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JOURNAL OF

VOLUME 37 0 NUMBER 1 0 JANUARY 1981 EDITORIAL BOARD Robert R. Wagner, Editor-in-Chief (1982) School of Medicine, Charlottesville Dwight L. Anderson, Editor (1983) Haold S. Ginsberg, Editor (1984) School ofDentistry, Columbia University University of Minnesota, New York, N. Y. Minneapolis David T. Denhardt, Editor (1982) Edward M. Scolnick, Editor (1982) University of Western Ontario National Institute London, Ontario, Canada Bethesda, Md. (1981) Calderon Howe (1982) Dan S. Ray (1983) Amiya K. Banerjee (1982) Alice S. Huang (1981) M. E. Reichmann (1982) Kenneth I. Berns (1982) Tony Hunter (1983) Bernard E. Reilly (1983) David H. L. Bishop (1982) D. C. Kelly (1982) Wiliam S. Robinson (1983) David Botstein (1982) Thomas J. Kelly, Jr. (1982) Bernard Roizman (1982) Dennis T. Brown (1981) George Khoury (1981) Roland R. Rueckert (1982) Ahmad 1. Bukhari (1981) Jonathan A. King (1981) Norman P. Salzman (1981) Purnell Cboppin (1983) David W. Kingsbury (1982) Joseph Sambrook (1982) John M. Coffin (1983) Daniel Kolakofsky (1983) PrisciUa A. Schaffer (1981) Richard W. Compans (1982) Lloyd M. Kozboff (1982) Sondra Schlesinger (1983) Geoffrey M. Cooper (1981) Robert M. Krug (1983) June R. Scott (1983) Clive Dickson (1981) Robert A. Lazzarini 1981) Phillip A. Sharp (1982) Walter Doerfler (1983) Richard A. Lerner (1981) Aaron J. Shatkin (1982) (1981) Myron Levine (1982) Saul J. Sllverstein (1982) Elvera Ehrenfeld (1983) Tomas Lindahl (1981) Lee D. Simon (1981) Robert N. Eisenman (1982) Douglas R. Lowy (1983) Kai Simons (1981) Suzanne U. Emerson (1983) Ronald B. Luftig (1981) Patrcia G. Spear (1981) Lynn Enquist (1981) Robert Martin (1981) Mark F. Stinski (1983) S. Jane Flint (1981) Lois K. Miler (1982) F. William Studier (1981) Robert M. Friedman (1982) Robert C. Miller (1983) Lawrence S. Sturman (1982) Constantine Georgopolous (1983) Peter Model (1983) Donald F. Summers (1982) Larry M. Gold (1982) Gisela Mosig (1982) John M. Taylor (1981) Hidesaburo Hanafusa (1983) (1983) Howard M. Temin (1982) William S. Hayward (1981) Joseph S. Pagano (1982) George F. VandeWoude (1983) John J. Holand (1981) J. Tbomas Parsons (1983) Edward K. Wagner (1983) Ian H. Holmes (1983) Ulf G. Petterson (1983) Ernest Winocour (1982) Robert W. Honess (1983) Lennart Philipson (1981) Charles Hamish Young (1983) Nancy Hopkins (1983) Craig R. Pringle (1983) (1982) Fred Rapp (1981) Gisella Polock, Acting Managing Editor Susan Birch, Production Editor 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006 EX OFFICIO Albert Balows, President (1980-1981) Frederick C. Neidhardt, President-Elect (1980-1981) J. Mehsen Joseph, Secretary Brinton M. Miller, Treasurer

The Journal of Virology (ISSN 0022-538X). a publication of Second-class postage paid at Washington. DC 20006. and at the American Society for . 1913 I St.. NW. Wash- additional mailing offices. ington. DC 20006. is devoted to the dissemination offundamental Made in the U.S.A. knowledge concerning of . . and . Copyright © 1981. American Society for Microbiology. Investigators are invited to submit reports of original research in All Rights Reserved. all areas of basic virology. including . . . . morphology. and . Instructions to Authors are published in the January issue each year: reprints are available from the Editors and the Publications Office. The The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal Journal is issued monthly. four volumes per year. The nonmem- indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article ber subscription price is S 130 per year: single copies are S 13. The may be made for personal use. or for personal use of specific member subscription price is $30 per year. Correspondence clients. This consent is given on the condition. however. that the relating to subscriptions. reprints. defective copies. availability of copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clear- back issues. lost or late proofs. disposition of submitted manu- ance Center. Inc.. P.O. Box 765. Schenectady. New York 12301. scripts. and general editorial matters should be directed to the for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of ASM Publications Office. 1913 I St.. NW. Washington. DC the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other 20006 (area 202 833-9680). kinds of copying. such as copying for general distribution. for advertising or promotional purposes. for creating new collective works. or for resale. Author Index

