Art and the Evolution of Science WHAT IS an Asset You Can See, Touch and Feel WORTH?

Children and Media • Stalking the Wild Ginkgo

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Art and the Evolution of Science WHAT IS an asset you can see, touch and feel WORTH?

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Client: Bank of America Live: None Art Director: Desilva Job Colors: CMYK Description: SAM Capabilities Frame: N/A Studio Op: Cassello Ink Name: Publication: Ivy League Trim: 7” x 9.25” Username: Elliot Erwin Cyan Scale: 1:1 Bleed: None ProjectManager: Natola Magenta Print Scale: None Gutter in Spread: N/A Production: Schilling Yellow File Status: Mechanical Black Art Status: Approved Font Family: Resolution: 300 dpi ITC Franklin Gothic Std, Franklin Gothic Book, Farn- Q5943_Ivy_Leag_7X9_25_mg_.indd hamHH, FarnhamDisplay UST_Bckgrnd_Filigree_Mg.tif (Users:elliot.erwin:Desktop:Q5943:Q5943_Ivy_Leag_7X9_25_mg_ Folder:Links:UST_Bckgrnd_Filigree_Mg.tif), USTrust_signature_CMYK.eps (Users:elliot.erwin:Desktop:Q5943:Q5943_Ivy_Leag_7X9_25_mg_ Folder:Links:USTrust_signature_CMYK.eps), UST_Bckgrnd_Filigree_Ghost_Mg.tif (Users:elliot.erwin:Desktop:Q5943:Q5943_Ivy_Leag_7X9_25_mg_ Folder:Links:UST_Bckgrnd_Filigree_ Ghost_Mg.tif), UST_F734_RFO_Shot_07_Mg.tif (Users:elliot.erwin:Desktop:Q5943:Q5943_Ivy_Leag_7X9_25_mg_ Folder:Links:UST_F734_RFO_ Shot_07_Mg.tif), UST_105070326_11_Mg.tif (Users:elliot.erwin:Desktop:Q5943:Q5943_Ivy_Leag_7X9_25_mg_ Folder:Links:UST_105070326_11_ SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: None November-december 2011 Volume 114, number 2

ollege. features thletic communications thletic arvard C 31 The Living Dinosaur Peter Del Tredici’s search for the wild ginkgo and the secret of its ellows of H uniquely long survival

ourtesy of harvard A harvard of C ourtesy by Jill Jonnes page 65 Forum: Bullish on Private Colleges departments 36 Private institutions of higher education exhibit adaptability and staying power, 2 Cambridge 02138 useums P resident © 2011 and F precisely because of their un-businesslike “business models” rt M Communications from our readers by Richard P. Chait and Zachary First 11 Right Now

arvard A Memory rewired in a Web-search era, wealth perceptions and preferences, 40 Vita: Andrew Craigie esources, H “hacking” bacterial genomes, a bet on Brief life of a patriot and a black hole isual R scoundrel: 1754-1819 16A New England Regional Section A calendar of seasonal events, indulging by Anthony J. Connors maging and V in dance, and a locavore locale in Kendall igital I Square 42 Spheres of Discovery 17 Montage A new exhibition reveals the Filming a vanishing New York junkyard, page 42 connections among Renaissance art, epartment of D

D farm-fresh salads, American economic blundering, vision-shifting videos, Peter invention, and the evolution of science Pan: centenarian, and the difficulties of by Jonathan Shaw and Jennifer Carling discovering drugs 68 The Alumni 48 The Mediatrician When undergraduate men and women

Michael Rich studies how children really use arrison began living together, plus Aloian awardees and Hiram Hunn and Alumni Association modern media—and the implications H jim page 31 honorands for their health and learning 72 The College Pump by Cara Feinberg Adams House’s (diversity) dance master, and the M.B.A. sell signal 54 John Harvard’s Journal 92 Treasure Poetry posts for 9/11, endowment rebound, Allston agenda, Artful dagger fnancial aid amended, the libraries’ war plan, a new University 73 Crimson Classiﬁeds Professor on green businesses, Arts On the cover: Invention of Book Printing, by an unknown engraver. From Nova reperta and Sciences update, Divinity dean (New inventions and discoveries of modern times), steps down, two Undergraduate by Stradanus (Jan van der Straet), c. 1599-1603. views of self and community, early football, Image courtesy of the Sarah Campbell Blaffer Foundation, Houston and basketball co-captains robert neubecker robert

page 36 www.harvardmagazine.com letters

Editor: John S. Rosenberg Senior Editor: Jean Martin Managing Editor: Jonathan S. Shaw Cambridge  Deputy Editor: Craig Lambert Associate Editor: Elizabeth Gudrais Household energy efficiency, Deng Xiaoping, Darwinian drives Assistant Editor-Online: Laura Levis Assistant Editor: Nell Porter Brown Art Director: Jennifer Carling Production and New Media Manager: Mark Felton Harvard, 375 Years Young Web Assistant: Stephen Geinosky At first glance, a 375th anniversary may not seem, as you suggest, as momen- Berta Greenwald Ledecky tous or splashy as a 400th or even a 350th Undergraduate Fellows (“Birthday Greetings,” September-Octo- Isabel W. Ruane, Katherine Xue ber, page 5), but it does represent an even Contributing Editors three-eighths of a millennium (the equiva- John T. Bethell, John de Cuevas, Adam lent of three furlongs in a mile, six ounces Goodheart, Jim Harrison, Courtney in a pound, three pints in a gallon), and is Humphries, Christopher S. Johnson, altogether a marker not to be sneezed at. Adam Kirsch, Colleen Lannon, Calvin F. Senning ’55 Christopher Reed, Stu Rosner, Cape Porpoise, Me. Deborah Smullyan, Mark Steele Editorial and Business Office The issue of Harvard Magazine dedicated 7 Ware Street to the upcoming 375th anniversary of the Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037 founding of the school surprised and dis- Tel. 617-495-5746; fax: 617-495-0324 mayed me. In the reflections on Harvard’s let alone ad- Website: www.harvardmagazine.com recent past, present, and immediate future, dress, the disturbing fact that col- Reader services: there is hardly a mention of civic engage- lege tuition has so far outstripped inflation 617-495-5746 or 800-648-4499 ment: of the value of community service in the past 25 years. Is there a legitimate Harvard Magazine Inc. and social advocacy work in the under- explanation for this, other than that other President: Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, graduate experience. I write as an alumnus colleges have been doing the same? Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98. Directors: who had the good fortune to be at Harvard Simon Frankel ’86 Suzanne Blier, Robert Giles, NF ’66, at a time of intense political involvement, San Francisco Leslie E. Greis ’80, Alex S. Jones, NF ’82, but also as a graduate whose volunteer Thomas F. Kelly, Ph.D. ’73, experiences through programs at Phillips To not include the Crimson’s 2004 un- Randolph C. Lindel ’66, Tamara Elliott Brooks House still have impact and mean- defeated football season—the first-ever Rogers ’74, A. Clayton Spencer, A.M. ’82 ing. Perhaps the lack of attention to civic 10 and 0 year—as part of “The Crimson engagement represents simple oversight Triumphant: 25 high moments in Harvard Harvard Magazine (ISSN 0095-2427) is published bimonthly by Harvard Magazine Inc., a nonprofit corporation, 7 Ware on the part of the editors. If my surmise is athletics, 1986-2011” (by John Bethell, page Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, phone 617-495-5746; fax wrong, then a campus- (alumni)-wide dia- 56) is clearly a mistake—or hopefully sim- 617-495-0324. The magazine is supported by reader contributions and subscriptions, advertising revenue, and a subven- logue is in order. ply an oversight. tion from Harvard University. Its editorial content is the responsibility of the editors. Periodicals postage paid at Boston, Walter Licht ’67 Howie Berg Mass., and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send ad- Annenberg professor of history; faculty director, Stamford, Conn. dress changes to Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037. Subscription rate Civic House and the Penn Civic Scholars Program $30 a year in U.S. and possessions, $55 Canada and Mexico, $75 other foreign. (Allow up to 10 weeks for first delivery.) Sub- University of Pennsylvania John Bethell replies: Harvard teams went 11-0 scription orders and customer service inquiries should be in 1890 and 1896, 12-0 in 1901, and had a sent to the Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, or call 617-495-5746 or Your fascinating article about “The 9-0 season in 2001 (which might well have 800-648-4499, or e-mail [email protected]. Single Twenty-First-Century Student” (by Eliza- been a 10-0 season if the first game hadn’t copies $4.95, plus $2.50 for postage and handling. Manuscript submissions are welcome, but we cannot assume responsibil- beth Gudrais, page 52) had one disturbing been canceled because of 9/11). But 2004 ity for safekeeping. Include stamped, self-addressed envelope for manuscript return. Persons wishing to reprint any por- feature: a striking graph showing the rise was indeed the first-ever 10-0 year. It was tion of Harvard Magazine’s contents are required to of undergraduate tuition, room, and board a great season, and I wish we could have write in advance for permission. Address inquiries to Irina Kuksin, publisher, at the address given above. from $15, 430 in 1985-86 to $50,724 in 2010-11. included it. Copyright © 2011 Harvard Magazine Inc. Remarkably, the article did not mention, One difficulty in selecting 25 high mo-

2 November - December 2011 111119_IndiaTourism_Harvard.indd 1 9/26/11 11:05 AM letters ments was that football could easily have conformity within a faculty ensconced provided a dozen or more, and I was trying in a tenured environment, seem likely to to squeeze in as many less-headline-making produce less diversity rather than more, sports, like fencing, track, sailing, as I could. regardless of the race, gender, and national origin. Interestingly, the inset box on page Publisher: Irina Kuksin Jonathan Shaw’s article on “Professo- 50 seems to support this very fact: the fac- Director of Circulation and Fundraising rial Permutations” (page 48) ignores one of ulty is, in fact, more liberal than ever—i.e. Felecia Carter the most significant problems of “educa- less diverse, not more. I agree with an at- Director of Advertising tion” at Harvard. tempt to be more diverse, but I wish Har- Robert D. Fitta Harvard’s faculty-recruiting practices vard was using a number of other measures New England Advertising Manager have for decades denied students the op- to gauge its success and guide its actions. Abigail Williamson portunity to work with mid-career facul- Jeffery C. Pope, M.B.A. ’75 Designer and Integrated Marketing Manager: Jennifer Beaumont ty. These are the more senior nontenured, Atlanta Classified Advertising Manager and the more junior tenured, professors Gretchen Bostr0m doing great work at other schools, and The reference to the story about the Circulation and Fundraising sharing that work with their students as it Harvard Quiz Bowl team (“The Students Manager: Lucia Whalen is fresh and developing. Speak,” page 55, a Web Extra linking to Office Manager During my time as a graduate student, I Undergraduate columns) brought to mind Katherine Dempsey-Stouffer can think of only one course taught by such a vignette from the mid 1970s, when those Ivy League Magazine Network a person. One of my primary advisers was of us on the Harvard Quiz Club played a Associate Publisher, Sales my mother’s thesis adviser—while he was match against a team from Norfolk State Lawrence J. Brittan, Tel. 631-754-4264 doing his best work at another Ivy League Penitentiary (founded, incidentally, by an New England and Mid-Atlantic university 30 years earlier. Increased di- alumnus). Their team was well-known, as Advertising Sales versity is certainly a very good thing. In its captain was a published poet and some- Robert D. Fitta, Tel. 617-496-6631 the name of diversity and other inwardly thing of a celebrity, notwithstanding (or New York Advertising Sales Beth Bernstein, Tel. 908-654-5050 focused considerations, Harvard may ac- because of) a homicidal background. As Mary Anne MacLean, Tel. 631-367-1988 cidentally recruit “prime of life” scholars. we entered the raucous hall where inmates Travel Advertising Sales What a fortunate accident that would be. were gathered to watch the game, a tall, Northeast Media Inc., Tel. 203-255-8800 Gregory Miller, A.M. ’76 lanky prisoner with a deep scar across his Midwest Advertising Sales Bethesda, Md. face confided the following advice to us: Nugent Media Group, Tel. 773-755-9051 “If we go down by more than 50 points, we Detroit Advertising Sales “Professorial Permutations” cel- start taking hostages.” It turned out to be Heth Media ebrates Harvard’s efforts to increase its one of the more satisfying 45-point wins in Tel. 248-318-9489 diversity. If one is willing to use demo- Harvard quiz history. Southwest Advertising Sales Daniel Kellner, Tel. 972-529-9687 graphics as a proxy for diversity, the argu- Robert Dupire-Nelson ’77 West Coast Advertising Sales ment makes sense. However, it seems to me Honolulu Virtus Media Sales, Tel. 310-478-3833 that the true measure of diversity would be gauged by the range of viewpoints and On the occasion of Harvard’s 375th, I Board of Incorporators ideas held by the faculty. In fact, it seems offer my own vision for the next 25 years This magazine, at first called the Harvard Bulletin, was founded in 1898. Its Board of Incorporators was char- that if diverse viewpoints and ideas are de- (“Harvard at 400,” page 80), which includes tered in 1924 and remains active in the magazine’s sired, the statistics point to a wrong direc- both a continuation of the University’s governance. The membership is as follows: Stephen tion. An increase in the percentage of ten- proud tradition of excellence, and a call J. Bailey, AMP ’94; Jeffrey S. Behrens ’89, William I. Bennett ’62, M.D. ’69; John T. Bethell ’54; Peter K. Bol; ured faculty, the resulting lower turnover; for change in the economics department. Fox Butterfield ’61, A.M. ’64; Sewell Chan ’98, Jona- fewer new faces (probably an older de- Harvard economists must cease and de- than S. Cohn ’91; Philip M. Cronin ’53, J.D. ’56; John mographic also); fewer faculty competing sist their public endorsement of Keynesian de Cuevas ’52; Casimir de Rham ’46, J.D. ’49; James F. Dwinell III ’62; Anne Fadiman ’74; Benjamin M. for fewer jobs (less competition and meri- economics as a successful economic theory Friedman ’66, Ph.D. ’71; Robert H. Giles, NF ’66; Rich- tocracy); and the likelihood of increased worthy of political support. If Lord Keynes’ ard H. Gilman, M.B.A. ’83, Owen Gingerich, Ph.D. ’62; Adam K. Goodheart ’92; Philip C. Haughey ’57; Brian own admission that his economic theory R. Hecht ’92; Sarah Blaffer Hrdy ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Ellen speak up, please had proven less successful in practice than Hume ’68; Alex S. Jones, NF ’82; Bill Kovach, NF ’89; Harvard Magazine welcomes letters on paper is not proof enough, then surely Florence Ladd, BI ’72; Jennifer 8 Lee ’99, Anthony Lewis ’48, NF ’57; Scott Malkin ’80, J.D.-M.B.A. ’83; on its contents. Please write to “Let- the more recent failure of Obama’s cen- Margaret H. Marshall, Ed.M. ’69, Ed ’77, L ’78; Lisa L. ters,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, trally planned and debt-ridden disaster— Martin, Ph.D. ’90; David McClintick ’62; Winthrop L. Cambridge 02138, send comments by e- falsely described as an “economic recov- McCormack ’67; John P. Reardon Jr. ’60; Christopher Reed; Harriet Ritvo ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Henry Rosovsky, JF mail to yourturn@harvard.edu, use our ery”—should finally put to rest any doubts. ’57, Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98; Barbara Rudolph ’77; Robert website, www.harvardmagazine.com, Ve-Ri-Tas means “truth.” As truth-seek- N. Shapiro ’72, J.D. ’78; Theda Skocpol, Ph.D. ’75; Peter or fax us at 617-495-0324. Letters may ers, not liberal public-relations executives, A. Spiers ’76; Scott H. Stossel ’91; Sherry Turkle ’69, Ph.D. ’76; Robert H. Weiss ’54; Elizabeth Winship ’43; be edited to fit the available space. the economics department should teach Jan Ziolkowski. Keynesian economics only as another his-

