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Virology: Terms and Etymology

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Virology: Terms and Etymology Atti Soc. tosc. Sci. nat., Mem., Serie B, 114 (2007) pagg. 141-153, tabb. 3 E. BATTAGLIA (*) VIROLOGY: TERMS AND ETYMOLOGY Abstract - The present virological terms have been analyzed INTRODUCTION from the historical and the linguistic points of view as follows: A. Virion: a preliminary comment. B. The virological terms Looking for relevant data to become a matter for dis- and their Latin background. The declension of virus (poison), cussion in terminological panels of future biomedical vir (man) and vis (force). C. Vir, virus, vires: their compound terms and the choice of the connecting vowel. D. The ques- congresses, I wish, with the present paper, to point out tions vÙrorum (gen. pl. of vÙr, of men), vīrorum (gen. pl. of the linguistic weakness and disharmony of the present vīrus, of viruses), vÙra (feminine form of vÙr) and vīra (nom. virological terms. However, a few preliminary consid- pl. of vīrus). E. The diminutive forms of vÙr. F. The diminu- erations should be advanced. tive forms of vīrus. G. Virellus. H. Virino. I. Viricule and the First, I realize that scientists, fully engaged in the exper- neoterm virocule (virocle). J. Virion and the neoterm viron(e). imental research, do not have time for terminological K. Provirion. L. Virocide, viricide, virucide and viruscide. M. questions nor can they be enthusiastic for a criticism Virulicidal & virulenticidal, viruliferus & virulentiferous. N. which can be, at a first glance, defined only as a lin- Virusoid, viroid, subvirus and semivirus. O. Viromicrosome, guistic exercise. Moreover, if they do not have a wide virosome and viroliposome. P. Provirus and integravirus. Q. Capsid, procapsid and nucleocapsid. R. Enveloped and naked humanistic background, they may disregard any termi- viruses. S. The present virological taxonomy: a few linguistic nological problem. considerations. T. The present viroterminological system. Second, since often the scientific excellence of the authors covers instances of linguistic weakness, in such Key words - Virino, virion-viron, provirion-proviron, viri- cases the criticism might also be misinterpreted or, at cule-virocule-virocle, virogenome, viromere, virosome, viro- least, discouraged. microsome, viroliposome, virosa, virosales, virosidae, viro- Third, since the modern scientific dictionaries usually sinae, virulentiferous, virulenticidal, capsid, nucleocapsid, do not quote obsolete or old terms, such a simplifica- procapsid, capsoid, nucleocapsoid, procapsoid, capsomere, tion, together with the lack of detailed and compre- peplos, peplomere, peplovirus-apeplovirus, cutivirus-acuti- hensive terminological accounts in the current litera- virus, tunicavirus-atunicavirus, dermatovirus, integravirus, provirus, retrovirus. ture, may result in a bona fide reinvention of terms already proposed in the past. This is, for instance, the Riassunto - Virologia: termini ed etimologia. L’autore, pre- case with the terms centromere, chromatosome, dictyo- messi alcuni dati storici assai notevoli (opere di Thierry de some, karyosome, nucleosome, cryptopolyploidy, etc. Héry: 1552 e di Ambroise Paré: 1568, 1575), analizza lin- (cf. Battaglia, 1993-2003). guisticamente l’attuale terminologia virologica. Evidenzia i Fourth, it should be firmly established that a simple dettagli della base linguistica latina di tale terminologia e variation of the spelling of a term does not justify any corregge i più noti termini correnti quali, ad esempio, virione change of its definition or a reinterpretation. This is, (da modificare in virone) ecc. Inoltre enfatizza la necessità for instance, the case of the couplet chromonema (Vej- di realizzare un’auspicabile uniformità all’interno del presen- dovsky, 1912) and chromoneme (Whitehouse, 1969) te sistema terminologico. A tale scopo propone l’adozione regolare del prefisso vir eventualmente seguito dalla lettera o quoted by the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific quale vocale di connessione cioè la «comb. Form» viro- della and Technical Terms (1994, p. 370) as follows: «chro- presente letteratura di lingua inglese. Sono, infine, proposti monema (CYTOL). The coiled core of a chromatid, it is nuovi termini quali ad esempio integravirus, viroliposome, thought to contain the genes. chromoneme (GEN). The la coppia tunica virus-atunica virus per qualificare l’attuale genetic material of a bacterium or virus, as distinguished coppia «enveloped virus»-«naked virus». from true chromosomes in plant or animal cells». Similarly, the dictionary of Genetics by King & Stans- Parole chiave - Virino, virion-viron, provirion-proviron, field (1990, p. 60) records: «chromonema (plural chro- viricule-virocule-virocle, virogenoma, viromera, virosoma, monemata) the chromosome thread. chromoneme the viromicrosoma, viroliposoma, virosa, virosales, virosidae, virosinae, virulentifero, virulenticida, capside, nucleocapside, DNA thread of bacteria and their viruses». procapside, capsoide, nucleocapsoide, procapsoide, capsome- Fifth, to the terms should be given a definition in ro, peplos, peplomero, peplovirus-apeplovirus, cutivirus-acu- agreement with their literal meaning and etymology. tivirus, tunicavirus-atunicavirus, dermatovirus, integravirus, For instance, nucleofilament is nothing else than the provirus, retrovirus. English translation of the German word Kernfaden, a classic cytological term used by authors of the last (*) Department of Biology, Botanic Garden and Museum, Pisa, Italy. 