The Cyclical Return of the IQ Controversy: Revisiting the Lessons of the Resolution on Genetics, Race and Intelligence
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SOHASKY-DISSERTATION-2017.Pdf (2.074Mb)
DIFFERENTIAL MINDS: MASS INTELLIGENCE TESTING AND RACE SCIENCE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY by Kate E. Sohasky A dissertation submitted to the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Baltimore, Maryland May 9, 2017 © Kate E. Sohasky All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Historians have argued that race science and eugenics retreated following their discrediting in the wake of the Second World War. Yet if race science and eugenics disappeared, how does one explain their sudden and unexpected reemergence in the form of the neohereditarian work of Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, and Charles Murray? This dissertation argues that race science and eugenics did not retreat following their discrediting. Rather, race science and eugenics adapted to changing political and social climes, at times entering into states of latency, throughout the twentieth century. The transnational history of mass intelligence testing in the twentieth century demonstrates the longevity of race science and eugenics long after their discrediting. Indeed, the tropes of race science and eugenics persist today in the modern I.Q. controversy, as the dissertation shows. By examining the history of mass intelligence testing in multiple nations, this dissertation presents narrative of the continuity of race science and eugenics throughout the twentieth century. Dissertation Committee: Advisors: Angus Burgin and Ronald G. Walters Readers: Louis Galambos, Nathaniel Comfort, and Adam Sheingate Alternates: François Furstenberg -
2004 Albert Lasker Nomination Form
albert and mary lasker foundation 110 East 42nd Street Suite 1300 New York, ny 10017 November 3, 2003 tel 212 286-0222 fax 212 286-0924 Greetings: www.laskerfoundation.org james w. fordyce On behalf of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, I invite you to submit a nomination Chairman neen hunt, ed.d. for the 2004 Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards. President mrs. anne b. fordyce The Awards will be offered in three categories: Basic Medical Research, Clinical Medical Vice President Research, and Special Achievement in Medical Science. This is the 59th year of these christopher w. brody Treasurer awards. Since the program was first established in 1944, 68 Lasker Laureates have later w. michael brown Secretary won Nobel Prizes. Additional information on previous Lasker Laureates can be found jordan u. gutterman, m.d. online at our web site http://www.laskerfoundation.org. Representative Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards Program Nominations that have been made in previous years may be updated and resubmitted in purnell w. choppin, m.d. accordance with the instructions on page 2 of this nomination booklet. daniel e. koshland, jr., ph.d. mrs. william mccormick blair, jr. the honorable mark o. hatfied Nominations should be received by the Foundation no later than February 2, 2004. Directors Emeritus A distinguished panel of jurors will select the scientists to be honored. The 2004 Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards will be presented at a luncheon ceremony given by the Foundation in New York City on Friday, October 1, 2004. Sincerely, Joseph L. Goldstein, M.D. Chairman, Awards Jury Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards ALBERT LASKER MEDICAL2004 RESEARCH AWARDS PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE AWARDS The major purpose of these Awards is to recognize and honor individuals who have made signifi- cant contributions in basic or clinical research in diseases that are the main cause of death and disability. -
Purification and Propertiesof a DNA-Binding Protein With