4 November - December 2011 Letters torical example of the failure of central the figure to the far right is none other to craft this one, we were especially morti- planning, alongside the more obvious ex- than Ezra Vogel, author of the biography of fied, in working from his template to pre- amples of Stalinism, Nazism, monarchism, Deng reviewed at page 33. pare the puzzle for publication, that we and theocracy. left out the note identifying him as the is- Jonathan L. Gal ’89 In the 375th anniversary issue, I could sue went to press. Our sincerest apologies. Rockwall, Tex. find no credit given to the creator of the latest superb puzzle. Only after checking Amplification: Due to an error in the infor- One of the pictures accompanying your website did I confirm that it was of mation provided by sources, “The Twen- “The ‘Steel Factory’” in the September- course your own magnificent long-time ty-First-Century Student” (September- October issue (page 34) identified three puzzler, John de Cuevas. Much to my sur- October) contained incorrect data on of the four men in the foreground but prise, his recent bimonthly puzzles have the career choices of 2011 graduates. The failed to note that the smiling gentleman been at harvardmag.com/topic/puzzles percentages given applied only to gradu- standing between President Carter and without ever appearing in the print version ates who planned to enter the workforce Vice Premier Deng was Harvard’s own Ji of the magazine. To my great regret, I have immediately after graduation, and who re- Chaozhu ’52. Ji served as translator not been suffering withdrawal symptoms un- sponded to the College’s senior survey. only for Deng, but as the third man on the necessarily ever since the previous puzzle tarmac, at the shoulder of Zhou Enlai, as appeared in print! Mary Berenson the latter greeted President Nixon in 1972. Peter G. Neumann ’54, Ph.D. ’61 Thank you for introducing Mary Beren- Ji’s memoir, The Man on Mao’s Right (yep, Menlo Park. Calif. son to a new generation of Harvard readers Mao too), was cited in the July-August (Vita, July-August, page 30). However, how 2008 issue of Harvard Magazine (page 19). Editor’s note: We thank Peter Neumann, could you have excluded her lengthy resi- Michael Engber ’63 and other puzzler-doers/correspondents, dence at the Villa I Tatti, where she reigned New York City for revealing John de Cuevas’s role in con- supreme in her early efforts to promote structing the anniversary puzzle (as he did Berenson’s scholarship? Bernard Berenson Editor’s note: Also unrecorded: in the pho- for the 350th anniversary edition), and for worked most of his life to earn sufficient tograph on page 39, showing President calling attention to the online life of his income for Harvard to assume the villa’s Neil L. Rudenstine in the Forbidden City, clever creations. Having invited de Cuevas care. (The University several times refused

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Harvard Magazine 5 letters the bequest.) Now, this magnificent villa diversification. Our house was built in 1928 failure to accept this basic premise makes outside Florence hosts fellows in Renais- and requires upkeep. The cost of the panels their account, while provocative, ultimate- sance studies, the most prestigious such was about the average amount we spend ly unfulfilling. Although they recognize program in the world. Without Mary Be- per year on maintenance and upgrades. that today’s universities serve multiple renson’s financial and moral support in the We are of course happy to get the tax functions—research, teaching, and “prepa- first crucial years of renting, and later in credit for the installation of panels. For ration for life and careers”—the techno- the decision to the buy the villa, Harvard comparison, the $1,000 a year I pay for a logically focused solution they advance would not now have this resource. I hope parking permit at UCLA is not subject to really only replaces the teaching and career you will consider running a follow-up federal income tax. Consequently, I receive development “value propositions” of the soon, as this past June I Tatti celebrated 50 a tax subsidy of somewhat more than $300/ university, leaving research and “prepara- years of Harvard stewardship. year for parking. In 25 years, the expected tion for life” to fend for themselves. Nehama Jacobs Warner ’74 lifetime of the panels, the extrapolated tax Certainly, business has proved that it Pasadena, Calif. subsidy for my UCLA parking permit will can force many of our institutions into be much larger than for my solar panels market competition that will destroy all Editor’s note: For recent coverage of Villa I and, in fact, be comparable to the subsidy I who do not tend first and foremost to the Tatti, see “Masterpiece Pieces” (Treasure, received from the department of water and bottom line. But as recent economic events November-December 2009, page 92), news power. should have taught us all, the ability of of renovation of its library (Brevia, March- My wife felt very strongly that the pan- markets to rapidly destroy things of value April 2010, page 53), and earlier articles on els should not be visible from the street, (homes, jobs, retirement plans, etc.) does the I Tatti Renaissance Library series. and therefore they were probably not not mean that markets can also effectively quite as tilted as required to fully optimize and efficiently create the nonmonetary The Energy Future Now their production over the course of a year. values that all these things also possess Embracing the future, my wife and I Domestic tranquility was assured at the (community, purpose, security, etc.). In decided to install solar panels on the roof cost of a few hundred kWh/year. universities, other methods than embrac- of our three-bedroom house in West Los When we replace our 17-year-old ener- ing market competition could be imag- Angeles. Our successful self-experiment gy-gobbling refrigerator, we will be closer ined for resolving the very real problems may be instructive to those with an inter- to using 2,000 kWh/year. But even now, the authors try to address. For instance, est in energy and energy policy (see “Time our panels provide enough energy both for the shrinking public support for Ameri- to Electrify,” July-August, page 36). home and for our electric car; the end of can universities is more a current political We were paying annually about $500 gasoline and electricity bills for a lifetime. trend than an unalterable reality. for 4,000 kilowatt hours (kWh), typical This home experiment suggests that tran- Perhaps of greatest concern, the authors’ residential usage in California for a two- sition to a sustainable, modern economy proposal that universities treat students person household. But there was a lot of is within technical and financial reach. It increasingly as consumers of education in waste: for example, we left the two cable is most pleasing to have an inexhaustible pursuit of career success is all too much TV boxes on all the time. Since our son has supply of energy from the sun. of a piece with their failure to account for graduated college and is on his own, we Michael Jura, Ph.D. ’71 how the university’s role in developing shut off the box in his room and, with no Professor, department of physics and astronomy, individuals into well-rounded and public- loss of comfort and a tiny effort—we still University of California, Los Angeles spirited citizens can be sustained in the operate a large-screen TV, two laptops, and new business model. It’s highly unlikely various appliances and gadgets—we’ve re- Editor’s note: To view the solar installation that the fiercest competitors in an educa- duced our usage to about 2,700 kWh a year. and a graph of Jura household energy use, tional “marketplace” focusing hardest on Thinking that we would want to operate visit www.astro.ucla.edu/~jura/energy.htm. short-term returns on investment will be an electric car, we chose a system that pro- able to replace the universities they may vides about 4,000 kWh/year. This required Colleges and Business Models “disrupt” with an “innovation” that is truly about 20 square meters of panels—about While “Colleges in Crisis” (by Clay- better. Do we really need to see the out- one-eighth of the total area of our roof. The ton M. Christensen and Michael B. Horn, come of such a contest and destroy the ed- contractor who installed the panel negoti- July-August, page 40) makes a good sum- ucational institutions we have today before ated with the Los Angeles department of mary of some of the many challenges fac- we look to other sources to restore, sustain water and power which then directly paid ing higher education today, the authors’ and renew the project of higher education? him about $7,000 of the total cost of nearly uncritical embrace of distance learning as Raphael Sperry ’95 $17,500. Because of the 30 percent federal a “disruptive” technology that contains the San Francisco income tax credit, our final out-of-pocket solution to the crisis seems off the mark. cost was slightly more than $7,000. Perhaps because they have an excellent Editor’s note: See page 36 for two higher- We are getting a return on our invest- description of how iPods replaced Walk- education scholars’ views on these issues. ment that is hedged against inflation and mans, every problem now looks like one vastly superior to the interest we would that can (or even must) be solved by a new, Israelis and Palestinians get by putting the money in the bank. In- disruptive, business model. But universi- Please allow me to question a likely stalling the panels was a sensible financial ties are not businesses—and the authors’ misstatement in Dan Adams’s letter in the

6 November - December 2011 i choose harvard...

international experiences help harvard undergraduates prepare for success in an increasingly connected world

Charles e. ryan ’89 Charles E. Ryan ’89 couldn’t afford to visit the former Soviet Union as he was developing his senior thesis on Soviet foreign policy, but he wants to give future undergraduates the chance to do so. Ryan, an investment banker and venture capitalist who special- izes in Russian technology, has created the Charles E. Ryan Undergraduate Research Fund to support students seeking to conduct research in Russia. A government concentrator from Kirkland House, Ryan lived in Moscow for many years but now resides near Philadelphia with his wife and two sons. “Russia is a fascinating place,” he says. “I hope this fund enables more students to discover that for themselves.” gifford Combs ’80

To read more, please visit www.alumni.harvard.edu/stories/ryan. From their conversations in Eliot House, Gifford Combs ’80 knew that Willard Van Orman Quine, Edgar Pierce Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, was engaging and brilliant. He later learned that his friend’s intellectual life was shaped by a trip to Europe in an unparalleled 1932–1933 on a Frederick Sheldon Traveling Fellowship. To mark student experience his 25th reunion, Combs—a senior portfolio manager with Dalton Investments in Los Angeles—created the Willard Van Orman Quine Graduate Travel and Research Fund in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences to support promising graduate students in the Support the humanities. “Establishing a traveling fellowship in Van’s name,” Combs says, “was a way to honor him that echoed what had clearly been a formative episode in his life.”

To read more, please visit www.alumni.harvard.edu/stories/combs.

Photo credits ryan: courtesy of charles ryan; combs: anthony mongiello

111150_AAD_fullpg.indd 1 9/30/11 8:33 AM letters The Harvard Chair! September-October issue (page 12). About to the area around 1900. (A Palestinian ac- the 1948 War of Independence he claims, quaintance of mine has the surname “Hala- “Fully 85 percent of the Palestinians living bi”; his family came from Halab, i.e., Alep- on the land that was to become the State po.) Pre-war, about 45 percent of the land of Israel were ruthlessly evicted from their was “unassigned” (i.e., it belonged to no- homes, their farms, and their orchards by body). And any “evictions” occurred during these [armed Jewish] groups and given a and in the context of a war started by the one-way ticket to nowhere.” This claim Palestinian Arabs, having rejected a state parrots the Arab narrative; in reality no in less than all of Palestine, and continued A Coop Exclusive! Used by generations of Harvard independently verifiable sources exist to when Israel’s Arab neighbors invaded with students and alumni. Available in all School and support this remarkably precise statistic a stated goal of pushing all the Jews—some House Shields. from events over 60 years ago. In 1948, all of of whom had also lived in Israel, continu- Purchase Reg. $645/Member Price $58050 Israel was a war zone. Many Arab noncom- ously, for centuries—into the sea. Ac- Choose crimson or black seat cushion. batants understandably fled the fighting. cording to Benny Morris, most of these Reg. $50/Member Price $45 What is incontrovertible is this. The Arabs actually fled without prompting, S+H $60 within the continental US Arab world rejected the UN’s 1947 plan to many expecting to return with victorious Each chair sale supports the Harvard Alumni Association. partition mandatory Palestine into sepa- Arab troops. Some were evicted by Jewish rate Jewish and Arab nations. After Israel troops because their presence threatened k proclaimed its independence, all the neigh- Jewish lives. As for the rest, in a war, bad The Medallion Lamp boring Arab countries attacked it. Had the things happen to people who start it. Arabs instead accepted Israel, there would My belief that the Palestinians have nei- have been no Arab refugees. Israel’s Proc- ther an exclusive nor an equal right to the lamation of Independence stated, “in the land of Israel does not make me a “racist.” midst of wanton aggression, we yet call Palestinian victimhood is attributable upon the Arab inhabitants of the State of Is to their own rejection of a state in 1948. It rael to preserve the ways of peace and play is time they moved on. their part in the development of the State.” Orrin Tilevitz ’75 Classic 21” antique reproduction from Heritage Commendable is Adams’s concluding Brooklyn Brass with black parchment shade, gold-plated statement: “[W]e can and should take a “Harvard Veritas” medallion, solid brass sand position that supports the rights of both Rowing Coach Remembered casting, durable lacquer coating, crafted in the peoples equally and unequivocally to cre- I was impressed with Harvard’s recent USA. Distinctive centerpiece of black leather with ate safe and secure homelands for their rowing successes as recounted in Harvard Harvard seal (personalization available). S&H own people and to achieve full recogni- Magazine (“Dominant Flotilla,” July-Au- within the continental USA $25.00. tion and standing within the community gust, page 67). Purchase Reg. $400/Member Price $360 of nations.” Israeli leaders now recognize In describing Harvard’s competitors, you k the rights of the Palestinian Arabs to their cited Steve Gladstone, his national repu- own nation. It’s long past time for the Ar- tation, and his present coaching for Yale. Veritas Cufflinks abs similarly to overturn their mistake of Though capturing his successes over many 1948 and recognize Israel as the nation- years, you failed to mention his coaching state of the Jewish people. the very successful lightweights at Harvard, Benjamin Pollock, M.B.A. ’79 who went undefeated over four years and San Francisco won four Eastern Sprints titles during his tenure. The 1971 crew is widely regarded as Contrary to Adams, I did not say that one of the best in many years. the Palestinian people don’t exist, which he Steve is a great coach and made major Sterling silver “Veritas” cufflinks, handmade and designed by English craftsmen. They are all likens to saying that New England doesn’t contributions to Harvard rowing. I was hallmarked silver and each pair comes with its own exist. Instead, I said (July-August, page 3) lucky to be one of the people who had the presentation box. Made in England. it was unclear that they existed as a people benefit of his coaching. Purchase Reg. $225/Member Price $20250 in Gandhi’s time. Certainly, Arabs lived in Frederic A. Eustis, III ’72 Mandatory Palestine. Does that make them Westport Point, Mass. “the Palestinian people”? Germans live(d) in Alsace and Serbs in Bosnia. Does that Craig Lambert responds: Mr. Eustis is accurate make them the Alsatian or Srpskan people? in all respects. I knew of Steve Gladstone’s Adams’s assertions that the Palestinians, great work as a Harvard coach: the 1971 who had lived there “for centuries,” were lightweight crew were nicknamed the “Su- For ordering and shipping information “ruthlessly evicted” by “Jewish paramili- per-crew” as no one could beat them; they tary groups” from 95 percent of Israel are were enshrined en masse in the Varsity Club call: 1-800-368-1882, fax: 1-800-242-1882, or all false. Many “Palestinians” had migrated Hall of Fame. The article didn’t dwell on his shop our online catalog: www.thecoop.com