Aden, David P., 239 Fanning, E., 92 Leung, Wai-Choi, 48 Anand, Rita, 55 Feighny, Robert J., 61 Lilly, Frank, 55 Anders, David G., 80 Foster, David A., 493 Locarnini, S. A., 473 Anderson, Deborah D., 445 Franks, Michael, 148 Locarnini, Stephen A., 216 Andzhaparidze, 0. G., 1 Friedmann, T., 244 L6pez, Susana, 156 Arias, Carlos, 156 Fung, Y. K., 127 Lupker, J. H., 524, 530 Arlinghaus, Ralph B., 274 Geisser, Barbara S., 274 Madansky, Charles H., 317 Bacheler, Lee, 181 Gidoni, David, 7 Majors, J. E., 127 Ball, L. Andrew, 500 Gill, Gurnam S., 420 Maris, Wil, 395 Barbacid, Mariano, 518 Goorha, Rakesh, 496 May, Evelyne, 24 Bates, Robert C., 352 Groner, Yoram, 7 May, Pierre, 24 Beckmann, Richard P., 445 Guarino, Linda A., 500 Metzel, Peyton S., 248 Bedows, Elliott, 103 Gurney, Elizabeth G., 478 Monier, Roger, 24 Bektemirova, M. S., 1 Gust, I. D., 473 Morrison, T. G., 307 Bishop, J. M., 127 Gust, Ian D., 216 Moss, Bernard, 284 Blattner, Frederick R., 336 Murti, K. G., 411 Boettiger, David, 488 Hagen, Frederick S., 363 Bogomolova, N. N., 1 Hager, Gordon L., 226 Nair, C. N., 268 Bolen, Joseph B., 80 Harless, Julie, 274 Nakamura, Kenji, 445 Bondurant, M., 411 Harms, Etti H., 445 Nowak, B., 92 Boone, Lawrence R., 109, 117 Harrison, Robert O., 478 Boriskin, Y. S., 1 Hassing, Ine, 395 Bratt, Michael A., 317 Hayashi, Marie N., 506 Pagano, Joseph S., 61 Burger, C., 92 Hayashi, Masaki, 506 Panganiban, Antonito T., 372 Buttyan, Ralph, 459 Henry, Berch E., II, 61 Papamatheakis, Joseph, 295 Hertoghs, J. J. L., 530 Payne, Francis E., 103 Canaani, Dan, 7 Hewitt, Roger R., 274 Peters, Gordon, 36 Hightower, Lawrence E., 256 Petrovich, Jane, 48 Chatis, P. A., 307 Pettersson, Ralf F., 72 Chesebro, Bruce, 161 Horak, Ivan, 483 Chikaraishi, Dona M., 511 Hruby, Dennis E., 500 Plotkin, Stanley A., 239 Clark, H. Fred, 239 Huang, Alice S., 363 Pringle, C. R., 383 Collins, James K., 161 Huang, Ann L., 226 Pritchard, Cynthia, 352 Comb, Michael, 336 Hull, Richard C., 420 Conley, Anthony J., 191 Hunt, Lawrence A., 207 Ramsingh, Arlene, 48 Consigli, Richard A., 80 Rawls, William E., 48 Cooper, Jonathan A., 284 Ihle, James N., 483 Reichmann, M. E., 248 Coulepis, A. G., 473 Iroegbu, C. U., 383 Richardson, Charles C., 343 Coulepis, Anthony G., 216 Roizman, Bernard, 191 Curtiss, Roy, III, 420 Ruscetti, Sandra, 55 Jochemsen, H., 524, 530 Jones, Paola C., 191 Daniels, Donna L., 336 Saito, Haruo, 343 Danna, Kathleen J., 511 Schultz, Dennis W., 336 Davis, A., 524, 530 Kaesberg, Paul, 500 Semler, Bert L., 328 Daya-Grosjean, Leela, 24 Kahana, Chaim, 7 Seppala, Paivi, 72 Deininger, P. L., 244 Killam, Ronald, 274 Singer, Maxine F., 295 Deppert, Wolfgang, 478 Knipe, David M., 191 Skalka, A. M., 109, 117 Dickson, Clive, 36 Knowles, Barbara B., 239 Smith, Gerald R., 336 Dimock, Kenneth, 48 Kopchick, John J., 274 Smith, Glenn W., 256 Donehower, Lawrence A., 226 Kress, Michel, 24 Sol, Cees J. A., 395 Drynov, I. D., 1 Kung, H. J., 127 Spangler, Rudolph, 493 Durban, Elisa M., 488 Kurstak, Edouard, 17 Spear, Patricia G., 459 Srivatsan, E. S., 244 Enjuanes, Luis, 483 Lamph, William, 207 Steeves, Richard A., 55 Espejo, Romilio T., 156 Larsen, Glenn R., 328 Stillman, Bruce W., 139 Lee, John C., 483 Stout, Ernest R., 352 Lee, Theresa N. H., 295 Stow, Nigel D., 171 Fan, Hung, 181 Leung, Maria, 48 Sullivan, Marjorie, 431 Tannock, G. A., 473 van der Eb, A. J, 524, 530 Westaway, Edwin G., 216 Tereba, Allan, 411 van der Noordaa, Jan, 395 Whiteley, H. R., 372 Thayer, Ronald E., 295 Vande Woude, George F., 431 Wimmer, Eckard, 328 Tijssen, Peter, 17 Varmus, H. E., 127 Witmer, Heman, 148 Trempy, Janine, 80 Wittek, Riccardo, 284 Twist, E. Michael, 239 Wright, Stephen E., 207 Walig, Cees, 395 Watson, Roger J., 431 Ulmanen, Ismo, 72 Weber, Michael J., 445 Zubay, Geoffrey, 493 JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Jan. 1981 JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY Instructions to Authors HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTS including biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, im- Submit manuscripts directly to the ASM Pub- munology, morphology, and physiology. lications Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC ASM publishes a number of different journals 20006. The manuscript should be accompanied covering various aspects of the field of microbi- by a covering letter stating the following: the ology. Each journal has a prescribed scope that journal to which the manuscript is being sub- must be considered in determining the most mitted; the most appropriate section of the jour- appropriate journal for each manuscript. 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If mation so that a competent worker could repeat new information has become available between the experiments that are described. For com- the time of acceptance and receipt of the galley monly used materials and methods (e.g., com- proof, and you feel that it is important to include. monly used media, determinations), a this infornation, insert it as an "Addendum in simple reference is sufficient. If several alterna- Proof" with the permission of the Editor. Limit tive methodologies are commonly employed, it other changes to correction of spelling errors, is useful to identify the method briefly as well as incorrect data, and serious grammatical errors. to cite the reference. For example, it is preferable "In press" references for which page numbers to state "cells were broken by ultrasonic treat- have become available should be placed in the ment as previously described (9)" rather than Literature Cited section as "a" numbers (e.g., stating "cells were broken as previously de- 12a). Do not renumber references. scribed (9)." You should allow the reader to Questions regarding late galleys and problems assess the methodology without constant refer- in the proof should be directed to the ASM ence to previous publications. Describe new Publications Office, telephone 202-833-9680. methods completely and give sources of unusual . . INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS chemicals, equipment, or microbial strains. Follow the styles shown in the examples be- When large numbers of microbial strains or mu- low. tants are used in a study, include tables 1. Arens, M., and T. Yamashita. 