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 73, No. 7, pp. 2249-2253, July 1976 Biochemistry Purification and properties of a DNA-binding protein with characteristics expected for the Cro protein of bacteriophage X, a repressor essential for lytic growth (bacteriophage X cro gene/promoter-operator DNA) ATIS FOLKMANIS, YOSHINORI TAKEDA, JOSEF SIMUTH, GARY GUSSIN*, AND HARRISON ECHOLS Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720, and * Department of Zoology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Communicated by A. D. Kaiser, April 14, 1976 ABSTRACT The Cro protein specified by bacteriophage X viously (8), X DNA was labeled with P2p by growth of phage in is a repressor essential for normal lytic growth of the virus, thus low phosphate medium containing 5 ,Ci/ml of UP-labeled having a physiological role distinct from that of cI, the repressor that maintains lyso We have purified a X-specific DNA- inorganic phosphate. Phage were purified by precipitation with binding protein witheny.the requirements for synthesis and bio- polyethylene glycol and centrifugation to equilibrium in a CsCI chemical activities expected for Cro protein from studies in vivo. density gradient (2-3 times). DNA was extracted with redis- As isolated, the protein appears to be a dimer of molecular tilled phenol, the phenol was removed by extraction with ether, weight approximately 18,000 with DNA-binding properties that and the DNA was dialyzed into and stored in 10mM Tris-HCl, are very similar, but not identical, to those of the cI protein. We 0.2 mM EDTA, at pH 7.3. infer that bacteriophage X uses the same regulatory region of DNA for two different DNA-binding repressor proteins with DNA-Binding Assay. -
Pamela L. Mellon, Ph.D
Pamela L. Mellon, Ph.D. Vice-Chair for Research, Department of Reproductive Medicine Distinguished Professor, Departments of Reproductive Medicine and Neurosciences Director, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine 3A14 Leichtag Biomedical Research Building 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674 (858) 534-1312, Fax (858) 534-1438, e-mail: [email protected] Departmental Web page: http://repromed.ucsd.edu/divisions/endocrinology/mellon.shtml Laboratory Web Page: http://repro.ucsd.edu/Mellon/SitePages/home.aspx ORCID 0000-0002-8856-0410 EDUCATION B.A., 1975, University of California at Santa Cruz Degrees in both Biology and Chemistry with Highest Honors Ph.D., 1979, University of California at Berkeley Department of Molecular Biology Dissertation: Two Transforming Genes and Three Replicative Genes of Avian RNA Tumor Viruses: Identification, Gene Order, and Gene Expression APPOINTMENTS Research Associate, 1975, University of California at Berkeley Department of Molecular Biology with Dr. Harrison Echols Postdoctoral Fellow with Dr. Tom Maniatis 1979-1980, California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology 1980-1984, Harvard University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Assistant Professor 1984-1990, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Regulatory Biology Laboratory Assistant Adjunct Professor 1988-1991, University of California, San Diego Associate Professor 1990-1991, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Regulatory Biology Laboratory Associate -
Journal of Virology
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY VOLUME 37 0 NUMBER 1 0 JANUARY 1981 EDITORIAL BOARD Robert R. Wagner, Editor-in-Chief (1982) University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville Dwight L. Anderson, Editor (1983) Haold S. Ginsberg, Editor (1984) School ofDentistry, Columbia University University of Minnesota, New York, N. Y. Minneapolis David T. Denhardt, Editor (1982) Edward M. Scolnick, Editor (1982) University of Western Ontario National Cancer Institute London, Ontario, Canada Bethesda, Md. David Baltimore (1981) Calderon Howe (1982) Dan S. Ray (1983) Amiya K. Banerjee (1982) Alice S. Huang (1981) M. E. Reichmann (1982) Kenneth I. Berns (1982) Tony Hunter (1983) Bernard E. Reilly (1983) David H. L. Bishop (1982) D. C. Kelly (1982) Wiliam S. Robinson (1983) David Botstein (1982) Thomas J. Kelly, Jr. (1982) Bernard Roizman (1982) Dennis T. Brown (1981) George Khoury (1981) Roland R. Rueckert (1982) Ahmad 1. Bukhari (1981) Jonathan A. King (1981) Norman P. Salzman (1981) Purnell Cboppin (1983) David W. Kingsbury (1982) Joseph Sambrook (1982) John M. Coffin (1983) Daniel Kolakofsky (1983) PrisciUa A. Schaffer (1981) Richard W. Compans (1982) Lloyd M. Kozboff (1982) Sondra Schlesinger (1983) Geoffrey M. Cooper (1981) Robert M. Krug (1983) June R. Scott (1983) Clive Dickson (1981) Robert A. Lazzarini 1981) Phillip A. Sharp (1982) Walter Doerfler (1983) Richard A. Lerner (1981) Aaron J. Shatkin (1982) Harrison Echols (1981) Myron Levine (1982) Saul J. Sllverstein (1982) Elvera Ehrenfeld (1983) Tomas Lindahl (1981) Lee D. Simon (1981) Robert N. Eisenman (1982) Douglas R. Lowy (1983) Kai Simons (1981) Suzanne U. Emerson (1983) Ronald B. Luftig (1981) Patrcia G. Spear (1981) Lynn Enquist (1981) Robert Martin (1981) Mark F. -
