summer presenting the thesis that "in an urbanized geographical area, the means by which its in- habitants and their visitors move about in their daily goings and comings is one of the most important factors in determining the character and the quality of the community . No statement of the transit problem can be made, much less its solution effected, until the kind of urban community which it is desired to produce has been agreed upon." What is the best kind of urban community? Babcock says he believes "it is one in which each individual has the maximum opportunity to pursue economic, social, cultural, and recreational advantages." He believes that these advantages of urban life can be achieved to a greater ex- tent in an integrated metropolitan region than in "a loose aggregation of small towns more and more tending to become self-sufficient and isolated from the rest." Said he: The integrated metropolitan region is one in which separate but contiguous land areas are devoted to func­ tionally different urban activities and one in which the expeditious movement of persons between these areas is accomplished by a comprehensive integrated system of transit facilities . In the integrated metropolitan VIII Word Searchable Version not a True Copy region the use of the private automobile will be supple- mental to that of a new-type mass transit system so devised that the healthy and desirable dispersion of dwelling units will be preserved, but, at the same time, commercial industrial and professional activity will be concentrated in an efficient manner.
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