142 E. Battaglia century and conveys the meaning of nuclear thread. For instance, as regards the eighteenth century, the term By contrast, in relation to the structure of chromatin, virus has not been quoted by the notable «medicinal Finch & Klug (1976, p. 1897) write: «a flexible chain dictionary» of Robert James (English edition: 1743-45; of repeating structural units of about 100 Å diameter… French edition: 1746-48, Italian edition: 1753, etc.). We call this close-packed chain a nucleofilament». Further, as regards modern medical literature, the works Consequently, and given that the above problems or of Thierry de Héry (1552) as well as those of Ambroise questions cannot be solved by ignoring their existence, Paré (1568, 1575 etc.) have been overlooked, see for the author presents this account, which is, at the same instance, Skinner (1970), Hughes (1977) etc. In any time, complementary to other related papers already case, it is beyond the purpose of the present account to published (cf. Battaglia, 1993-2003). quote or discuss additional and better known historical data of virological interest, cf. the recent text-books by Waterson & Wilkinson (1978), Oldstone (1998), HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Domingo et al. (1999) etc. As used by the classical authors, the Latin term virus covers different meanings, namely poison (Vergil, Cel- A. VIRION: A PRELIMINARY COMMENT sus, Cicero), offensive odor (cf. «virus alarum sudoris- Following an earlier proposal of the term viricule, Lwoff que» of Pliny) etc. In the Middle Ages and in the Renais- et al. (1959), coined the term virion. Their proposal sance, the Medieval scholars adopted the term virus as a deserves a full quotation, namely: «Beard [17] a proposé synonym of poison, cf. Saliceto (Guglielmo da Saliceto d’attribuer un nom distinetif à la particule infectieuse or Gulielmus de Saliceto, 1210-1276, Chirurgia: 1275, virale et a proposé ‘viricule’ qui veut dire petit virus et printed in Italian: Venice 1474, printed in French: Lyon n’est, par conséquent, pas satisfaisant. Nous proposons 1492), an Italian surgeon who taught at Bologna (1269), ‘virion’, unité de virus, qui peut etre utilisé aussi bien his pupil Lanfranc (Lanfranco da Milano or Lanfran- dans les langues latines qu’anglo-saxonnes (prononcia- cus Mediolanensis, d. 1315, Chirurgia magna: Lyon tion anglaise vir’i-on). [17] Beard (J.W.). In Symposium 1270, «Chirurgia parva»: Paris 1296), Guy de Chauliac on Latency and masking in viral and rickettsial Infec- (1300-1368), La grande chirurgie … composée l’an de tions. Burgess, Minneapolis, 1957, 201». grace 1363: Tournon) etc. (Poynter, 1996). Differently from virion and differently from what we The use of this term, by French authors, is also interest- expected, viricule has not been recorded by any sci- ing: Thierry de Héry (1552) mentioned «virus» in his La entific dictionary. However, such a term cannot be methode curatoire de la maladie venerienne (by cour- ignored when performing a linguistic discussion of the tesy of H.J.M. Symons, Curator Early Printed Books, term virion. Further, in the course of the present analy- Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London, sis, which automatically involved a joint consideration U.K.) and the term was shortly afterwards adopted by of common and related words such as, e.g., virosome, it Ambroise Paré (1575: Les Oeuvres). These extensive was evident that experienced scientists frequently pro- volumes, Les Oeuvres d’Ambroise Paré, conseiller et posed terms disregarding, or bona fide ignoring, the premier chirurgien du Roi…, en vingt six livres… 1575, related etymological meanings. first edition, constitutes the main work of this famous Since the present virological terms have been coined French surgeon and has been repeatedly enlarged and by individual preferences often without, or not sup- reprinted (1579: «la seconde édition … en vingt sept ported by, a sound linguistic discussion, the author livres»; 1582: Latin edition; 1585: «quatriesme édition believes that there has to be a strong commitment to en vingt huict livres»; 1634: first English translation;
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