The New Eugenics: Black Hyper-Incarceration and Human Abatement
social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article The New Eugenics: Black Hyper-Incarceration and Human Abatement James C. Oleson Department of Sociology, The University of Auckland, Level 9, HSB Building, 10 Symonds Street, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; [email protected]; Tel.: +64-937-375-99 Academic Editor: Bryan L. Sykes Received: 14 June 2016; Accepted: 20 October 2016; Published: 25 October 2016 Abstract: In the early twentieth century, the eugenics movement exercised considerable influence over domestic US public policy. Positive eugenics encouraged the reproduction of “fit” human specimens while negative eugenics attempted to reduce the reproduction of “unfit” specimens like the “feebleminded” and the criminal. Although eugenics became a taboo concept after World War II, it did not disappear. It was merely repackaged. Incarceration is no longer related to stated eugenic goals, yet incapacitation in prisons still exerts a prophylactic effect on human reproduction. Because minorities are incarcerated in disproportionately high numbers, the prophylactic effect of incarceration affects them most dramatically. In fact, for black males, the effect of hyper-incarceration might be so great as to depress overall reproduction rates. This article identifies some of the legal and extralegal variables that would be relevant for such an analysis and calls for such an investigation. Keywords: eugenics; race; ethnicity; incarceration; prison; prophylactic effect “[W]hen eugenics reincarnates this time, it will not come through the front door, as with Hitler’s Lebensborn project. Instead, it will come by the back door...” ([1], p. x). 1. Introduction At year-end 2014, more than 2.2 million people were incarcerated in US jails and prisons [2], confined at a rate of 698 persons per 100,000 [3]. -
The Black-White Test Score Gap: an Introduction
CHRISTOPHER JENCKS MEREDITH PHILLIPS 1 The Black-White Test Score Gap: An Introduction FRICAN AMERICANS currently score lower than A European Americans on vocabulary, reading, and mathematics tests, as well as on tests that claim to measure scholastic apti- tude and intelligence.1 This gap appears before children enter kindergarten (figure 1-1), and it persists into adulthood. It has narrowed since 1970, but the typical American black still scores below 75 percent of American whites on most standardized tests.2 On some tests the typical American black scores below more than 85 percent of whites.3 1. We are indebted to Karl Alexander, William Dickens, Ronald Ferguson, James Flynn, Frank Furstenberg, Arthur Goldberger, Tom Kane, David Levine, Jens Ludwig, Richard Nisbett, Jane Mansbridge, Susan Mayer, Claude Steele, and Karolyn Tyson for helpful criticisms of earlier drafts. But we did not make all the changes they suggested, and they are in no way responsible for our conclusions. 2. These statistics also imply, of course, that a lot of blacks score above a lot of whites. If the black and white distributions are normal and have the same standard deviation, and if the black-white gap is one (black or white) standard deviation, then when we compare a randomly selected black to a randomly selected white, the black will score higher than the white about 24 percent of the time. If the black-white gap is 0.75 rather than 1.00 standard deviations, a randomly selected black will score higher than a randomly selected white about 30 percent of the time. -
Duplication Mutation As an SOS Response in Escherichia Coli