8 November - December 2011 Letters background, however, because it focused on current Harvard crews, not the Yale coach.

The Veil and Violence I can’t leave unchallenged Divinity School professor Leila Ahmed’s assertion that “the broad mainstream of the Islamist movement—according to all the experts— is overwhelmingly opposed to violence and Join fellow alumni and Harvard study leaders on committed to nonviolence” (“The Veil’s Re- over 50 trips annually. vival,” September-October, page 17). The 2011 Pew study of Muslim attitudes towards terrorism shows the following por- 2012 FAMILY ADVENTURES tions of Muslims saying “suicide bombing and other forms of violence against civilian June 25–July 5, 2012 targets” are “often or sometimes justified”: 68 percent in the Palestinian territories, 34 South Africa percent in Nigeria (a 2010 figure), 35 percent Family Safari in Lebanon, 28 percent in Egypt, 10 percent STUDY LEADER: in Indonesia, 13 percent in Jordan, 7 percent DANIEL E. LIEBERMAN, in Turkey, 5 percent in Pakistan. PROFESSOR OF HUMAN If you do the math, that implies 118 mil- EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY lion Muslims of 726 million in those countries “often or sometimes” support violence against civilians. If you add in those who “rarely” support it, the total number of supporters approaches 200 million. That June 27–July 8, 2012 is more than 25 percent of the population Classic China: in these countries and is hardly what you A Family Adventure could call a commitment to nonviolence. Mark Casey, M.B.A. ’98 STUDY LEADER: San Francisco MARTIN K. WHYTE, PROFESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY Deng Xiaoping, Dictator Edward Steinfeld says Deng Xiao ping knew that “Everything the West had, China lacked: modern factories, state-of-the-art technology, gleaming in- July 9–20, 2012 frastructure, and cutting-edge scientific expertise” (“The ‘Steel Factory,’” review Family Voyage of Ezra Vogel’s biography of Deng Xiao to the Lands of ping, September-October, page 33). As Gods & Heroes on for Western “laws, rights, and freedoms,” Corinthian II dedicated communist Deng avoided them STUDY LEADER: like the plague as mere “abstract institu- VASSILIKI RAPTI, tions…[not]…the concrete manifestations PRECEPTOR IN MODERN of societal prosperity and strength.” GREEK But if Deng failed to understand the in- tegral nexus between Western political openness and economic success, he knew TO BOOK YOUR NEXT TRIP, CALL US AT 800.422.1636 that democracy would mean the end of the one-party dictatorship he strived to main- FOR MORE TRIP OPTIONS, VISIT ALUMNI.HARVARD.EDU/TRAVELS tain. Steinfeld says, “Deng saw no viable path for China’s modernization other than that which led through the Communist Party.” More likely, the ends and means were reversed—he saw economic success as the only way to preserve commu-

Harvard Magazine 9 letters

nist rule after Mao’s debacles. But it was always a false choice. South Korea and— most uncomfortably for Beijing—Taiwan showed that ancient, authoritarian Confu- cian cultures can achieve both economic and political reform, sequentially if not simultaneously. Dictators, left or right, always claim in- dispensability: only they know what is best for society and are uniquely situated to de- liver it. Deng never intended, any more than today’s Chinese leaders do, to move to political reform even after modernization. Yet, he had an unparalleled opportunity to accomplish both. His victories over resistant “party insiders” brought China’s population, hope-filled and resolute, to the side of sweeping reform. Instead, on June 4, 1989, he used his paramount power to direct the murderous attack on, and moral insult to, the earnestly peaceful Chinese people. Deng is praised for ridding China of Marxism and forgiven for retaining its Leninism. As he was building China’s economic—and military—power, he advised: “Hide your capabilities; bide your time.” China’s “triumphalists,” says his admirer Henry Kissinger, believe now is the time to use that power. Joseph A. Bosco ’60, LL.B. ’65 China desk officer (2005-06), Defense Department Washington, D.C.

Darwinian Drives According to a survey of employees at Behind a traditional Victorian exterior multinational firms, Paul Lawrence’s theory are guest rooms bedecked with luxe beds, of four independent, innate human drives mirrored nightstands, and silvery wallpaper. (“From Human Nature to Human Resourc- —Elle Decor— es,” September-October, page 14)—to acquire, defend, comprehend, and bond—explained “60 percent of employees’ variance Harvard Square on motivational indicators.” On the basis of my research, reported in The Leaders We Need, And What Makes Us Follow (Harvard Busi- ness School Press, 2007), Lawrence leaves out four innate human drives that would explain more of the variance: for mastery, play, dignity (self-esteem), and meaning. One Year in Harvard History Employees, and for that matter all of us, 1636-2011Tidbits from the University’s history, one year at a time... are motivated when we are respected and employ our skills for a meaningful purpose. 1636. Class of a dozen students begins The most creative scientists and artists de- recitations...John Harvard, Minister and scribe their work as disciplined play. Like amateur athletes, they are motivated to cattleman of Charlestown,... play, even when they are not acquiring anything more than an enjoyable experience. go to: harvardmagazine.com/one-year for more > Michael Maccoby, ’54, Ph.D. ’60 Brought to you online By harvard university Press Washington, D.C.

10 November - December 2011 Right Now The expanding Harvard universe

net knowledge How the Web Affects Memory

oogle and other search en- Internet has become part of a transactive transactive memory exists in many forms, gines have changed the way we memory source, a method by which our as when a husband relies on his wife to use the Internet, putting vast brains compartmentalize information. remember a relative’s birthday. “[It is] G sources of information just a First hypothesized by Wegner in 1985, this whole network of memory where you few clicks away. But don’t have to remember Lindsley professor everything in the world of psychology Dan- yourself,” he says. “You iel Wegner’s recent just have to remember research proves that who knows it.” Now websites—and the computers and technol- Internet—are chang- ogy as well are becoming ing much more than virtual extensions of our technology itself. memory. They are changing The idea validates hab- the way our memo- its already forming in our ries function. daily lives. Cell phones Wegner’s latest have become the primary study, “Google Ef- location for phone num- fects on Memory: bers. GPS devices in cars Cognitive Conse- remove the need to mem- quences of Having orize directions. Wegner Information at Our points out that we never Fingertips,” shows have to stretch our mem- that when people ories too far to remember have access to search the name of an obscure engines, they remem- movie actor or the capital ber fewer facts and of Kyrgyzstan—we just less information be- type our questions into cause they know they Google. “We become part can rely on “search” of the Internet in a way,” as a readily available he says. “We become part shortcut. of the system and we end Wegner, the senior up trusting it.” author of the study, Working with fellow believes the new find- researchers Betsy Spar- ings show that the row of Columbia and

Illustration by Harvard Magazine 11 Daniel Bejar Right Now

Jenny Liu of the University of Wisconsin- told would be saved in specific folders. point where most of the time we are being Madison, Wegner conducted four experi- Next, they were asked to recall the state- tested with our calculators, to see where ments to demonstrate the phenomenon, ments. Finally, they were given cues to we can get with that wonderful tool in our using various forms of memory recall to the wording and asked to name the fold- hands.” test reliance on computers. (The results ers where the statements were stored. The And even though we may not be taxing were published in the August 5 issue of Sci- participants proved better able to recall our memories to recall distinct facts, we ence.) In the first experiment, participants the folder locations than the statements are still using them to consider where the demonstrated that they were more likely themselves. facts are located and how to access them. to think of computer terms like “Yahoo” Wegner concedes that questions remain “We still have to remember things,” Weg or “Google” after being asked a set of diffi- about whether dependence on computers ner explains. “We’re just remembering a cult trivia questions. In two other experi- will affect memories negatively: “Nobody different range of things.” He believes his ments, participants were asked to type knows now what the effects are of these study will lead to further research into a collection of readily memorable state- tools on logical thinking.” Students who understanding computer dependence, and ments, such as “An ostrich’s eye is bigger have trouble remembering distinct facts, looks forward to tracing the extent of hu- than its brain.” Half the subjects were told for example, may struggle to employ those man interdependence with the computer that their work would be saved to a com- facts in critical thinking. But he believes world—pinpointing the “movable divid- puter; the other half were informed that that the situation overall is beneficial, ing line between us and our computers in the statements would be erased. In subse- likening dependence on computers to de- cyber networks.” valexander bloom quent memory testing, participants who pendence on a mechanical hand or other were told their work would not be saved prosthetic device, or to the use of calcula- 120daniel wegner e-mail were best at recalling the statements. In tors in the classroom. Initially, math stu- [email protected] a fourth experiment, participants typed dents were banned from using the latter, daniel wegner website: into a computer statements they were he points out, but “Now it’s gotten to the www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner

loaded perceptions 100

What We Know Top 20% 2nd 20% Middle 20% 80 4th 20% about Wealth Bottom 20%

mericans have a distorted them to hold about 15 percent and about sense of the level of inequal- 10 percent instead. ity in their society—but not in Norton and his coauthor, Dan Ariely 60 A the direction one might expect. (author of the popular title Predictably Ir- Associate professor of business Michael rational and a professor of behavioral eco- I. Norton has found that respondents to nomics at Duke), believe that one reason his surveys universally think that wealth perceptions are so skewed is because the is more evenly distributed in the United easy availability of 40 States than it actually is—and what’s credit masks people’s more, respondents say they would prefer real financial situation. Visit harvardmag. for the wealth to be still more evenly spread If your neighbors own com/extras to read about Michael Norton’s around. the same make and findings about Harvard More than 80 percent of the wealth in model of car that you alumni opinions on the United States belongs to 20 percent own, Norton points wealth and inequality. 20 of the population; respondents estimated out, there’s no way to know whether they that this group held less than 60 percent paid cash for theirs or took out a loan for of the wealth, and would in an ideal world the full amount. It’s easy, he says, to think, hold about a third. “I have a car and you have a car, so I guess The lowest two quintiles (a group with wealth is equally distributed.” This per- 0 average net worth of $2,200) control 0.2 ception is reinforced by the fact that peo- percent and 0.1 percent of the wealth, re- ple tend to interact primarily within their Skewed Preferences spectively. But respondents estimated that From left to right: the wealth distribution that own social stratum. Norton’s respondents said would be ideal; how they these groups held 6 percent and 3 percent, What is surprising given these circum- estimated wealth was currently distributed; and the respectively, and said they would like stances, says Norton, is that Americans actual distribution of wealth in the United States.

12 November - December 2011 right now at all income levels—the very rich as well as the very poor—said they would like wealth to be more evenly distributed. In fact, these preferences for wealth distribution have been strikingly similar Begin your own tradition. across many different groups the researchers surveyed: Americans, Canadians, and Australians—and visitors to the websites of National Public Radio and Forbes magazine. Norton says he would like to widen his sample of Americans in future surveys—for instance, reaching people who do not have regular Internet access. (He is also asking how Harvard graduates’ perceptions and preferences stack up against those of other respondents’; to see these new findings, visit harvardmag.com/ extras.) Although respondents who reported having voted for George W. Bush as president in 2004 chose slightly less wealth redistribution for their ideal world, their responses Americans have a You never actually own a Patek Philippe. You merely take care of it for the next generation. distorted sense of the level of inequality in their society—but not LUX BOND & GREEN LUXJEWELRY BOND WATCHES & GIFTSGREEN • SINCE 1898 in the direction one JEWELRY WATCHES GIFTS • SINCE 1898 46 LaSalle416 Boylston Road WEST Street HARTFORD BOSTON 860.521-3015 617.266.4747 60416 Central Boylston Street Street WELLESLEYBOSTON 617.266.4747 781.235.9119 might expect. 6046 Central LaSalle Street Road WELLESLEY West Hartford 781.235.9119 860.521.3015 were still quite close to those of John Kerry voters—they chose a desired distribution Annual Calendar Chronograph Ref. 5960P far more equal than the actual distribution of wealth, and more equal than what they estimated the actual distribution to be. Nor- We invite you to visit our Patek Philippe ton notes that much depends on how one boutique in our Boston location. frames the question: if asked explicitly, “Do you support wealth redistribution to re- duce inequality?” most of those Bush voters would probably have said no. This implies a separate observation: that people’s abstract preferences about inequality, expressed in a survey, may not lead them to vote in a way that brings policy into line with these preferences. People tend to assume, says Norton, that wealth correlates with talent or hard work—that it is deserved. Health inequality, on the other hand, is Happy Birthday, Harvard! correlated with income inequality: on average, the poor are less healthy, and countries with higher income inequality perform less well on health measures (see “Unequal see complete coverage at www.harvardmag.com/375th

Harvard Magazine 13 right now

America,” July-August 2008, page 22). Nor- anywhere in the social order. But Norton ton thinks people may be more motivated emphasizes that his polls measure the to eliminate wealth inequality if they un- gut reactions of ordinary people, and that derstand that it correlates with health in- even economists don’t know what kind equality: “It’s hard to say that poor people’s of income distribution maximizes human babies should die more than rich people’s welfare, a measure whose very definition babies.” For his next study, he would like is complex and subject to disagreement. to investigate whether he can influence “We don’t know, normatively, which dis- voting behavior by presenting respondents tribution is right,” he says. “We only know with accurate information about the actual what people want it to look like.” distribution of wealth in society immedi- velizabeth gudrais ately after they take his survey. Norton’s work is inspired by the notion michael norton e-mail address: A smart way (developed by Harvard philosopher John [email protected] Rawls) of a just society as one in which michael norton website: to give to people are willing to be randomly placed www.people.hbs.edu/mnorton

Harvard hacking the genome Life: The Edited Version

Fidelity CharitableSM offers cientists have made stunning ing cells. Their new editing tools could be a strategic way to support progress in their ability to decode used to engineer cells that have radically genomes; the past several years different properties, including advantages the causes you’re passionate have produced many new genome- such as resistance to infection. about. We’ve made more S sequencing efforts. Now, some scientists Their July 15 paper in Science focuses on than $91 million in donor- have shifted their focus from passively efforts to alter the genome by means of a recommended grants to reading genomes to actively “writing” and “search and replace” method that revises “editing” them in specific ways. Research- codons—strings of three DNA molecules Harvard University.* ers led by George Church, professor of that are often thought of as DNA “words” genetics at Harvard Medical School, and because they encode a single amino acid Joe Jacobson, associate professor in the (the building block of proteins). Some co- Media Lab at MIT, have announced a new dons, though, function more like a punc- To recommend a grant to approach for rapidly and inexpensively tuation mark; these “stop codons” instruct Harvard University, visit editing large numbers of genomes in liv- the protein-building machinery of a cell to FidelityCharitable.org. a t g t t g c t c g c t t t t c c g t t g c t c g c t t t t c c g a g c c t c g c t a g t c c g a g c g a g g c t t t t c c g a g c g a g c g t t t tTAc Ac g a g c g a g c g t T a g c c g a g c g a g c g t a a a t g c * As of 6/30/11, and since inception. Grants to Harvard University include a g c g a g c g t a a a t g t t g g grants to various programs, schools, TA A and organizations affiliated with g a g c g t a a a t g t t g c t c g Harvard University. Details are available upon request. See additional Fidelity Charitable disclosures on c g t a g a t g t t g c t c g c t t the following page. 594402.1.0 a a a t g t t g c t c g c t t t t a

