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Pollination Ecology Summary

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Pollination Ecology Summary Pollination Ecology Summary Prof. em. Klaus Ammann, Neuchâtel [email protected] June 2013 Ohne den Pollenübertragungs-Service blütenbesuchender Tiere könnten sich viele Blütenpanzen nicht geschlechtlich fortpanzen. Die komplexen und faszinierenden Bestäubungsvorgänge bei Blütenpanzen sind Ausdruck von Jahrmillionen von Selektionsvorgängen, verbunden mit Selbstorganisation der Lebewesen; eine Sicht, die auch Darwin schon unterstützte. Bei vielen zwischenartlichen Beziehungen haben sich zwei oder auch mehrere Arten in ihrer Entwicklung gegenseitig beeinusst. Man spricht hier von sogenannter Coevolution. Deutlich ist die Coevolution auch bei verschiedenen Bestäubungssystemen und -mechanismen, die von symbiontischer bis parasitischer Natur sein können. Die Art-Entstehung, die Vegetationsökologie und die Entstehung von Kulturpanzen sind eng damit verbunden Veranstalter: Naturforschende Gesellschaft Schaffhausen 1. Pollination Ecology Darwin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination_syndrome http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/pollination.htm Fenster, C.B., Armbruster, W.S., Wilson, P., Dudash, M.R., & Thomson, J.D. (2004) Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 35, pp 375-403 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Pollination/Fenster-Pollination-Syndromes-2004.pdf invitation to browse in the website of the Friends of Charles Darwin http://darwin.gruts.com/weblog/archive/2008/02/ Working Place of Darwin in Downe Village http://www.focus.de/wissen/wissenschaft/wissenschaft-darwin-genoss-ein-suesses-studentenleben_aid_383172.html Darwin as a human being and as a scientist Darwin, C. (1862), On the various contrivances by which orchids are fertilized by insects and on the good effects of intercrossing The Complete Work of Charles Darwin online, Scanned, OCRed and corrected by John van Wyhe 2003; further corrections 8.2006. RN4 edn. Murray, IS: pp. 366, http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=F800&pageseq=1 2. Incentives for flower visitors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination_syndrome http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/pollination.htm Fenster, C.B., Armbruster, W.S., Wilson, P., Dudash, M.R., & Thomson, J.D. (2004) Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 35, pp 375-403 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Pollination/Fenster-Pollination-Syndromes-2004.pdf 2.1. Nectar Sources Hedera helis, Ivy Nectar presented in open disk * Allgemeines Parnassia palustris, Saxifragaceae attractive pseudo-glands offered, no nectar Nektarsuche Hedera Ranunculus bulbosus Ranunculaceae yellow Corolla actually flower-shaped nectaries green perianth, the actual flower * Ranunculus bulbosus Ranunculus bulbosus, nektaries flower shaped, Ranunculaceae * Ranunculus bulbosus, Nektarien Ranunculus repens normal spectrum seen by humans ultraviolett spectrum seen by insects Ranunculus repens, Nektarmal in UV Aconitum paniculatum Ranunculaceae Nectaries prepared Aconitum paniculatum Nektarien Aconitum vulparia gelber Eisenhut Ranunculaceae Bumblebees digging holes in helmet of flowers in order to steal the pollen from the anthers Aconitum vulparia, Hummelbesuch Hoverflies (e) visit flowers in a large range of habitats, they even pollinate cultivated plants. Though they are numerous, species-rich and wide-spread, their role as pollinators is often still neglected. Mayer, C.A., Lynn; Armbruster, W. Scott; Dafni, Amots; Eardley, Connal; Huang, Shuang-Quan; Kevan, Peter G.; Ollerton, Jeff; Packer, Laurence; Ssymank, Axel; Stout, Jane C.; Potts, Simon G. (2011) Pollination ecology in the 21st Century: Key questions for future research. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 3, pp 8-23 http://www.ask- force.org/web/Pollination/Mayer- Pollination-Ecology-21fst-Century- Future-2011.pdf 2.2. Flowers for Pollen Eaters Papaver rhaeticum, yellow alpine poppy, Papaveraceae Papaver rhaeticum Cistus ladaniferus, nectar and pollen collectors Cistus ladaniferus Commelina coelestis, yellow and conspicous pseudo-anthers Commelina erecta, Staminodien Verbascum nigrum attracts flower visitors with colourful hairs of anther filaments Verbascum nigrum Futterhaare http://www.elizajewett.com/portfolio/pollination.htm When disruptive vibrational signals were applied to grapevine plants through a supporting wire, mating frequency of the leafhopper pest Scaphoideus titanus dropped to 9 % in semi-field conditions and to 4 % in a mature vineyard. The underlying mechanism of this environmentally friendly pest-control tactic is a masking of the vibrational signals used in mate recognition and location. Because vibrational communication is widespread in insects, mating disruption using substrate vibrations can transform many open field and greenhouse