1978. In vitro identifying the sources and properties of the termination of strains, mutants, , , etc. adenovirus DNA synthesis by a A soluble replication complex. J. Virol. 25:698-702. method, strain, etc., used in only one of 2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and several experiments reported in the paper should R. E. Crouch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements be described in the Results section or, if brief for enzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p. enough, may be included in a table footnote or 321-325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Micro- figure legend. biology-1977. American Society for Microbiol- Results. In the Results section, include the ogy, Washington, D.C. rationale or design of the experiments as well as 3. Gill, T. J., m. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoas- the results; reserve extensive interpretation of say, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman the results for the Discussion section. Present (ed.), Manual of clinical immunology. American the results in as concise a form as possible, using Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. tables or graphs to present repetitive data. Data 4. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales in tables (e.g., cpm of radioactivity) should not nomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. contain more significant figures than the preci- E. Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determi- sion of the measurement allows. Illustrations native , 8th ed. The Williams & Wil- (particularly photomicrographs and electron mi- kins Co., Baltimore. crographs) should be limited to those that are 5. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular ge- absolutely necessary to demonstrate the experi- netics, p. 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Labora- mental findings. Number figures and tables in tory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. the order in which they are cited in the text, and be sure to cite all figures and tables. Parenthetical references in the text should be cited as follows: Discussion. The Discussion should provide ... and protects the against oxygen an interpretation of the results in relation to toxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc. previously published work and to the experi- 35:1686, 1976). mental system at hand and should not contain ... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H. extensive repetition of the Results section or Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys. reiteration of the introduction. In short papers, Res. Commun., in press). the Results and Discussion sections may be com- ... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D. bined. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments for 1972). financial assistance and for personal assistance ... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C. are given in two separate paragraphs. The usual W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Mi- format for acknowledgment of grant support is crobiol. 1976, K15, p. 139). as follows: "This work was supported by Public Notes Health Service grant CA-01234 from the Na- Submit Notes in the same way as full-length tional Cancer Institute." papers. They receive the same review, and they literature Cited. Arrange the Literature are not published more rapidly than full-length Cited section in alphabetical order, by first au- papers nor are they considered preliminary com- thor, and number consecutively. (Abbreviate munications. The Note format is intended for journal names according to the Bibliographic the presentation of brief observations that do Guide for Editors & Authors, American Chem- not warrant full-length papers. ical Society, 1974, or Serial Sources for the Each Note must have an abstract of no more BIOSIS Data Base, BioSciences Information than 50 words. Do not use section headings in Service, 1981.) 