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114202_08_AD_Harvard_FP.indd 1 10/7/11 3:29 PM Right Now stop linking amino acids together, much as hack genomes. “Our goal is to change every researchers with feedback about how their a period ends a sentence. In this study, the base pair,” Church reports. His approach changes have affected the cell. With a di- researchers engineered E. coli bacteria by re- differs from that of a team at the J. Craig rected evolution approach, he says, “If you placing each stop codon bearing the pattern Venter Institute that synthesized a genome select for what you want, the end product of DNA bases thymine-adenine-guanine, from scratch and transplanted it into a is exactly what you want.” or TAG, with a different (but nonharmful) cell last year. Rather than copy something vcourtney humphries stop codon reading TAA. from life, Church says, his team’s goal is Replacing each instance of that single to radically change an existing genome’s george church e-mail address: codon, which appears 314 times in the E. properties. He estimates that creating the [email protected] coli genome, involved a two-step process. entire E. coli genome would cost several church lab website: “We’re speeding up evolution,” Church million dollars, whereas his editing tech- http://arep.med.harvard.edu explains. The first technique, called mul- nique is much cheaper and more flexible, For more information on Church’s work, see “DNA tiplex automated genome engineering and at each stage of the process provides as Data,” January-February 2004, page 44. (MAGE), can make rapid, specific changes in cells: researchers introduce pieces of synthetic DNA into bacteria and then select resulting strains that possess the desired properties (in this case, with some of the TAG codons replaced by TAA). They then use a method called conjugative assembly genome engineering (CAGE) that The goal is to create a bacterium that is resistant to infection by viruses. draws on bacteria’s natural ability to swap genetic material. By selecting strains with the most TAA codons, the team could eventually create a strain in which every instance of the TAG codon has been replaced. The larger goal, Church says, is to create a bacterium that is resistant to infec- A Bet and a Black Hole tion by viruses. Viruses can’t make their own proteins, so they hijack host genomes The idea that objects exist whose gravity is so powerful that light cannot es- and force them to make viral proteins; cape them has been around for centuries. But it was not until instruments aboard Church’s team wants to scramble the ge- a rocket detected x-rays from an unseen source in the constellation Cygnus in netic code in a way that leaves its func- 1964 that researchers considered the possibility that they had in fact discovered a tions intact but makes it unrecognizable black hole, an object from which nothing, including light, can escape. Seven years to viral invaders. The TAG and TAA co- later, astronomers discovered a star in Cygnus orbiting something that could not dons are “synonymous”—they both have be seen. “The dark object’s gravity seemed to be tearing gas from its bright com- the same function in the genome—so by panion,” says author and astronomer Ken Croswell, Ph.D. ’90, “and as the gas replacing each TAG stop codon with a took the final plunge [see illustration], it became so hot it emitted x-rays.” But not TAA equivalent, Church’s team can then everyone believed a black hole was the cause; in 1974, Stephen Hawking even bet delete the machinery in the cell respon- another physicist that it wasn’t. Now the controversy (which Hawking conceded sible for reading TAG. The cell will func- long ago, based on indirect measurements) has been definitively put to rest by tion as if everything is normal, but a virus Mark Reid and colleagues at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, expects to see the code in its original form. who were able to calculate an accurate distance to Cygnus X-1, making possible “If you make the code different enough,” an inference of its mass. Furthermore, they calculated that the gas closest to the Church explains, “that organism becomes dark object orbits it almost 670 times per second—a phenomenal rate that is half resistant to all viruses.” the speed of light—clear evidence of an object whose gravitational pull is so strong Viral resistance is only one of the ways that it could only be a black hole. vjonathan shaw these editing techniques can be used to

16 November - December 2011 Illustration by Lola Judith Chaisson New England Regional Section

The Christmas Revels Extracurriculars www.boxoffice.harvard.edu; 617-496-2222 www.revels.org/calendar/the-christmas- Seasonal tures a range of concerts, historic tours, revels; 617-972-8300 The Game and exhibitions. See website for further • December 16-29 • November 19 at noon details. An evening of music and dance from six- The 128th gridiron competition against • November 26, 5-6:30 p.m. The annual Hol- teenth-century France. Sanders Theatre. Yale takes place in New Haven this year. iday Tree Lighting at the Charles Hotel. www.gocrimson.com/sports/fball/index Music, food, and a cameo by Santa Claus. music • Harvard Glee Club and Radcliffe December 11 at noon. Opening of the www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hwe/Concerts. haeology and ethnology; c

Choral Society Christmas Concert Skating Rink at the Charles Hotel. Free html; 617-496-2263. f ar • December 3 at 8 p.m. skate rentals, holiday treats, and music. • November 6 at 2 p.m.

www.boxoffice.harvard.edu • December 17, 1-2:30 p.m. The fifth annual “Bands of the Beanpot” features the Har- useum o 617-496-2222 Everybody Loves Latkes Party features vard Wind Ensemble along with those

Sanders Theatre free potato pancakes and toppings, along of Boston University and Boston College. eabody M

Harvard Ceramics Program with holiday music and storytelling. Brat- Fenway Center, Northeastern University. f the P Holiday Show and Sale tle Square. www.boxoffice.harvard.edu; 617-496-2222 • December 8, 3-8 p.m. The Harvard-Radcliffe Chorus www.hcs.harvard.edu/~jazz/Schedule. ourtesy o

• December 9-11, 10 a.m.-7 p.m. www.boxoffice.harvard.edu; 617-496-2222 html. c s; c ofa.fas.harvard.edu/ceramics/show.php www.hcs.harvard.edu/hrc • November 12 at 8 p.m. 617-495-8680; 219 Western Avenue, Allston • December 9 at 8 p.m. “Blue Note Records, Then and Now: The This popular annual event features works The chorus will join the Pro Arte Cham- Hard Bop Legacy Featuring Curtis Fuller” strophysi or A

by dozens of Greater Boston artists, from ber Orchestra of Boston to perform Bach’s (guest trombonist) and the Harvard Jazz f naturual history beginners to professionals. Christmas Oratorio. Sanders Theatre. Bands. Lowell Lecture Hall.

Harvard Square’s Memorial Church www.hcs.harvard.edu/~jazz/Schedule. useum o

Holiday Happenings Christmas Carol Services html. Admission is free. arvard Center f

www.harvardsquare.com www.memorialchurch.harvard.edu • November 20 at 8 p.m. arvard M 617-491-3434 617-495-5508 “Jazz at Cabot House” with the Sunday t to right: H t to right: f irguis/ H • November 1-30 • December 11, 5 p.m.; December 12, 8 p.m. Jazz Band and the Alumni Jazz Band. eter G From le A month-long folk-music celebration fea- Christmas Eve service at 11 p.m. www.boxoffice.harvard.edu; 617-496-2222 P Left to right: From the “Cosmic Train Wrecks” lecture at Harvard’s Center for Astrophysics; an abundance of shopping carts, from the Peabody Museum’s “Trash Talk” lecture series; a deep-sea creature on display at the Harvard Museum of Natural History

Harvard Magazine 16A Personally Fulfilled New England Regional Section Physically Motivated Intellectually Curious Socially Connected Connected to Nature Contributing to Society

Celebrating Culture

Spiritually In Tune

ANNOUNCING... thE NEXt EVolUtioN From Shooting for Peace: Youth Behind of Se NIor LIv INg the Lens, a Peabody Museum exhibit of az. photographs by young people fleeing rural violence in Colombia www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hwe/Concerts. html; 617-496-2263 • December 3 at 8 p.m. “The French Connection: Music Influenced isparando Cámaras para la P by Nadia Boulanger,” presented by the Har- vard Wind Ensemble. Lowell Lecture Hall. www.boxoffice.harvard.edu 617-496-2222 a. 2004. Courtesy D www.hcs.harvard.edu/earlymus • December 8, 9, and 10 at 8 p.m. á, Colombia, c • December 11 at 3 p.m. c Be among the first to learn more about True North. Francesco Cavalli’s La Calisto, performed

by the Harvard Early Music Society. New argas, Cazu College Theatre, 10-12 Holyoke Street.

www.TrueNorthEvolution.org Sanders Theatre Ximena V www.boxoffice.harvard.edu North hill — INNovaTIve LIvINg for PeoPLe 65+ 617-496-2222 www.hrgsp.org; 617-938-9761 865 Central a venue, Needham, Ma 02492 | 888-699-9577 • November 3-13 HMS Pinafore, or the Lass That Loved a Sailor, is the fall selection being offered by the Harvard-Radcliffe Gilbert and Sullivan 18266_NorthHill_HarvardMag_110111.indd 1 9/19/11 10:36 AM Players. • November 16 at 8 p.m. The Harvard music department presents The Chiara Quartet. The program includes Mozart’s Quartet No. 14 in G Major, Schubert’s Quintet in C Major, and Hans Tutschku’s Behind the light, for string quar- olida tet and electronics. Concert is free; tickets required. Turn to • December 6 at 8 p.m. H page 16H. The Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra per- Wish List forms Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 6.

16B November - December 2011 Re ond al E m st m a a t e H

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111125_Hammond.indd 1 9/28/11 11:12 AM New England Regional Section

student dancers and musicians on a site- specific performance piece. Check the website for an announcement of performance location details.

theater American Repertory Theater www.americanrepertorytheater.org 617-547-8300 (box office) 617-495-2668 (general number) • December 7 through January 8 (2012) Three Pianos. This Obie Award-winning music/theater event features three friends

arpenter Center who spend a wintry night exploring Schubert’s song cycle Winterreise, reenacting f the c a wilder version of a “Schubertiad”—a musical salon hosted by the composer. Loeb ourtesy o c Drama Center, 64 Brattle Street. Measurements of Space in a Fractal 617-495-8683; Harvard Dance Center, • December 10-31 Structured Vacuum, by Felicity Nove, on 60 Garden Street The Snow Queen. This interactive adap- display at the Carpenter Center • December 2 and 3 at 8 p.m. tation of the classic tale by Hans Christian dance Jill Johnson, the new director of the Andersen features live action and larger- http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/dance dance program within Harvard’s Office than-life puppetry. Loeb Drama Center, 64 www.boxoffice.harvard.edu (for tickets) for the Arts, will be collaborating with Brattle Street.

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16D November - December 2011 New England Regional Section www.cluboberon.com/events/donkey- • November 3 the Western and gangster movie genres show-0. 617-496-8004. “CFA’s Fall/Winter Sky Guide” with Sue through films likeOnce Upon A Time in Amer- • Saturdays at 8 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. French, author and contributing editor at ica and The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. The Donkey Show, a high-energy Studio Sky & Telescope magazine. •November 18 54 adaptation of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. • November 17 Laurel Nakadate’s The Wolf Knife. fA “Boogie—on down!” “What is a Planet?” with CFA’s David Shown in conjunction with the Carpenter guilar, C

Oberon Theater, 2 Arrow Street. Aguilar. Center’s current exhibit of the installation . A • December 15 and video artist’s work, this film explores A avid D Nature and science “Cosmic Train Wrecks” with CFA’s The Arnold Arboretum Lauranne Lanz. www.arboretum.harvard.edu; 617-384-5209 • Through December 17, with an artist’s re- film ception on November 5, 1-3 p.m. The Harvard Film Archive Trees and Gardens: Photography by http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa Joseph Flack Weiler features intricate 617-495-4700 black-and-white images that reveal the Visit the website for a complete ways in which trees touch our rural and listing of festivals and showtimes. urban lives. • November 4-19 The Harvard-Smithsonian Center Once Upon a Time…Sergio Leo for Astrophysics ne celebrates the work of the Ital- www.cfa.harvard.edu/events/mon.html ian director who revolutionized 617-495-7461; 60 Garden Street Observatory Night lectures at 7:30 p.m., fol- An image from “What is a Planet?” lowed by stargazing if weather permits. at the Center for Astrophysics 2595 Lg Harv Mag.sp_Layout 1 9/20/11 12:11 PM Page 1

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two teenage girls’ inarticulate relationships. •November 26 - December 18 The Complete Henri-Georges Clouzot. This pivotal and divisive figure in French cinema of the 1940s and 1950s produced daring, dark-humored films critical of bourgeois society.

Exhibitions & events Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts www.ves.fas.harvard.edu; 617-495-3251 • November 4 - December 22. Opening re-

ception and panel discussion on Novem- ART ber 3 at 6 p.m. Three Pianos, at the ART, with Alec Measure for Measure is a multimedia Duffy, Rich Burkhardt, and Dave Malloy exhibition curated by Baird professor of science Lisa Randall featuring new works ception and panel discussion on Novem- by seven Los Angeles-based artists who ber 17 at 6 p.m. explore the concept of scale through con- Laurel Nakadate: Say You Love Me. Pre- hive c temporary art, architecture, and physics. sented with the Fogg Art Museums, this • November 17 - December 22. Opening re- selection of videos by the artist pushes the ilm ar ilm boundaries of voyeurism, exhibitionism, From Once Upon a Time in America, at the Harvard Film Archive and vulnerability. harvard f harvard

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Shooting for Peace: Youth Behind the Lens features photographs by young people exploring their iden- olida tities after fleeing rural violence in Colombia. • December 1 at 5:30 p.m. HWish List “Trash Talk” Lecture Series “Products, Plastics, Putrefaction, and Power: Rethinking How We Manage Materials to Achieve Just Sustainability,” by Samantha Mac-

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Harvard Magazine 16I explorations

Dancing “Makes Us More Alive”

New England offers numerous forms of dance for body, mind, and soul • by Nell Porter Brown

n primitive cultures throughout New York City dancers Karen the world, dance brings communities Amatrading and Christopher together in a common purpose, jazz Lockhart strut their stuff during a lecture by Wynton Marsalis at I master Wynton Marsalis, Ar.D. ’09, told Sanders Theatre. an audience packed into Sanders Theatre in September. Dances requested rain or a successful hunt or battle, opened paths to gods and other spirits, promoted fertil- ity and gender identity. They taught “our young the meaning of sexuality as they entered adulthood,” he said. “Dancing sanctified our space. It could heighten our sense of being alive by making us one with the very ground we danced on, the air we breathed, and the seen and the unseen.” Dance was, and is, a unique and essential human activity that connects us to the musical rhythms of life. “Unlike rowing a boat or chopping wood,” Marsalis noted, in “dancing you became more of yourself as you became one with others. You almost never got tired because your spirit soared the more you danced—because this was play.” Proving that point, his four-and-a- half hour presentation on the history of social dance and music in America (part of his two-year lecture and performance series sponsored by President Drew Faust’s office) was punctuated by dazzling performances, from the cakewalk, minuet, waltz, and fox trot to tap, tango, the Charleston, the lindy hop, the mashed potato, meren- gue, cha cha cha, and the twist.