Copyright 0 1989 by the Genetics Society of America Duplication Mutation as anSOS Response in Escherichia coli: Enhanced Duplication Formationby a Constitutively Activated RecA Joan Dimpfl and Harrison Echols Department of Molecular Biology, University of CaE$ornia, Berkeley, California 94720 Manuscript received March 10, 1989 Accepted for publication July 6, 1989 ABSTRACT The SOS response in Escherichia coli involves the induction of a multioperon regulatory system, which copes withthe presence of DNA lesions that interfere with DNA replication. Induction depends on activation of the RecA protein to cleave the LexA repressor of SOS operons. In addition to inducible DNA repair, the SOS system producesa large increasein the frequency of point mutations. To examine the possibility that other types of mutations are induced as partof the SOS response, we have studied the production of tandem duplications.To avoid the complications of indirect effectsof the DNA lesions, we have activated the SOS response by a constitutive mutation in the recA gene, recA730. The introduction of the recA730 mutation results in an increase in duplications in the range of tenfold or greater, as judged by two different criteria. Based on its genetic requirements, the pathway for induced duplication formation is distinct from the point mutation pathway and also differs from the major normal recombination pathway.The induction of pathways for both duplica- tions and point mutationsshows that the SOS system produces a broad mutagenic response.We have suggested previously that many typesof mutations might be inducedby severe environmental stress, thereby enhancing genetic variationin an endangered population. HE introduction of a replication-inhibitinglesion deletions, translocations) (ECHOLS198 1 ; 1982; Mc- T (by UV light or a chemical mutagen) into the DONALD1984). -
ILAE Historical Wall02.Indd 10 6/12/09 12:04:44 PM
2000–2009 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Tim Hunt Robert Horvitz Sir Peter Mansfi eld Barry Marshall Craig Mello Oliver Smithies Luc Montagnier 2000 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2007 2008 Arvid Carlsson Eric Kandel Sir Paul Nurse John Sulston Richard Axel Robin Warren Mario Capecchi Harald zur Hauser Nobel Prizes 2000000 2001001 2002002 2003003 200404 2006006 2007007 2008008 Paul Greengard Leland Hartwell Sydney Brenner Paul Lauterbur Linda Buck Andrew Fire Sir Martin Evans Françoise Barré-Sinoussi in Medicine and Physiology 2000 1st Congress of the Latin American Region – in Santiago 2005 ILAE archives moved to Zurich to become publicly available 2000 Zonismide licensed for epilepsy in the US and indexed 2001 Epilepsia changes publishers – to Blackwell 2005 26th International Epilepsy Congress – 2001 Epilepsia introduces on–line submission and reviewing in Paris with 5060 delegates 2001 24th International Epilepsy Congress – in Buenos Aires 2005 Bangladesh, China, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Nicaragua, Pakistan, 2001 Launch of phase 2 of the Global Campaign Against Epilepsy Singapore and the United Arab Emirates join the ILAE in Geneva 2005 Epilepsy Atlas published under the auspices of the Global 2001 Albania, Armenia, Arzerbaijan, Estonia, Honduras, Jamaica, Campaign Against Epilepsy Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Lebanon, Malta, Malaysia, Nepal , Paraguay, Philippines, Qatar, Senegal, Syria, South Korea and Zimbabwe 2006 1st regional vice–president is elected – from the Asian and join the ILAE, making a total of 81 chapters Oceanian Region -
Genes, Race, and History JONATHAN MARKS
FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR An Aldine de Gruyter Series of Texts and Monographs SERIES EDITORS Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, University of California, Davis Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, University of California, Davis Richard D. Alexander, The Biology of Moral Systems Laura L. Betzig, Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History Russell L. Ciochon and John G. Fleagle (Eds.), Primate Evolution and Human Origins Martin Daly and Margo Wilson, Homicide Irensus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology Richard J. Gelles and Jane B. Lancaster (Eds,), Child Abuse and Neglect: Biosocial Dimensions Kathleen R. Gibson and Anne C. Petersen (Eds.), Brain Maturation and Cognitive Development: Comparative and Cross-Cultural Perspectives Barry S, Hewlett (Ed.), Father-Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts Warren G. Kinzey (Ed.), New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Kim Hill and A. Magdalena Hurtado: Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People Jane B. Lancaster, Jeanne Altmann, Alice S. Rossi, and Lonnie R. Sherrod (Eds.), Parenting