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When submitting electron micrographs, pho- INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS IV tographs of polyacrylamide gels, etc., keep in the illustrations. Provide enough information so mind the journal page size: 6.5 cm for a single that the figure is understandable without fre- column and 14 cm for a double column (maxi- quent reference to the text. However, do not mum). Photographs should be cropped by the repeat experimental methods in the legend. De- author to include only the significant portion of fine all symbols and abbreviations used in the the illustration. They must be of sufficient con- figure. Common abbreviations and others used trast to withstand the inevitable loss of contrast frequently in preceding text need not be rede- and detail inherent in the printing process. In- fined in the legend. dicate with a scale marker the magnification of Tables each photomicrograph and electron micrograph, rather than stating the magnification in the leg- Type each table on a separate page. Arrange end. the data so that columns of like material read down, not across. The headings should be suffi- Line Drawings ciently clear so that the meaning of the data will Submit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other be understandable without reference to the text. line drawings as photographs made from fin- See the "Abbreviations" section ofthese instruc- ished drawings not requiring additional artwork tions for those that may be used in tables. Ex- or typesetting. Absolutely no part of the graph planatory footnotes are acceptable, but more or drawing should be typewritten. Use a lettering extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotes set or other professional quality device for all should not include detailed descriptions of the labeling. Most graphs will be reduced to one- experiment. A well-constructed table is shown column width (6.5 cm), and all elements in the below: drawing should be prepared to withstand this reduction. Avoid very heavy letters, which tend TABLE 1. Distribution of protein and ATPase in to close up when reduced, and unusual symbols, fractions of dialyzed membranesa which the printer may not be able to reproduce in the legend. Symbols and lettering should be ATPase Mem- of appropriate size; do not use large letters and branes Fraction U/mg small symbols or vice versa. Direct readouts from: of pro- Total U from computers, recorders, etc., are not usually acceptable; such materials should be redrawn. tein In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well Control Depleted mem- 0.036 2.3 as table column headings), avoid ambiguous use brane of numbers with exponents. Usually, it is pref- Concentrated su- 0.134 4.82 erable to use the International System of Units pernatant (J for 106, m for 10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). El treated Depleted mem- 0.034 1.98 A complete listing of SI symbols can be found in brane the International Union of Pure and Applied Concentrated su- 0.11 4.6 Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of Symbols and pernatant Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities a Specific activities of ATPase of nondepleted mem- and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970). branes from control and treated bacteria were 0.21 and Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figure 0.20, respectively. ordinate is to be made by the number 20, accom- panied by the label kcpm. When powers of 10 must be employed, the Camera-Ready Copy editorial style of the Journal follows the CBE Drawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc., that Style Manual recommendation, which differs can be photographically reproduced for publi- from the conventions used by several other jour- cation without further typesetting or artwork nals. The CBE Style Manual suggests that the are referred to as "camera ready." Such copy exponent power be associated with the number may also be prepared for complicated mathe- shown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml, the matical or physical formulas, portions of genetic correct designation would be 2, labeled as 107 maps, diagrams, and flow schemes. Camera- cells per ml, not cells per ml x 10-7. Likewise, an ready copy must be carefully prepared to con- enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml would be shown as form with the style of the Journal of Virology. 6, accompanied by the label 10-2 U/ml. This is The advantage to submitting camera copy is equivalent to the label "hundredths of units per that the material will appear exactly as envi- ml" or the preferable "cU/ml" for the SI con- sioned by the author, and no second proofread- vention. The preferred designation would be 60 ing is necessary. This is particularly advanta- mU/ml (milliunits per ml). geous when there are long, complicated tables Figure Legends and when the division of material and spacing Type figure legends on a page separate from are important. v INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS NOMENCLATURE netics 54:61-74, 1966) as a guide. (i) Phenotype designations must be employed Chemical and Biochemical Nomenclature for describing mutants when the genetic locus The recognized authority for the names of giving rise to the properties of the mutant has chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts not been identified or mapped. Phenotype des- (Chemical Abstracts Service, Ohio State Uni- ignations generally consist of three-letter sym- versity, Columbus) and its indexes. For biochem- bols; these are not italicized and the