This winter, as the cold isolates many New Englanders by chasing them indoors, dance might be just the form of exercise—for the mind and spirit as well as the body—needed to gain a fuller sense of well-being and connection to others. The region offers a wealth of dance stu- dios, classes, community groups, ethnic dance movements, and amateur performing troupes to join (see the resource box on page 16L). Fitness gyms increasingly offer dance classes such as Zumba, bal-

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47804-10_10CTC145_WM_Ad_FP4C_v04.indd 1 7/27/10 6:42:35 AM BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN 47804-10_10CTC145_WM_Ad_FP4C_v04.pgs 07.27.2010 06:39 New England Regional Section let, Nia (which combines dance, yoga, and martial arts), and even belly dancing, Dance Resources www.jehkulu.org/contact.html along with the more traditional workouts. Dance and drumming classes, perfor- “Hey—whatever gets people moving!” says Among the organizations that lead and/or mances, and festivals in and around Bur- Jill Johnson, the new director of the dance promote social dancing in New England: lington, Vermont program within Harvard’s Office for the Arts. http://www.havetodance.com www.facone.org (the Folk Arts Center Johnson knows that many people are A fairly comprehensive resource for re- of New England), www.folkdancing.org intimidated by dancing, which makes it gional swing dances. Also good contact (the Folk Dance Association), and www. hard to be comfortable as a beginner. She information for other dance forms, in- neffa.org (the New England Folk Festival encourages nonprofessional dancers not to cluding tango, hustle, and salsa Association), all offer details on interna- worry so much about how they look, but tional folk dancing and music venues. to concentrate on how they feel: dance is a www.salsaboston.com way to explore what of ourselves gets ex- Great for finding lessons, clubs, and per- www.earthdance.net pressed, and our relationship to others on formances. (See dance lessons section Earthdance, based near Northhampton, the dance floor. “We worry about how we for venues outside of Boston.) Massachusetts, offers classes, work- are perceived by others,” she adds. “People shops, and events with an emphasis on say, ‘I’m not a dancer’ and that shuts off www.arnb.org/Northeast.php dance and interdisciplinary somatic arts curiosity about it. We were born with the Cajun/Zydeco music and dance that “focus on sustainable living, social capacity to dance! Children who see some- justice, and community.” one playing music on the street will move http://wadabo.drupalgardens.com to connect with the beat. That instinct West African dance and music classes www.zumba.com/en-US/about gets lost because of who we think we are and events, primarily in Boston The trademarked dance fitness program supposed to be as adults.” She advises Zumba, performed to international mu- starting slowly. “Hip hop is very popular,” www.dne.org sic with a heavy Latin American sound she says. “Some of it involves complex co- Dance New England is an umbrella group ordination. Breaking down a phrase into that coordinates free-form dances. The www.niaboston.com smaller steps can sometimes help. Try not website also has an extensive list of other The site lists classes, teachers, and work- to look in the mirror too much.” kinds of dances to join. shops. Johnson trained classically through her teens, then was “opened creatively” by the variations of modern dance. Her choreographer William Forsythe. She is Harvard researchers to better understand work has blended the two—and other interested in “waking up the neural path- how dance affects brain activity and plas- dance forms—through intricate compo- ways” through dance and wants to engage ticity. Specifically, she would like to make sitions with her longtime collaborator, in interdisciplinary partnerships with clearer the connections related to the effect of movement on and in the pre-frontal Dance Freedom in cortex of the brain and how the cognitive Cambridge draws a processes develop. “So much of the body is crowd for its free-style, barefoot boogies. patterning, which has helped me learn new things in the studio,” she explains. “Ap- proaching a certain step in a dance and trying to change it is like the process of re- covering from an injury. The pathways are re-patterning in healing and recovery the same way they are when we are learning new ways to move our bodies in dance.” In the classes she teaches, Johnson has her students warm up through “cross- hemisphere coordinative exercises”: swinging their bodies across their mid- lines by moving the right and left hands to opposite, specific points on the body (e.g., ankles, knees, elbows, ears). “The legs also move across the body in subtle opposition to the directions of the hands.

16L November - December 2011 Photographs by Jim Harrison New England Regional Section

David Kahn happily twirls the night away.

The whole body is moving, utilizing the configurations ofépaulement found in bal- let,” she explains. “To my knowledge, there isn’t any empirical research that suggests that this series of exercises helps coordination, but I have found—after extensive use of this modality in my own dancing, and teaching students these patterning exercises over a length of time— that there is an increased coordinative ability as a result of practicing them.”

There is no doubt of the positive effect, in general, of physical activity on the brain, on cognitive functioning, and on age-related problems, notes David Kahn, an instructor in psychiatry at Harvard Medical School whose research supports the development of a neuropsychology of dreaming. “But dancing adds another aspect to exercise and its effect on our bodies and brains,” he says, “because it is a joy- ous activity.” Kahn is among the leaders of Dance New England (DNE; www.dne.org), “a creative collective of individuals who love to dance.” The nonprofit, all-volunteer group promotes dance’s ability to foster COMING NEXT ISSUE... authentic self-expression, tolerance, and community; it is the umbrella organization for numerous freestyle dances throughout POSTCARDS the region (and in New York City), as well as for an annual summer family camp in FROM Freedom, New Hampshire. Since 1976, Kahn has attended the Wednesday night gatherings in Harvard NEW Showcasing fun winter Square called Dance Freedom, which has getaway ideas for its origins in Dance Free, created by Alli- ENGLAND Harvard Magazine readers. son Binder and the dance and drumming circles first established on the Cambridge To advertise, contact Abby Williamson: [email protected]

Harvard Magazine 16M New England Regional Section

Common in the late 1960s. vian, and Scottish, along with Jill Johnson performs All DNE’s events are smoke-, during “The Art of events and performances. alcohol-, and drug-free. “If Survival: A Tenth “There are a lot of places you that stuff is available and al- Anniversary can learn to dance, like old Observance of 9/11 most expected, because that in Words, Music, church halls with fluorescent is the way nightclubs make and Dance” at lighting,” Snively says. “But their money, then why not Sanders Theatre. it doesn’t matter where you have another paradigm where are, because there is a lot of there is no alcohol and see energy in dance groups and what happens?” Kahn asks. you have a good time. Danc- DNE encourages the meeting ing is definitely a way to find of “authentic selves” in the a community. People want to dance. “People have said they share their culture and art need alcohol to loosen up, but forms, especially with young in my experience, all people people, and are very welcom- need is to hear the music and ing.” move their bodies. And this Great dancing is not about has been successful.” satisfying the ego—it is “an Dancing regularly and par- offering” of your gifts, John- ticipating in the DNE commu- son says. “If you are really di- nity has not only been good aled into the dance then you for Kahn’s physical health, cannot think about yourself; it has also complemented the energy and focus [present his work as a researcher. “At in that creative moment] are work,” he says, “I think by ar- too big. We think of that kind ticulating ideas that are part of thing as ‘New Agey,’ but if of trying to understand how you are open and accessible” and why we behave the way to merging the movement we do, while dancing uses a with the music and other different part of my brain. I dancers, then a new state of don’t have to understand why being surfaces. “I think it is I am dancing or how. There being in touch with the soul,” is no abstract thinking. The mind takes a I close my eyes and just feel it. You have Johnson explains. “These days we are so coffee break and the body has full rein.” to be aware enough to not pull too hard empirical; we want to know the how and On a recent cool, rainy evening, the on the others, or tangle up somehow, but why instead of having some mystery that Cambridge dance, held in a church fac- generally it’s possible to just melt into the defies words. In dance, ing the Common, drew about 30 people. sense of the group.” It was originally the you know the feeling Individuals, couples, or larger groups music (and her musician husband) that when you feel it, and Visit harvardmagazine. danced without prescribed steps, or drew her to this communal dance form be- therein lies the con- com/extras for a Q&A with OFA Dance simply stretched their bodies, to a wide cause the rhythms are not four-four as they nection” among body, Program director Jill range of predominantly instrumental mu- are in American contra dancing (which she mind, and spirit. Johnson. sic, including trance and electronic-style finds much less interesting); instead, they In his lecture, Mar- lounge sounds. Pretty much anything goes are variable, syncopated, “and intriguing,” salis said social partner dancing allowed “a at Dance Freedom. “Every dance I find she says. “Tango dancing is intriguing in glimpse into another soul, if only for a mo- some joy in,” Kahn says, “but every once the same way. You are moving to different ment, through the exuberance of motion.” in a while, like the other night, there is a rhythms and there is an ongoing curiosity He took a year to research the origins of meshing with another dancer and there is about how you fit into the music.” popular dance in preparation for the Sand- a chemistry that is like chocolate melting There are opportunities to learn and ers Theatre event. That work clarified, for in your mouth.” perform Balkan dances, such as through him, what social dancing has contributed Helen Snively ’71, of Cambridge, can find The East European Folklife Center (eefc. to culture. “It was competition, coopera- a similar experience in Balkan dancing, org), which runs a week-long summer tion, and consciousness,” he noted. Dance which she has done for 15 years. Done in camp in upstate New York that Snively “is and was and will always be community a group, with the dancers holding hands, attends. Many other groups in New Eng- in action. Although life is no cakewalk, Balkan dancing “is easy to relax into once land organize a similar range of folk and people are going to dance no matter what, you know the steps,” she says. “Sometimes ethnic dances, such as Greek, Scandina- because it makes us more alive.”

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111109_PremProp_Fullpg.indd 1 9/28/11 12:45 PM Tastes and Tables Evoo Evolves One of Cambridge’s locavore leaders thrives in Kendall Square.

main dishes, we devoured the homemade, pencil-thin bread sticks, made with a zingy blend of salt and rosemary, and de- plored their accompaniment: olive oil and balsamic vinegar with cheese bits that was far too acidic. The first entrée was served upside- down on the plate: the diner lifted a Chinese take-out box to reveal a tower of mustard-glazed shrimp and sesame- hoisin braised beef (perfectly cooked), layered with brown rice and gingery veg- etables (including broccoli and shredded lettuce) and cashews in a red chili gravy. mpressive for its promotion of high- by red ceiling banners and red upholstered Less hoisin sauce would be advisable, but tech global innovation, Kendall Square banquettes—and could stand a few inti- the balance of textures and tastes was is no one’s idea of a cozy neighborhood. mate touches. great overall. I Nor is it known for its vibrant night life. Still, Evoo is, literally and figuratively, The grilled sirloin (from Pineland Farm Its gleaming glass and steel buildings among the brightest lights in this urban in New Gloucester, Maine; Evoo lists its are home to more than 100 firms whose landscape after sundown—deservedly pop- suppliers on the menu) rubbed with cori- employees, by day, join international visi- ular for its eclectic array of homey, earthy ander and black pepper was lean and ten- tors and MIT faculty and staff members dishes sourced from regional farms. “We der. With it came duck-fat fried potatoes crowding into numerous lunch spots. want this place to be something to feel (a bit too dry and bland), and a nicely bit- Luxury condominium buildings offer liv- good about,” says chef Peter McCarthy, who ing tomato and arugula salad with excel- ing and sleeping quarters, but their resi- owns it with his wife, Colleen. “You know lent Great Hill blue cheese from Marion, dents rarely seem to be out on the streets your money is not going to some big corpo- Massachusetts. at night—except to hop the Red Line to ration in the Midwest but to small farmers The dessert was simply outstanding: Boston. Little exists to draw their gastro- you can call on the phone and talk to.” peaches marinated in a nuanced white- nomic interests beyond the notable ex- Evoo’s menu changes to accommodate wine-and-thyme syrup and topped with ceptions: Amelia’s Trattoria, The Hungry available ingredients, but always offers freshly whipped cream. All the diners at Mother, The Blue Room, and, since 2010, three courses for $42, or $60 when paired Evoo—and at the adjacent Za bar across a Evoo, which moved from a site on the far- with wines. (Try the local Turtle Creek foyer, abuzz on a Thursday night—seemed thest fringes of Harvard Square to a spot Chardonnay made 19 miles away in Lin- happily fed and immersed in good conver- next to its sister restaurant, Za (which fea- coln, Massachusetts; it’s surprisingly dry sation. tures a bar and casual fare like pizZA). and layered.) One would never guess that just outside Evoo (short for “extra virgin olive oil”) is We began with an excitingly fresh sum- on this cool evening, all was quiet save for not particularly cozy, either. It is housed in mer-vegetable gazpacho, heavily seasoned a few stray wind-blown leaves on the va- the bottom of the Watermark residential with basil and garlic seemingly just plucked cant plaza. “It won’t be empty long,” Mc- tower on a concrete plaza built over an un- from the ground. The “back-room smoked” Carthy declares. “Three new restaurants derground garage (where diners can park pig’s-skin risotto arancini tasted, by con- have recently opened and a new apartment for $4). Its modern, faintly industrial-style trast, as if it had been cooked Evoo building is going up. And interior is pretty even if a bit generic— all day, merging salty, dirty we’re here. We think 350 Third Street boxy rooms painted a sage green, accented barbecue flavors that bloom Kendall Square is fast Cambridge fully only over time. turning into a great new Evoo’s earthy food is served in a modern, 617-661-3866 open interior with a view of the kitchen. While waiting for the neighborhood.” vn.p.b. www.evoorestaurant.com

16P November - December 2011 Photograph bu Liz Linder Montage Art, books, diverse creations

19 Salads with Panache 21 America as Argentina 22 Disruptive Creations 24 Off the Shelf 26 On Discovering Drugs

captured in an absorbing 2010 documentary (for- eignpartsfilm.com) co-directed by anthropologists Véréna Paravel and J.P. Sniadecki, both fellows of the Harvard Film Study Center. It will play in art- house theaters this fall. Willets Point pulses with grassroots entrepreneurship, driven by the repair of automobiles, which often involves Puddles of water, a tearing down leitmotif in Foreign other cars. City Parts, fill the rutted An Elegy Set in Queens streets of Willets motorists flock Point in Queens, to the rutted, Filming a vital, vanishing junkyard neighborhood of New York City a mecca for auto puddled streets repair and parts. to find bargains by Craig Lambert in windshields, sideview mirrors, tires— n the nonfiction film Foreign Parts, while loping through his homeland, now all manner of parts salvaged from dead a tall, scrappy, solitary man named Joe threatened by the city’s juggernaut of emi- cars. Images of dismemberment stud the strides majestically through the junk- nent domain. In both accent and attitude, 80-minute film, as viewers witness cars I yard neighborhood of Willets Point, a Joe is pure “New Yawk”—quintessentially, and vans chopped to pieces in the automo- 75-acre section of Queens that lies beside lovably, New York—and the fact that Wil- tive equivalent of organ donation. Watch- the Billie Jean King National Tennis Cen- lets Point is doomed, destined to be de- ing a worker saw off a steering column ter, site of the U.S. Open tennis tourna- stroyed by Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s and carry it away, severed wires dangling, ment, and in the shadow of Citi Field, new $3-billion plan to help developers build feels like seeing a butcher carrying entrails home of the New York Mets. Joe, now 79, stores and offices there, feels like a death down a boulevard. Since cars hold such a is the last legal resident among the 2,000- sentence for a dogged part of the soul of formative place in American culture, For- odd transients and working stiffs of Wil- the great city. Luckily, the neighborhood’s eign Parts’ intimate look at the backstage lets Point, and he rages like a deposed king fascinating, gritty life-world has been work of a junkyard doubles as an explora-

Film stills courtesy of Foreign Parts Harvard Magazine 17 montage

I have an Ivy League degree.