Across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions Jane B. Lancaster and Beatrix A. Hamburg (Eds.), School Age Pregnancy and Parenthood: Biosocial Dimensions Jonathan Marks, Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History Richard B. Potts, Early Hominid Activities at Olduvai Eric Alden Smith, Inujjuamiut Foraging Strategies Eric Alden Smith and Bruce Winterhalder (Eds.), Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior Patricia Stuart-Macadam and Katherine Dettwyler, Breastfeeding: A Bioaftural Perspective Patricia Stuart-Macadam and Susan Kent (Eds.), Diet, Demography, and Disease: Changing Perspectives on Anemia Wenda R. Trevathan, Human Birth: An Evolutionary Perspective James W. Wood, Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography HulMAN BIODIVERS~ Genes, Race, and History JONATHAN MARKS ALDINE DE GRUYTER New York About the Author Jonathan Marks is Visiting Associate Professorof Anthropology, at the University of California, Berkeley. -
Nature-Nurture, IQ, and Jensenism
1 NATURE-NURTURE. I.Q., AND JENSENISM: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE By RICHARD STEPHEN RI CHARDE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1979 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express appreciation to my committee members, Dr. Robert E. Jester, Dr. Richard J. Anderson, and Dr. Arthur Newman for their support in this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Robert R. Sherman and Dr. William B. Ware for their assistance in my research. Special thanks fo my wife, Lee, for her moral support and typing skills. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT iv PROLOGUE 1 I WHY BE CONCERNED? 6 II THE ORIGIN OF THE CONTROVERSY: A HISTORICAL VIEW FROM PHILOSOPHY 12 III NINETEENTH CENTURY BIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF RACISM 34 IV A BRANCHING PATH: GENETICS VS. EUGENICS 58 V A VIEW FROM PSYCHOLOGY: THE MENTAL TESTING MOVEMENT IN AMERICA 82 VI JENSEN AND JENSENISM: ANACHRONISTIC HERESY 148 Jensen's Mentors 156 Level I and Level II Abilities 164 Jensen's Advocates 167 The Range of Opposition 169 Psychology and Education 170 Cultural Anthropology 187 Quantitative Genetics 190 The Contribution ol Jensen 212 VII FROM THE PROMETHEAN LEGACY TO A NEW OPTIMISM APPENDIX LIST OF REFERENCES BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida V in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy NATURE-NURTURE, I.Q., AND JENSENISM- A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE By Richard Stephen Ri Charde December 1979 Chairman: Robert E. -
Heredity and Hereditarianism
Philosophy of Education An Encyclopedia Editor J.J. Chambliss Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London 1996 HEREDITY AND HEREDITARIANISM Barry Mehler Department of Humanities Ferris State University Big Rapids, MI 49307 2500 words. Heredity is usually defined as the genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring. This, however, is an oversimplification. The child does not inherit characteristics or traits from its parents. Children do not inherit musical ability, criminal tendencies, or IQ. Neither do they inherit physical characteristics such as skin or hair color. The child inherits one set of allele's from each parent. Together they form the child's genotype. The child also inherits mitochondria which are outside the nucleus of the cell. Genes code for the production of proteins which in turn interact with the environment to produce a phenotype. What we refer to as traits or characteristics are the phenotypes. The human being in all his or her complexity is the result of this interaction of a unique genotype with a unique environment. The modern study of heredity began with the rediscovery in 1900 of the work of Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) by Hugo De Vries, Karl Correns, and Erich Tschermak. Mendel discovered the basic laws of segregation and independent assortment of paired alleles which opened the way for the modern science of genetics. The American geneticist, Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) carried on studies of heredity in Drosophila (fruit fly) and was awarded the Nobel prize in 1933 for his discoveries relating to the laws and mechanisms of heredity. Morgan showed the existence of genes located at specific sites on chromosomes.