based farming systems. Eriksson, A., G. Anfora, A. Lucchi, F. Lanzo, M. Virant-Doberlet and V. Mazzoni (2012), Exploitation of insect vibrational signals reveals a new method of pest management PLoS One, 7, 3, pp. e32954, http://www.ask-force.org/web/Regulation/Eriksson-Exploitation-Insect- Vibrational-Signals-2012.pdf 2.3. Sexual attraction pseudo-copulation Ophrys fuciflora Orchidaceae Mimikri for attracting male solitary bees for pseudo copulation Ophrys fuciflora Ophrys scolopax Orchidaceae Mimikri for attracting male solitary bees for pseudo copulation Ophrys scolopax Ophrys lutea Orchidaceae Mimikri for attracting male solitary bees for pseudo copulation Ophrys lutea Andrena nigroaenea male pseudocopulating with a flower of the Early Spider Orchid, Ophrys sphegodes www.unet.univie.ac.at/ ~a8917722/ Andrena nigroaenea Long distance Pollination by sexually Attracted male thynnine wasps King Spider Photo by Heather Whiting Peakall, R. & Beattie, A.J. (1996) Ecological and genetic consequences of pollination by sexual deception in the orchid Caladenia tentactulata. Evolution, 50, 6, pp 2207-2220 http://www.ask-force.org/web/Pollination/Peakall-Ecological-Genetic-Consequences-Caladenia-1996.pdf The sexually attracted male pollinator Neozeleboria cryptoides on the stem of the orchid Chiloglottis trapeziformis / www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/ orchid_pollination www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/ Australisches Beispiel Pseudokopulation 1 Duftstoffe Gaschromatographie Ophrys apifera Orchidaceae auto-pollination despite of perfect mimikri for pseudo copulation Ophrys apifera autogam Ophrys apifera, auto-pollination despite of perfect mimikri for pseudo copulation Ophrys apifera autogam Nelson. Autopoiesis proof: H-shaped speculum as ancestral character Nelson: ursprüngliches Lippenmal Nelson. Autopoiesis proof: compact speculum as evolutionary derived character Nelson abgeleitetes Lippenmal Megachile Dalechampia centuncularis Harzquelle Nestbaustoffe Megachile 2.4. more tricks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catasetum Parfum-Sammler: Prachtbienen der Tropen Parfum-Sammler http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryanthes Darwins print, copied from Lindley German translation 6. summary of pollinator syndromes 6.1. bee pollination Darwin, C. (1862) On the various contrivances by which orchids are fertilized by insects and on the good effects of intercrossing, The Complete Work of Charles Darwin online, Scanned, OCRed and corrected by John van Wyhe 2003; further corrections 8.2006. RN4 edn. Murray, London, pp 366 http://darwin- online.org.uk/content/fram eset?viewtype=side&itemI D=F800&pageseq=1 Orchis purpureus, Purpur-Knabenkraut, Orchidaceae, Pollinien-Versuch Orchis purpureus, Purpur-Knabenkraut, Orchidaceae, Pollinien-Versuch Orchis purpureus, Purpur-Knabenkraut, Orchidaceae, Pollinien-Versuch Himantoglossum hircinum Bocksriemenzunge Orchidaceae Bienen Cephalanthera rubra, rotes Waldvögelein, Orchidaceae, Bienen, Hummeln, Glockenblumen-Mimikri Asclepias curassavica, Milkweed, Pollinien-Bestäubung Asclepias curassavica Milkweed Pollinienbestäubung http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias description ofpollination see slide 82 http://delta-intkey.com/angio/images/ascle551.gif http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kenr/prairieplants.A.html Pollination is very unusual in Milkweed, because the pollen is grouped into structures called pollinia rather than being individual grains.. The flowers of the milkweed are very smooth and quite rigid, usually pink or white pink in color, while the leaves are a rounded, oval and waxy to the touch and to view. The insects will slip into notches in the flowers, where the bases of the pollinia which are very sticky, will then attach to their feet, so that they will pull the pollen sacs free when they fly away. Some bees, including some honey bees, only gather nectar from milkweed and since they visit no where else, are not really effective as pollinators for the plants. Asclepias variegata, White Milkweed, pollinia pollination as Orchids Bakers rule for invasive plants: typically self compatibe pollination Proportion of fruit-set C: cross-pollination S: self-pollination U: un-manipulated Ward, M., S. D. Johnson and M. P. Zalucki (2012), Modes of reproduction in three invasive milkweeds are consistent with Baker's Rule Biological Invasions, 14, 6, pp. 1237-1250, <Go to ISI>://WOS:000305278400012 AND http://www.ask-force.org/web/Pollination/Ward-Modes-Reproduction-Invaisve-2012.pdf Tibouchina urvilleana, Melastomataceae Tibouchina urvilleana Tibouchina urvilleana Tibouchina urvilleana Tibouchina urvilleana Bumblebee pollination http://mgonline.com/media/Images/b/butterfly_garden005.jpg Lamium orvala, Karawanken, pollination with bumble bees Salvia pratensis, Wiesensalbei left Lamium maculatum, gefleckte Taubnessel
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