We’re continuing the tradition with a Johnson MBA. tion of the society itself, in both its vitality Joe, a quintessential New Yorker and and its cruelties. When Paravel first stum- central figure in Foreign Parts, takes a walking tour of a warehouse stocked bled on Willets Point while shooting her with automobile parts. first film,7 Queens, “I had the feeling,” she says, “that I was walking into a cemetery, able town drunk—the friendly, incoher- a cathedral, a museum, a feudal village, a ent transient, neglected by the machinery third-world country, a postindustrial mi- of society, who carries on thanks to the crocosm, all at once.” protection of a com- The community does indeed feel like munity that can’t quite a world apart, a foreign bazaar for auto imagine doing without Visit harvardmagazine. parts that somehow remains intensely her. Affectionate abuse com/extras to see a clip from Foreign Parts and American: in a way, the film shows capi- stitches the neighbor- a gallery of stills from talism in its rawest form, and in particular hood together: when Your Ivy League degree is an the film. those who have been shunted aside by its Julia hits up a working invaluable asset. Enhance it unsentimental calculus. One man seems acquaintance for yet another loan, the lat- with an MBA from Johnson to do little but direct incoming motorists ter ripostes, “What am I—an ATM?” at Cornell University. Choose to the right shop for their needs, oiling the Paravel, born in Switzerland to French our two-year program, or wheels of commerce on a pro bono basis. parents, lived in Algeria, Togo, Portugal, our one-year accelerated The people of Willets Point face the same France, Russia, and the Ivory Coast as the program. Either way, you’ll fate as the cars that fuel their livelihood. child of a petroleum engineer. She earned “We wanted to make visible a communi- expand your connections her doctorate in anthropology and soci- ty that is trying to survive,” ology at the University of — and your options — as a Paravel says. Toulouse II in 2003, and is member of the worldwide In two years of shooting, currently a lecturer on an- Cornell network. the directors made monthly thropology at Harvard, as trips to New York and spent well as a faculty associate Learn more or register a full month in the junkyard of the Sensory Ethnography for an admissions event at during the summer of 2009. Lab, a collaboration between johnson.cornell.edu. In the process, they built the departments of anthro- relationships with the indi- pology and of visual and en- MBA AppLicAtion deAdLines: viduals who reappear in the vironmental studies. In 2002 el Round 2 applications due movie, which unfolds like a v Véréna Paravel she settled in New York City november 30, 2011 vivid ethnography. A fond ara with her husband, Vincent Round 3 applications due but down-and-out young Lépinay, a fellow social sci- January 25, 2012 couple, Luis and Sara, live in entist; the family moved to a van; Sara shows the film- Boston when he joined the makers the tire iron and MIT faculty in 2006. niadecki and Véréna P knife she sleeps with while Once Paravel discovered Luis is in jail. A free-spirited the magic of Willets Point, African-American woman, she realized that she would J.P. Sniadecki Julia, appears as the lov- courtesy S of J.p. need a male collaborator to

18 November - December 2011 Cornell-25870 Johnson_ILA_2188x9625 Insert2.indd 19/22/11 3:54 PM Montage

shoot throughout the rough neighbor- rous, and too beholden to the conventions Whatever its genre, Foreign Parts seems to hood, and joined forces with Sniadecki. A of broadcast journalism,” Paravel explains. resonate strongly with audiences: it won graduate student in anthropology at Har- “I’m allergic to the strictures of a ‘fly-on- the Best First Feature prize at the pres- vard, he had directed a 2008 documentary the-wall’ approach, in which the filmmaker tigious Locarno Film Festival, best-film she admired, Demolition, about workers at a tries to be completely invisible and inau- prizes at three other European festivals, demolition site in China. (He is currently dible, as if they’re some kind of all-seeing and was an official selection for the New pursuing research in China.) “Aesthetical- God who has no real relationship with the York Film Festival. ly, we were speaking the same language,” subjects in front of the camera. For me, films “I try to offer something for viewers to she says; in the junkyard, they “would be should enact and embody an encounter, see, experience, and make sense of on their swapping the camera back and forth—it rather than just report on one after the fact. own terms, rather than imposing my own was so organic.” The notion of a unidirectional gaze is an il- interpretation through a voiceover,” Paravel Foreign Parts reflects both their aesthetic lusion—a camera’s vision is always returned explains. “I try not to finger-point. This is and their philosophy, which rejects many and contested by those in front of it.” more empowering for the subjects, and also traditions of documentary film: narrative The result is a film that draws the view- for the viewers. Film at its best aspires to be structure, voiceover narration, identifying er into an unfamiliar but very real place. a medium of commensality rather than mere titles, and musical soundtracks, for exam- (“Sure, it’s an ethnographic film,” Paravel communication, a way of sharing and reliv- ple. “Documentaries tend to be too timo- jokes, “—like any other fictional film.”) ing the world with one’s subjects.” Salads with Panache Gardening, mixing, and tossing in Santa Fe

he high desert and gourmet come during the growing salads; experience as both a fash- season (roughly late May to ionista and a farmer. Unlikely late September), there’s a T pairings apparently come natu- good chance that Wade will rally to Erin Wade ’03, farmer, chef, and have picked your greens her- owner of Vinaigrette, a salad bistro in self that very morning. Santa Fe. The menu at her 68-seat estab- She began to think seri- lishment (100 seats in the summer, when ously about food after col- the patio is open) offers about 20 variet- lege, while studying to be- ies of salad daily—and her creations have come a fashion designer in a way of hitting the palate with aplomb. Milan. “The Italian attitude Consider the robust Apple-Cheddar Chop toward pleasure and food, ($15.95)—grilled pork tenderloin over it’s infectious,” she says. “It’s peppery baby arugula, julienned green this sense of entitlement— apples, pickled fennel, and sharp ched- that everyone deserves good dar, chopped and tossed in a ruby port food.” A Milanese pizze- vinaigrette, or the relatively light Eat Your ria that featured more than Peas ($9.95)—fresh baby lettuce and sweet 100 different pizzas, rang- m green peas with crunchy bacon shards, sa- ing from kiwi and taleggio to vory white mushroom sauté, and Asiago Gorgonzola and hazelnut, ouglas Merria D

ynthia Whitney Ward Whitney ynthia cheese with a tart vinaigrette. Should you inspired her; all were “sim- C ple, fresh, and healthy.” Salad creator Erin Wade on her New “As a woman coming out of college, I Mexico farm. (At left) Wade’s Cherry Tart salad at Vinaigrette in Santa Fe was looking for a way of eating, a philosophy of eating, that wasn’t depriva- 300-year-old adobe fixer-upper where she tional,” she recalls. “I wanted to eat in now lives, in 2003 as a family redoubt, but a way that was loving and nurturing.” Wade moved in after returning from Milan Wade tends her three-acre garden, unclear about her career plans. with a 1,200-square-foot greenhouse, In 2004, she began planting cover crops in Nambé, a hamlet 20 miles north of like alfalfa and legumes to replenish the Santa Fe, with help from one other soil’s nitrogen, and began trying to irrigate, gardener. Her family bought the 10- a task far more complicated than she’d first acre parcel of land, including the expected, given the area’s written and un-

Harvard Magazine 19 montage

written rules governing water rights. “Whis- today at canyon ranch key’s for drinking, the saying goes around here,” a nonstop mom relished the Wade says, “water’s for fighting.” But by 2005, a serenity, took a wild dance class small patch was ready for planting in raised beds—and the dream of opening a restaurant and let herself get pampered silly. was blooming, too. In 2008, with help from her family, a large line of credit, and consider- This Is Your Moment. able faith in her untested business plan, she opened Vinaigrette. “I picked every dish, tin, plate, chair, table, and lamp,” Wade says. “Designing was a natural extension of my background, and a hell of a lot easier for me than the work of running a restaurant!” For help in that department, Wade enlisted an operations manager and a kitchen consultant. “I will say that it wasn’t easy, in Visit harvardmagazine. this male-dominated com/extras for two industry, to find people of Erin Wade’s salad dressing recipes and I could work with who more images of her checked their ego and food and restaurant. listened to me—a skinny white chick with no experience.” But Wade brought her salad Discover Canyon Ranch acumen, fine-tuned during her years living At our luxury health resorts in Tucson, Arizona, and on the farm, and the concept. And the pair- Lenox, Massachusetts, you can relax, renew and find greater balance ings have worked: steady growth, bustling in your life – and an unforgettable escape from the everyday. lunch and dinner crowds, and rave reviews (including two mentions in the New York To inquire about reservations & current specials, call 888-288-3850 Times). or visit us online at canyonranch.com She now raises about 70 percent of Vin- aigrette’s produce on her own land, and whatever happens to be thriving inspires her salad creations. The high desert air produces particularly peppery arugula, for instance—hence the idea of balancing it with

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20 November - December 2011 Montage

It has been a rotten economic decade o p e n b o o k for the United States. Why—and can anything be done to keep the stagnant new normal from persisting? In Lost De- America as cades: The Making of America’s Debt Cri- sis and the Long Recovery (W.W. Nor- ton, $26.95), Menzie D. Chinn ’84, of the Argentina University of Wisconsin, and Stanfield professor of international peace Jeffry A. Frieden advance a macroeconomic account of these woes, and a (difficult) path away m from them. In the preface, they ask, “What happened?” and answer thus:

The United States borrowed and spent alphabet soup of bewildering new finan- ouglas Merria

D itself into a foreign debt crisis. Between cial instruments, a myriad of regulatory Vinaigrette’s light, airy interior pays 2001 and 2007, Americans borrowed complications, an unprecedented speed of artistic homage on one wall to the trillions of dollars from abroad. The fed- contagion. Yet for all the unique features of building blocks of salads. eral government borrowed to finance contemporary events, in its essence this sweet dried cherries and toasted pecans in its budget deficit; households borrowed was a debt crisis. Its origins and course are the Cherry Tart ($8.95). Other salads, like to allow them to consume beyond their of a piece with hundreds of episodes in Appeasement, start from a story—in that means. As money flooded in from abroad, the modern international economy. case, about a couple of grumpy customers Americans spent some of it on hard For a century American policymak- who needed mollifying. “The fact that peas goods, especially on cheap imports. They ers and their allies in the commanding and mint are a classic culinary pairing got spent most of the rest on local goods heights of the international financial sys- me thinking…but how to combine them?” and services, especially financial services tem warned governments of the risks of she recalls. “Mint is used frequently in and real estate. The result was a broad- excessive borrowing, unproductive spend- Thai cooking, so I thought of peanuts and based economic expansion. This expan- ing, foolish tax policies, and unwarranted obliquely of black sesame seeds, which are sion—especially in housing—eventually speculation. Then, in less than a decade, common in Asian cuisines—and because became a boom, then a bubble. The bub- the United States proceeded to demon- I find mint too harsh by itself, I began to ble burst, with disastrous effect, and the strate precisely why such warnings were think about it in the dressing. So I ended country was left to pick up the pieces. valid, pursuing virtually every dangerous up with Appeasement [(a-peas-mint)]— The American economic disaster is policy it had advised others against.… crisp green cabbage, sugar snap and snow simply the most recent example of a The American crisis immediately peas, and radish, with chopped peanuts, “capital flow cycle,” in which capital spread to the rest of the international black sesame seeds, and a creamy mint- floods into a country, stimulates an eco- economy. The world learned a valuable ginger vinaigrette.” nomic boom, encourages high-flying fi- lesson about global markets: they trans- The grumpy couple, apparently, never nancial and other activities, and eventu- mit bad news as quickly as good news. returned, but Wade considers the salad ally culminates in a crash. In broad The American borrowing binge had name emblematic of what running a res- outlines, the cycle describes the de- pulled much of the world along with taurant requires. “When you can turn a veloping-country debt crisis of the it—drawing some countries (Great Brit- negative experience into a positive one by early 1980s, the Mexican crisis of ain, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Greece) into apologizing, admitting fault, sending out 1994, the East Asian a similar debt-fi- dessert or comping the whole shebang— crisis of 1997-1998, nanced boom, whatever kind of appeasement is neces- the Russian and Bra- and tapping other sary—you often cultivate your most loyal zilian and Turkish and countries (China, and devoted customers.” Argentine crises of the Japan, Saudi Arabia, Of moving to New Mexico, learning to late 1990s and into Germany) for the farm, and opening Vinaigrette with no 2000-2001—and, in money to make it restaurant experience, Wade says, “It was fact, the German crisis possible. The col- a big leap of faith. I was convinced I was of the early 1930s and lapse dragged fi- going to be dressed in a sleazy carrot cos- the American crisis of nancial markets ev- tume begging people to come in off the the early 1890s.… erywhere over a street.” But she says also that she knew, in To be sure, the most cliff in a matter of part from her experience at Harvard, that recent American ver- weeks, with broad “ideas matter. No one thought it was going sion of a debt crisis economic activ- to work, but I believed in this. I knew it was replete with its ity following within would work. People need it.” own particularities: an months. vhoward axelrod

Illustration by Richard Mia Harvard Magazine 21 montage Advertisement ONCE A HARVARD GRAD, ALWAYS A HARVARD GRAD. Disruptive Creations When you graduated, it said something about you. It still does. Videos and sculptures that challenge perceptions

n the video called Day Shift, a security guard sits in a small office, watching a monitor that I shows the room she’s in. The phone rings. Nobody’s there. Again the phone, again no one’s on the other end. No matter, it’s 5 p.m. The guard walks to her car. Looks back—her rear window is bricked LAUREN MECHLING ’99 in. Nonetheless, a section of the window slides open. She crawls into the Background: Lauren Mechling has worked as a writer and editor at a backseat and through the rear win- number of publications, including the dow, emerging in the monitor on Paris Review and the New York Sun. her office desk. The She is now an editor at the Wall office is different Street Journal. Mechling is also an author of fi ction for young people, now—the ceiling’s including the Dream Girl detective lower. The phone The main set for Meredith series, The Rise and Fall of a 10th rings. Yet again the James’s video Day Shift Grade Social Climber series, and a (above), and one of its scenes novel titled My Darklyng, which was caller is silent. And (left), starring James published on Slate.com. as a small building is slowly pulled back- more likely traceable to a A Harvard Grad Is: Says Mechling, “I learned the most from the ward on the lawn of a country estate, there Surrealist film by Jean Cocteau or a liter- students surrounding me. There is applause. ary science-fiction novel. Not on her list: truly is no luxury greater than being The inspiration for this video might ideas that come from drawing, painting, in the midst of such inspiring and brilliant and quite often hilarious have been the 1999 filmBeing John Malkov- and sculpture. “When I draw,” she says, “I souls. They shaped who I am, ich. But that cult favorite would be too feel I’m looking at my own handwriting. and inspired me to approach direct for Meredith James ’04, the artist The words may surprise me, but it feels my work and life with a sense of who also cast herself as the uniformed familiar.” fearlessness and playfulness.” security guard in her video. Her idea of Her art is anything but familiar. “My A Harvard Grad Gives Back: an inspiration for a video or sculpture is intent is to show parallels between the Mechling donates to the Harvard Film Center, where she says she world you imagine spent “…what some might call an in your mind and unhealthy amount of hours in the the world we in- dark, being very, very happy.” BMW habit,” she says. “I North America is proud to support Lauren’s efforts with a donation to want to level that The Harvard Film Center. playing field.” So in her large, nearly Once a BMW, always a BMW. empty studio in a Every Certifi ed Pre-Owned BMW is nondescript section rigorously inspected, fully protected, and comes with the peace of mind knowing of Brooklyn, James, it’s been Certifi ed. But fi rst, every CPO now 29, makes vid- BMW is ... A BMW. The legendary eos and sculptures Ultimate Driving Machine®. (http://meredith- Before all the smart reasons that make james.com) that dis- it an exceptional choice, is the one tort architectural reason that makes it incomparable. So stop by a BMW center today and space and play with experience one for yourself. perception. “My bmwusa.com/cpo continuing interest,” she says, “is disrup- tion.”