first letter ical terminology, including abbreviations and of the symbol is capitalized. It is preferable to symbols, consult the following: International use roman or arabic numerals (instead ofletters) Union ofBiochemistry Biochemical Nomencla- to identify a series of related phenotypes. Thus, ture and Related Documents (1978; reprinted a series ofbacteriocin-tolerant mutants might be for The Biochemical Society, London, England), designated TolI, TolII, TolIII, etc., or a series of Instructions to Authors ofJournal ofBiological polymerase mutants might be des- Chemistry and Archives of Biochemistry and ignated Poll, Pol2, Pol3, etc. Wild-type charac- Biophysics (first issues of each year), and the teristics can be designated as Tol+ or Pol+ and, Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Bi- when necessary for clarity, negative superscripts ology (G. D. Fasman, ed., CRC Press, Inc., 3rd (Tol- Pol-) can be used to designate mutant ed., 1976). characteristics. Superscript letters may be used Do not express molecular weights in daltons; to further delineate phenotypes (e.g., Str8 for molecular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular streptomycin sensitivity). Phenotype designa- mass is expressed in daltons. tions should be defined. For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) (ii) designations are similarly indi- name assigned by the Nomenclature Committee cated by three-letter locus symbols. These are of the International Union of Biochemistry as lowercase italic (e.g., pol src). Wild-type described in Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Aca- are indicated by positive superscripts (ara+ demic Press, Inc., 1979). If a nonrecommended his'), but negative superscripts are redundant name is used, place the proper (trivial) name in and are not employed with genotype designa- parentheses at first use in the abstract and text. tions. If several loci govern related functions, Use the EC number when it has been assigned, these are distinguished by italicized capital let- and express enzyme activity either in katals ters following the locus symbol. (preferred) or in the older system of ",umol/min." (iii) Authors are reminded of the distinction between a mutation (an alteration of the pri- Nomenclature of Viruses mary sequence of the genetic material) and a Names used for viruses should be those ap- mutant (a strain carrying one or more muta- proved by the International Committee on Tax- tions). One may speak about the mapping of a onomy of Viruses (ICTV) and published in the mutation, but one cannot "map a mutant." Like- 3rd Report of the ICTV "Classification and No- wise, a mutant has no genetic locus-only a menclature of Viruses," Intervirology, vol. 12, phenotype. no. 3-5, 1979. If desired, synonyms may be added (iv) The rules for genetic nomenclature of parenthetically when the name is first men- viruses (phages) differ from those of bacteria. As tioned. Approved generic (or group) and family a general rule, the entire description of a is names may also be used. italicized, including the designations am or sus (amber) and ts (temperature sensitive). Super- Nomenclature of Bacteria scripts are employed to indicate hybrid . Binary names consisting of a generic name Genetic symbols may be one, two, or three let- and a speciflc epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli) ters. For example, a mutant strain of X might be should be used for all bacteria. Names of genera designated as XcI857int2redll4susAll; this and higher categories may be used alone, but a strain carries mutations in cI, int, and red specific epithet must be preceded by a generic and a suppressible (sus) mutation in A. A name the first time it is used in a paper. There- strain designated Aimm2'att4" would represent after, the generic name should be abbreviated to a hybrid of phage X which carries the immunity the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided region (imm) of phage 21 and the attachment there can be no confusion with other genera (att) region of phage 434. Host DNA insertions used in the paper. Names of all taxa (phyla, into viruses should be delineated by square classes, orders, families, genera, species, subspe- brackets, and the genetic symbols and designa- cies) are printed in italics; strain designations tions for such inserted DNA should conform to and numbers are not. those employed for the host . Genetic symbols for phage A can be found in Echols and Genetic Nomenclature Murialdo (Microbiol. Rev. 42:577-591, 1978). When appropriate for viral genetic systems, (v) Nomenclature of restriction endonucle- use the recommendations of Demerec et al. (Ge- ases should follow the recommendations of Rob- INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS Vi erts (p. 757-768, in Bukhari et al., ed., DNA expt (experiment) vol (volume) Insertion Elements, Plasmids, and Episomes, ht (height) vs (versus) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1977). mo (month) wk (week) ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS mol wt (molecular weight) wt (weight) no. (number) yr (year) Verb Tense Reporting Numerical Data Use the past tense in referring to results re- corded in the present paper. Use the present Standard metric units are used for reporting tense in discussing previously established find- length, weight, and volume. For these units and ings and generally accepted phenomena. for molarity, use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p (for 10-3, 10-6, 10-9, and 10-12, respectively). Like- Abbreviations wise, use the prefixes c (for 102) and k (for 103). It is recommended that all abbreviations be Avoid compound prefixes such as m,u or ,u,u. Use introduced in a paragraph in Materials and ,ug/ml or ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Methods. Alternatively, define each abbrevia- Units of temperature are presented as follows: tion and introduce it in parentheses the first 370C or 324°K. tine it is used; e.g., ".... cultures were grown in When fractions are used to express units such Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)...." as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use Generally, eliminate abbreviations that are not whole units, such as g or min, in the denominator used at least eight times in the text (including instead of fractional or multiple units such as tables and figure legends). Abbreviations should ,ug or 10 min. For example, "pmol/min" would be used primarily as an aid to the reader, rather be preferable to "pmol/10 min," and ",umol/g" than as a convenience to the author, and there- would be preferable to "nmol/,ug." fore their use should be limited. Abbreviations It is also preferable that an unambiguous form other than those recommended by the IUPAC- such as the exponential notation be used in place IUB should be used only when a case can be of multiple slashes; for example, "Amol g-1 made for necessity, such as in tables and figures. min-"' is preferable to ",Lmol/g per min." It is often possible to use pronouns or to See the CBE Style Manual, 4th edition, for paraphrase a long word after its first use (e.g., more detailed information regarding the report- "the drug," " the substrate"). Standard chemical ing of numbers. Also contained in this source is symbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SO for information on the appropriate SI units to be dimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names or their used for the reporting of illumination, energy, symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be used for frequency, pressure, and other physical terms. terms that appear in full in the neighboring text. Always report numerical data in the appropriate In addition to abbreviations for standard units SI unit. of measurement and chemical symbols of the elements, the Journal of Virology will accept Isotopically Labeled Compounds the following without definition in the title, ab- For simple molecules, the labeling is indicated stract, text, figure legends, and tables: DNA in the chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20, (deoxyribonucleic acid); RNA (ribonucleic acid); H2'SO4). Brackets are not employed when the RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyribonucle- isotopic symbol is attached to a word that is not ase); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA (messen- a specific chemical name (e.g., 131I-labeled pro- ger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, tein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.). ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective 5' For specific chemicals, the symbol for the phosphates of adenosine or other nucleosides); isotope introduced is placed in square brackets 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-, 3'-, and directly preceding the part of the name that 5'-, when needed for contrast, phosphates of the describes the labeled entity. Note that configu- nucleosides); Pi (orthophosphate); PPi (pyro- ration symbols and modifiers precede the iso- phosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU (plaque- topic symbol. The following examples illustrate forming units); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)ami- correct usage: nomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Abbrevi- ["C]urea UDP-[U-'4C]glucose ations for cell line designations (e.g., HeLa cells) L-[methyl-'4C]methionine SV40 [32P]DNA also need not be defined. [2,3-3H]serine fructose 1,6-[1-32P]bis- The following abbreviations may be used [a- C]lysine phosphate without definition in tables: [y-32P]ATP amt (amount) prepn (preparation) This journal follows the same conventions approx (approximately) sp act (specific activity) for isotopic labeling as the Journal ofBiological avg (average) sp gr (specific gravity) Chemistry, and more detailed information can concn (concentration) temp (temperature) be found in the Instructions to Authors of that diam (diameter) tr (trace) journal (first issue of each year). 1981 Full Membership American Society for Microbiology 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006

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