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rie’s airborne hero is a young cen- Columbus: The Four Voyages, by Lau- tenarian. Tatar, profiled in these rence Bergreen ’72 (Viking, $35). Con- Off the Shelf pages in 2007 (“The Horror and tinuing the nautical theme: having dra- Recent books with Harvard connections the Beauty,” November-Decem- matized the adventures of Magellan and ber), provides context and notes. Marco Polo, the author now recounts Profusely illustrated. Columbus’s voyages, and not just the cel- The Idea of America: Reflections on ebrated initial one. the Birth of the United States, by Gor- Midnight Rising: John Brown and the don S. Wood, Ph.D. ’64 (Penguin, $29.95). Raid That Sparked the Civil War, by Living Originalism, by Jack M. Balkin Essays from the past half-century on the Tony Horwitz, RI ’06 (Henry Holt, $29). ’78, J.D. ’81 (Harvard, $35). The Knight American Revolution, the making of the The author, a shoe-leather historian/jour- professor of constitutional law and the Constitution, and the early Republic, by nalist who writes vivid narratives (in- First Amendment at Yale argues with full the eminent historian (now emeritus at cluding the classic Confederates in the At- scholarly force that originalism and a liv- Brown)—winner of the Bancroft and tic), here brings the Harpers Ferry events ing Constitution (incorporating modern Pulitzer Prizes and National Humanities crackling to life. conceptions of civil rights, health, the en- Medal—who has done foundational work vironment, etc.) are compatible—that in all these fields. American Anthrax, by Jeanne Guille- constitutionalism requires continuous con- min ’68, A.B.E. ’68 (Henry Holt, $27). A struction. Rising Force, by James D. Livingston, security-studies fellow at MIT probes the Ph.D. ’56 (Harvard, $27.95). A popular seven-year investigation of the anthrax at- People’s Warrior, by Michael R. Lem- introduction to the “magic” of magnetic tack after 9/11. ov, LL.B. ’59 (Fairleigh Dickinson, $27.95 levitation, by a former physicist at Gen- paper). The former chief counsel to the eral Electric and lecturer at MIT, who The Better Angels of Our Nature: late Representative John Moss, a 13-term knows how to have fun with his subject. Why Violence Has Declined, by Ste- Congressman, narrates the battles over Your kids will love the picture of the levi- ven Pinker, Johnstone Family professor the Freedom of Information Act and the tating frog. of psychology (Viking, $40). The author, Consumer Product Safety Commission— best known for his studies of human the sort of thing Congress did before it The Annotated Peter Pan: The Cen- language and cognition, turns his atten- turned to debates over defaulting on U.S. tennial Edition, edited by Maria Tatar, tion toward our use of fists and what he debt. Loeb professor of Germanic languages terms a diminution of bloody behaviors and literatures and of folklore and my- across history. Tocqueville and His America: A Dark- thology (W.W. Norton, $39.95). Just as er Horizon, by Arthur Kaledin ’52, Ph.D. Archie and Veronica and the Riverdale Why Trilling Matters, by Adam Kirsch ’65 (Yale, $45). An emeritus MIT historian gang remain ageless teenagers, J. M. Bar- ’97 (Yale, $24). The author, among the considers Tocqueville’s inner life, its rela- most productive and perceptive of tionship to his iconic Democracy in Amer- contemporary critics (and a con- ica, and his later concerns about the un- tributing editor of this magazine), derside of democratic culture. revivifies the leading literary crit- ic of an earlier era for the current Haiti after the Earthquake, by Paul one, when literature appears on less Farmer, Kolokotrones University Profes- firm footing. sor (PublicAffairs, $27.99). A heartbreak- ing reminder of what befell the battered 1812: The Navy’s War, by George people of Haiti in January 2010, and what C. Daughan, Ph.D. ’68 (Basic, $32.50). has happened since, by the Partners In The ground-based Civil War took Health founder who has worked to alle- place 150 years ago; the drone- viate suffering for decades in a country dominated U.S. campaign in Afghani- where the disasters have long been of the stan is now a decade old. Historian manmade variety. Daughan recalls the 200th anniversary of a less-remembered conflict, Elie Siegmeister: American Composer, when the overmatched Americans by Leonard J. Lehrman ’71 and Kenneth faced Britain’s terrifying navy. O. Boulton (Scarecrow Press/Rowan & Littlefield, $75). A biographical essay on Illustration by F.D. Bedford for J.M. and catalog of the works of the composer Barrie’s Peter and Wendy. As the children sleep, Peter crosses the sill of symphonic, operatic, movie, and other in the glow of Tinker Bell’s light. musical works. . Bedford. D . F montage

college prep Harvard

The humorous Applause uses motorized Every summer a vibrant community of hands to clap for viewers. high school sophomores, juniors, and A typical piece is See-Through (2007), an seniors participates in Harvard’s selective assembly of salvaged wood and windows, Secondary School Program. Students live on arranged in a kind of cupola. “You look into a window,” she explains, “but instead campus, take classes with college students, of seeing inside, you see another window. and build a foundation for a bright Soon you’re looking into a tunnel of win- academic future. dows. It’s a formal problem for me now, but it started out as a dream in which I • Undergraduate credit walked up to a house, looked in—and saw • Students from around the world out the side window.” • College prep through college visits, Corridor (2009), created from a dry- workshops, and admissions counseling cleaner’s conveyer rack, is a distant echo of a shot of the spooky hotel corridor in Stanley Kubrick’s 1980 filmThe Shining. Its intent: “to turn visual imagery into a phys- Secondary School Program ical object.” The video Present Time (2009) shows what seems like the peeling off of endless layers of lacy fabric as curtains of a proscenium stage are pulled back, only to www.ssp.harvard.edu reveal another curtain. This is not, for James, art that we should take Visit harvardmagazine. entirely seriously. In Ap- com/extras to see additional images plause, a sculpture she and video clips from made at Yale, where Meredith James. GET AWAY to the CARIBBEAN, she earned an M.F.A. MEXICO, and CENTRAL AMERICA in 2009, two rubber hands, powered by a motorized bicycle chain, sit upon a chair and clap repeatedly. “As an artist, you end up having to be your own audience a lot, because you’re alone so much of the time,” James explains. “But really, the piece is a joke. I’m laughing at myself and my desire for approval. When I showed it to my professors, I started with it switched off. Then TURN TO PAGE 74

Harvard Magazine 25 montage

I turned the machine on, because I knew ones. And in New York, there are many there’s no clapping in grad school.” different fabrics of reality. They all seem The eldest of three children of econo- real—but a lot of it is invented. The Clois- mist Annabel (Boyce) James and financier ters, for example; that medieval structure Hamilton James ’73, M.B.A. ’75, she sewed looks as if it’s always been there.” her first costume when she was seven but The aura of the past and the solidity didn’t read until she was in the second of objects unsettle her, which is why, she grade. At Harvard, where she concentrated says, she’s so enamored of video. “It’s a me- in visual and environmental studies, she dium that lets you easily dissolve what is was the one in the second row at the Brat- concrete and real. In the world, I find that Meredith James in her studio, with props tle Theatre, lost in the surrealistic special scary—I used to think an ashtray suddenly for a work in progress effects, or hunched over a sewing machine flying off a table would be the most terrify- audience how they do their tricks—and at the Loeb Drama Center. The source of ing thing in the world. Now I see how vid- yet still deceive and dazzle. For James, her her disruptive hopes for her art? In large eo can record a play that only exists from favorite moment is when the viewer rec- part, her aesthetic is a reaction to the sta- the point of view of the camera. Through ognizes the physical impossibility of what bility she experienced as a child in New the lens, you see a complete world. As soon she depicts, yet still finds the piece com- York and a student in Cambridge. as the camera moves, that world falls apart. pelling. “I like making art that’s like the “At Harvard, you’re always aware of And then you can put it back together.” funhouse at an amusement park,” she says. the history,” she explains. “In the bricks, As an illusionist, she works in the tra- “It may be stupid, but it still scares you.” even—the new ones look just like the old dition of Penn and Teller, who show the vjesse kornbluth

and chemistry at Columbia and a Howard On Discovering Drugs Hughes Medical Institute Early Career Scientist. His scientific pedigree places New approaches to crossing the pharmaceutical “Valley of Death” him in the top echelon of promising chemists, particularly those with a bent to by David G. Nathan break the worldwide logjam in drug development, the hoped- espite enormous gains in un- regulatory impedimenta that enormous for end product of Brent R. Stockwell, derstanding of the mechanisms amounts of time and money are required to the science of phar- Ph.D. ’99 The Quest for of disease, we are at a near im- learn that a drug is either a clinical failure macology. In addi- the Cure: The Science and passe in new drug development. or produces only a very small advance. It is tion to his practical Stories Behind the Next D Generation of Medicine Most good drug ideas fail at the stage be- very easy to spend a billion dollars to find knowledge of and tween successful experiments in test tubes out that there is very little to show for the experience with or- (Columbia, $27.95) and cell culture plates and the attempt to effort. In a market-based system such as ganic chemistry and translate the results to intact experimental ours, such losses are nearly impossible to drug design, Stockwell is a teacher who animals. The failure rate at this stage is so accept because we depend on pharmaceu- has produced a very useful small volume, high that some call it the “Valley of Death.” tical company profits and the incredible The Quest for the Cure: The Science and Stories Be- This collapse after much expenditure of generosity of donors and taxpayers (who hind the Next Generation of Medicine. time and treasure is hard enough to accept, support the National Institutes of Health) Stockwell begins with a clear statement but loss of a drug in the clinical-trial stage to fund the discoveries. of the scientific and fiscal challenge that is depressingly common as well, and our Brent R. Stockwell, Ph.D. ’99, is an as- faces patients with severe acute and chron- clinical-trial system is so encrusted with sociate professor of biological sciences ic diseases, the physicians and nurses who care for them, the grantors who support biomedical research, and the pharmaceutical industry. His early chapters explain that much of the reason for the

Left: The cancer drug gefitinib (also known as Iressa) is shown bound to the druggable protein EGFR. Gefitinib is used to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Right: The undruggable protein KRAS, found mutated in a high percentage of pancreatic, colon, and lung cancers, among others. No drugs have yet been found that can block the cancer-causing effects of mutant KRAS—the problem that concerns Brent Stockwell and other pharmaceutical researchers.

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10/3/11 9:45 AM HARVARDnew from PRESS montage narrowing of the pipeline of drug discov- Proteins are the engines of the cell. on their sequence; and the shape of a pro- ery lies in a vexing dilemma. The cells of Through their function they control the tein, in turn, dictates its function. a patient or experimental animal contain creation of energy, movement, brain func- Drugs work by binding to proteins, thousands of proteins, and the cells of each tion, death, and reproduction, and they altering their shape and thereby chang- tissue differ from one another based on the accomplish those functions by making ing their function. For example, aspirin, specific proteins that they express. Because specific contact with one another—in ef- a small, readily absorbable molecule and proteins control cell behavior, the success- fect, nudging one another into action. It is one of the oldest drugs, binds to small ful treatment of diseases mandates that we through the proteins they form that genes crevices on several proteins (including produce drugs that will influence proteins. make the individual cells in our tissues one on blood platelets, thereby rendering This creates the problem that animates develop into functioning organs and con- them less sticky; thus aspirin taken daily Stockwell: less than 20 percent of the pro- trol the inherited fraction of who we are as reduces the incidence of heart attacks and teins in cells are considered “druggable” individuals. Each protein is a polymer—a strokes). But many proteins, including dis- (meaning a small chemical or drug can be long chain of constituent amino acids. The ease-inducing ones, affect changes in cell produced that will bind to the protein and latter are members of a class of more than function by rubbing up against each other, affect its function). The more than 80 per- a score of different small molecules made adhering to a partner protein across large cent of cellular proteins that are currently up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, surface areas, thereby altering the shape, not druggable—because they lack crevices and occasionally sulfur atoms. The order and hence function, of each protein. on their surfaces into which a small chemi- of their insertion into the chains or poly- Small molecules like aspirin may be lost cal can bind—remain beyond the reach meric structures of individual proteins in that huge range of contact. But Stock- of today’s pharmaceutical science, even is directed by one of the approximately well teaches that within the large contact though some of them are prime suspects 20,000 genes that are composed of DNA regions there may be “hot spots” where in the causation of devastating diseases. and reside on chromosomes in the nucleus there are tiny but critically important Stockwell’s goal is to show the reader how of every human cell. Importantly, the pre- crevices in which a differently configured such proteins can be made druggable by cise order of the amino acids in a protein small molecule might lodge, thus chang- defining “hot spots” on them (see below), dictates its shape, because the amino acids ing the shape of its host and interrupting and thereby to advance the field of phar- fold against each other in a three-dimen- its abnormal function. Much of the second macology. sional pattern that is entirely dependent half of his book reviews the history of and

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28 November - December 2011 Montage the new approaches to finding those min- based on patient-specific gene expression we will need many drugs to combat them. ute crevices and the small molecules that in cancer cells—as he describes the mul- Stockwell knows that his readership might bind tightly in them. He describes tiple genetic mutations in cancer, but it in- is unlikely to include many professional how academic and pharmaceutical-com- creasingly seems that the infectious agents organic chemists, so he has adopted a sto- pany laboratories prepare vast “libraries” and cancer cells are themselves becoming rytelling approach to get his points across. of small molecules and robotically deter- personalized. Cancer, for example, arises Wisely, his medical case reports are few mine which of them may bind to particular from mutation in a single proteins that are implicated in disease. normal cell, but one of its Brent R. Stockwell Though Stockwell discusses computer- characteristics is instabil- aided drug design and drug combinations ity of DNA and a very high (including his frustrating experience of mutation rate. Thus the starting a company to explore the latter) daughter cells of the origi- in some detail, he does not address the nating cancer cell all dif- mechanisms of drug resistance in either fer from one another at the cancer or infectious diseases. These are genetic level. Accordingly, serious omissions because resistance of they are prone to continued both infectious agents and cancer cells is mutation and very likely to dependent on their high mutation rate and develop further mutations the selection for survival of the cells that that render some of them achieve resistance to one or more drugs. resistant to a particular This demands combination therapy. We drug. Dangerous infectious ia technology Ventures mb

need to define increasing numbers of use- microbes have the same olu ful antimicrobials and anticancer agents propensity. The popula- ersity, C just to keep pace as the infectious or ma- tions of microbes or cancer v

lignant cells achieve resistance. cells must be attacked with ia uni Stockwell refers to “personalized medi- multiple drugs to eradicate mb olu C cine”—the selection of an appropriate drug the invading horde. Hence ©

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Harvard Magazine 29 montage

and far between, because he does not know the details of the patients he describes, but Harvard@ his grasp of the fascinating history of or- 375 ganic chemistry and of the particular experiments that led, for example, to huge gains in our understanding of the protein- Make harvardmagazine.com your driven mechanisms of cancer is firm and more often than not lucidly presented. one-stop source for coverage of Harvard’s One may quibble, of course, with some of 375th anniversary celebration, including the kick- his tales. His description of the major contributions of Sidney Farber to the birth of off gala on October 14. Log on for cancer chemotherapy, for example, is not quite right. Farber and his colleagues, the stories, photos, videos, and more. first to use a targeted drug (aminopterin) to attack childhood leukemia, were in fact ”One Year in Harvard History” searching for a vitamin to manage the dis- 4 ease, but found that aminopterin is actual- Harvard Magazine leads you through the University’s past, one year ly an anti-vitamin that kills leukemic cells each day, continuing throughout the anniversary year. Visit harvard- but is broadly toxic, making precise dos- mag.com/one-year to read our chronicle. To get these alma mater age critical. Selective Toxicity, Adrian Albert’s moments delivered to your inbox, visit harvardmag.com/email. brief 1950s monograph about antibiotics, well describes that conundrum. Happy Birthday, Harvard! As is true of many good scientists be- 4 ginning to write for a general readership, As the University celebrates its 375th anniversary, relive 25 years Stockwell needs to work on his writing of Harvard history and great moments in sports. Explore the style. His explanations vary from insult- changing campus and student body, read professors’ predictions for ingly simple to overly complex. He needs the future, and much, much more. to learn the descriptive methods of Berton Roueché or Atul Gawande. It is important . that he do so because his message is very www.harvardmagazine.com/375th important. He concludes with a call for ed- ucating our citizenry on the need for more drugs and for health-research policies that Plus, more Web Extras from this issue... encourage the development of those drugs. In today’s climate of deficit reduction and political stalemate, this seems to be a 4 The “Living Fossil” mournful cry. But Stockwell is absolutely Take a virtual trip through the Arnold Arbore- right. Drug development is essential if we tum with world-renowned ginkgo expert and are to combat severe diseases, and the hith- erto undruggable proteins are the targets Harvard lecturer Peter Del Tredici (page 31) in we must attack. Despite our current po- an exclusive video from harvardmagazine.com. litical paralysis, government leaders should listen to Stockwell and be certain to ad- 4 Discuss Coed Living vance our capacity to generate the drugs Do you remember Harvard and Radcliffe Col- that our society and the world need. leges’ coeducational living experiment of 1970 David G. Nathan ’51, M.D. ’55, president emeri- and 1971 (page 68)? Share your memories and tus of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and phy- read other readers’ recollections. sician-in-chief emeritus of Children’s Hospital Boston, is Stranahan Distinguished Professor of 4 Make a Salad with Panache pediatrics and professor of medicine at Harvard Read about Erin Wade ’03, who operates a salad Medical School. His books include The Can- cer Treatment Revolution (from which an bistro in Santa Fe (page 19), then go online to adaptation,“Ken’s Story,” appeared in this maga- find two of her innovative recipes for dressings. zine’s January-February 2007 issue). “The Unlikely Writer,” a profile of Atul Gawan- de, appeared in this magazine’s September-October ...all at harvardmag.com/extras 2009 issue.

30 November - December 2011 The Living Dinosaur Peter Del Tredici’s search by jill jonnes for the wild ginkgo

n early october 1989, Peter Del Tredici of Harvard’s to a living species “with a long evolutionary history and no close Arnold Arboretum was high on the slopes of Tian Mu living relatives.” An average plant species may have an evolution- Mountain Nature Reserve in western Zhejiang Prov- ary run of a few million years; Ginkgo biloba has been around, with ince, counting ginkgo trees with two Chinese collabo- minimal changes, for about 56 million years. rators. For 1,500 years, visiting pilgrims had journeyed Sharing the earth with dinosaurs, the ginkgos—often a domi- to this sacred mountain, where Buddhist monks in the nant forest species—grew across the Northern Hemisphere along late thirteenth century built the famous Kaishan Tem- disturbed stream beds and levees. Then, about seven million years ple, the largest of many picturesque shrines scattered about the ago, the glaciers pushed out the last of the ginkgos in America; Isteep hillsides. In the cool fall weather, wrote Del Tredici, then 43, two million years ago, the ice pushed out the last of the ginkgos in “we walked all the paths and trails in the reserve and measured Europe. Ultimately, Ginkgo biloba survived only in Asia. and mapped the locations of all the ginkgos that we could locate. Today, the dinosaurs are long since extinct but the ginkgo, Ginkgo leaves were turning yellow, making it easy to locate the thanks to gardeners and urban foresters, has recolonized the very trees even at some distance.” All told, they found “167 spontane- continents where it once thrived, a ubiquitous, super-hardy city- ously growing Ginkgos.” In the world of trees and botany, the tree species. Also known as the maidenhair tree, it has long been finding of wild ginkgos was big news. admired for its distinctive, elegant, fan-shaped leaves, and valued The Ginkgo biloba is one of the wonders of the natural world, a for its delicate nuts—but it is infamous, too, for the foul odor of “living fossil” whose arboreal ancestors date back to the Jurassic its fruits, whose “fleshy outer covering [the sarcotesta],” noted period. “How or why the ginkgo managed to survive when all of Arboretum founder Charles Sprague Sargent in 1877, “exhales an its relatives went extinct is an unsolved botanical Scientist’s subject: extremely disagreeable smell of rancid butter.” (Oth- mystery,” wrote Del Tredici in Horticulture back in Peter Del Tredici holds ers describe it as “vomitous.”) Having long outlived 1983—a mystery he would spend two decades help- a distinctly veined, fan- the pests and diseases that may have afflicted it, a shaped leaf from a fe- ing to partially unravel. The term “living fossil” was male Ginkgo biloba that ginkgo is young at 100, when most other street trees coined by Darwin; in Del Tredici’s words, it refers he imported in 1983. have long since died of old age or disease. This is

Photograph by Jim Harrison Harvard Magazine 31 ligious buildings, palaces, tombs, and old historic or geomantic sites….What caused its disappearance [in the wild] we shall never know.” Such was Wilson’s clout, reported Del Tredici, that this romantic story of venerable monks preserving this ancient tree “had become dogma.” In 1967 a professor wrote in Science, “It is doubtful, however, whether a natural stand of ginkgo trees is to be found anywhere in the world today.” Wandering the woods of Tian Mu more than two decades later, Del Tredici, who is today a senior research scientist at the arboretum, believed he had found the elusive and long-sought wild ginkgos. Locating them could help address some of the tree’s an amazing botanical conquest and comeback. Ginkgo specimens in their evolutionary mysteries. For Del In the late nineteenth century, when Western plant explorers ancestral setting: Shan Jiang Tredici, the ginkgo offered bota- village, Guizhou Province, in the descended upon China and Japan seeking botanical treasure, they People’s Republic of China nists “a unique window on the were amazed at the size and antiquity of certain ginkgos: 100-foot- past—sort of like having a living tall trees with 50-foot girths that were 1,000 or even 2,000 years dinosaur available to study.” He hoped to learn how this amazing old, growing around temples and monasteries. One of those plant species had managed to survive in the wild since the dinosaurs. men was collector Ernest H. “Chinese” Wilson, whose two China How had some ginkgos lived more than a thousand years when expeditions from 1907 to 1911 amassed 65,000 botanical specimens few tree species live even hundreds of years? What served as the for Harvard’s arboretum. (Artfully laid out on 265 acres in Jamaica dispersal agent for its seeds? And what evolutionary purpose Plain, the arboretum was conceived in 1872 as both a Boston public caused their fruits to smell so god-awful? park and a Harvard research institution, where the “Living Col- lections” would serve as a “Tree Museum” and a research resource. he 600 species of trees that grow in temperate North Harvard purchased the land for the arboretum and then donated America today fall into three divisions: Pinophyta, which it to the city of Boston, which constructed the park and leased it Tincludes all the hundreds of conifers, or cone-bearing seed back to the University for a thou- plants; Magnoliophyta, including the hundreds of broadleaf trees, sand years for $1 a year.) whose reproduction is tied to their flowers and fruits; and Gink- In 1930, not long before Wilson’s gophyta, which includes only one tree, Ginkgo biloba, with a repro- death in a car accident in Worces- ductive system unlike that of other trees. Although the fact that ter, this legendary botanical explor- ginkgo trees are either male or female is not unusual in the tree er declared in no uncertain terms world, this gender distinction is considered that the ginkgo “no longer exists evolutionarily primitive. [in Asia ] in a wild state, and there “The order to which the tree belongs, the Visit harvardmagazine. is no authentic record of its ever Ginkgoales,” wrote Del Tredici in Arnoldia, “can com/extras to see having been seen growing sponta- be traced back to the Permian era, almost a video of Peter Del Tredici in action neously. Travelers of repute of many 250 million years ago,” thanks to the study at the Arnold Arboretum, nationalities have searched for it far of many ginkgo fossils found in the Northern discussing his and wide in the Orient but none has Hemisphere. “The genus Ginkgo made its first vast knowledge of succeeded in solving the secret of appearance in the middle Jurassic period, 170 Ginkgo biloba. its home….In Japan, Korea, south- million years ago….At least four different species of Ginkgo coex- ern Manchuria, and in China proper isted with the dinosaurs during the Lower Cretaceous.” One of it is known as a planted tree only, the four species, G. adiantoides, possessed leaves and female ovules and usually in association with re- that are similar to, but smaller than, those of G. biloba, the species that exists today. In short, the ginkgo has probably existed on Details of the ginkgo’s archaic earth longer than any other tree now living. reproductive system: from pollen drops to the maturing fruits—at- The first ginkgo to grow in Europe after the Ice Age was raised tractive to some, repellent to many from seed brought from Japan around 1730 by German physician-

Photographs by Peter Del Tredici botanist Engelbert Kaemp- to the ground. Not until the fer. Planted at the Botanic next spring will the seeds ger- Garden in Utrecht, Holland, minate. Ginkgo fossils showed that ginkgo (which thrives that the tree’s reproductive sys- to this day) was viewed sim- tem has been largely unchanged ply as another rare and exotic since the Cretaceous. This tree from the land of the sho- “direct link with ancient fos- guns. In the ensuing decades, sil plants,” from before the age botanists at Kew Gardens in of flowering plants, wrote Del England, the Botanic Garden Tredici, “gives the modern Gink- in Montpelier, France, and go biloba a pedigree unmatched elsewhere on the continent by any living tree.” Thus Ginkgo planted their own rare speci- was catapulted to a new status mens. In 1784, Philadelphian of “living fossil”—but a fossil, it William Hamilton was de- was believed, that had survived lighted to be the first in his only through human cultiva- young nation to have one of tion, whether for its delicious these “Oriental” trees on his nuts or its status as a revered Woodlands estate. Natural- “elder.” ist William Bartram planted When Del Tredici began one nearby in his garden. stalking the wild ginkgo in Today it is the oldest ginkgo China in 1989, he was resum- in America. But until 1896, ing a plant-hunting tradition botanists, who knew ginkgos at the Arnold Arboretum that were ancient thanks to fossil- had ended when “the Bamboo ized specimens, had no idea Curtain came down in 1949.” just how old Ginkgo biloba was. He worked with Nanjing Bo- That year, on September tanical Garden director Yang 9 in Tokyo, Japanese bota- Guang and Chinese forester nist Sakugoro Hirase peered Ling Hsieh. What was hard through his microscope at the to ignore as the three men lo- inside of a female ginkgo tree’s cated and measured the gold- ovule. The previous spring, a male ginkgo’s pollen had wafted on the Del Tredici poses before Ginkgo en-leaved ginkgos on Tian Mu biloba “Hayanari,” a female tree wind toward a female ginkgo with many dangling pairs of round he imported as a seedling from Mountain was the paucity of ovules. On the tip of an ovule, a secreted drop of gooey fluid cap- Japan in 1983 (see leaf detail, young trees. “Clearly,” wrote tured and absorbed the pollen into an interior pollen chamber. The page 31). This cultivar was Del Tredici, “the Ginkgo popu- pollen had grown all through the summer and, as Hirase was as- selected because it produces lation was not actively repro- seeds at an early age. It grows tounded to observe, it had become a multiflagellated ginkgo sperm near the Arnold Arboretum’s ducing from seed under the (three times larger than human sperm) that was swimming to fertilize Hunnewell Visitor Center. shady, mature forest condi- a waiting egg cell. tions that currently prevail on “This was really momentous,” according to Del Tredici. “The the mountain.” Then they learned that the local populace (and discovery of motile sperm captured people’s attention. From the the red-bellied squirrels) had already played “an important fac- scientific point of view, motile sperm was considered to be a trait tor limiting seedling establishment”: they had collected most of associated with evolutionarily primitive, non-seed plants such the foul-smelling fruits for the seed-kernel inside. In fact, many as mosses and ferns. And yet here was the ginkgo tree—clearly Chinese farmers had established ginkgo orchards in order to a seed-producing plant—with its motile sperm that linked non- harvest these nuts as a cash crop. seed plants to the more evolutionarily advanced conifers and an- But Del Tredici did observe something exciting and unfamiliar on Tian Mu: “[M]ost of the larger “The order to which the tree belongs, the Ginkgoales, Ginkgos were reproducing vigor- can be traced back almost 250 million years.” ously from suckers arising near the base of their trunks….Wherever the giosperms with pollen tubes and non-motile sperm. People real- base of the trunk of a large Ginkgo came into direct contact with a ized, ‘My God! Ginkgo is a missing link—a living fossil.’ ” large rock or where its base was exposed by erosion, these struc- The ginkgo tree has the same archaic reproductive system as the tures developed…When these growths reach friable soil, they pro- cycads, which predate the dinosaurs. It takes about 133 days for the duce lateral roots, develop vigorous growing shoots, and continue ginkgo pollen to develop into sperm that then flails its way to the their downward growth.” Where conditions were disturbed or egg and creates a growing embryo. Soon thereafter, in the fall, the tough, ginkgos responded by sending up new shoots from their fleshy seeds, containing a hard-shelled nut with a tiny embryo, drop roots that began growing into new trees. As a result, many old

Photograph by Jim Harrison Harvard Magazine 33 From top: the persistence of the species into the modern era and the extraor- Ginkgo chichi on a tree at dinary age of individual trees. Del Tredici’s discovery established Tokyo Univer- a mechanism that has allowed this “living fossil” to survive in the sity; ginkgo wild in the face of massive ecological change. from Flora Japonica by Siebold and el Tredici’s passion for ginkgos advanced in fits and Zuccarini starts. A native Californian from Marin County, one of (1835-1842); his distinct childhood memories is of 10 ginkgos plant- fossil Ginkgo D ed across a neighbor’s front yard. “The thing about ginkgos,” in yimensis, about 170 million his view, “is you can be totally illiterate about trees and you still years old know what a ginkgo is.” With a B.S. in zoology from the Uni- ginkgos have multiple trunks. versity of California at Berkeley, and an M.S. in biology from the Very old ginkgos had long University of Oregon, he came East to be with his girlfriend (and been observed to grow “air later, wife) while she finished Radcliffe College. roots” from their upper branch- After five years at the Harvard Forest greenhouses, running es. These were known in Japan what is now the Torrey Research Lab, he joined the arboretum in as chichi (nipples, or breasts), 1979 as an assistant plant propagator. “I was working on Sargent’s harking back to a Japanese folk Weeping Hemlock, an old Victorian plant with a mysterious his- tale about an ancient ginkgo in tory,” he said. “I started visiting old estates and inevitably there Sendai that grew over the tomb would be these old ginkgos—100, 200 years old. So I ended up of an emperor’s wet nurse, who writing this article about old ginkgos.” The arboreal infatuation vowed to Buddha that moth- was heating up. Then Del Tredici discovered that just a few years ers who failed to lactate could earlier, in 1977, the Boston Common had lost Gardiner Greene’s pray there and would then ginkgo, an eighteenth-century tree so beloved it had been moved be able to nurse their babies. at great expense, when already 40 feet tall, from Beacon Hill to Del Tredici was not seeing the the Common in 1835. aerial “breasts,” but basal chi- “Believing that it is sometimes good to repeat history,” wrote Del chi (lignotubers). “They had Tredici, “I thought it would be nice to get a public-spirited Bosto- never before been described in nian to donate a 40-foot male ginkgo [no smelly fruits!]…to fill the the English literature,” he says. empty space where the tree had been.” On Arbor Day 1982, he and This helped explain how gink- like-minded citizens welcomed the ginkgo to its new home. “It’s gos could live so many millennia. been my comeuppance,” he said ruefully of this romantic episode. Not only had they outlived pests “I visualized this beautiful ginkgo. Thirty years later and it’s maybe and diseases, but they resprout- five feet taller. The site conditions are really difficult—compacted ed when under stress. soil, on a slope, some extreme drought conditions.” “Going to China was really a “In 1985, I had just turned 40,” said Del Tredici, “and felt I leap of faith, but that’s what sci- needed a new strategy, because I was getting too old to make a ence is all about,” said Del Tredi- living with my back in the greenhouses.” He enrolled in a Ph.D. ci during a recent conversation program at Boston University the next year, intending to write in his arboretum office—an airy about black cherries. This turned out to be a somewhat more space of exposed brick walls, large windows overlooking many complicated subject than anticipated and one of his committee trees, two desks and two computers, his collection of old herbal members, Lynn Margulis, impressed by a paper he had written for medicine bottles, drawings and photos of ginkgos, and bookcases her evolution class about the dispersal of ginkgo seeds, suggested, crammed with titles like Design in Nature: Learning from Trees. “When “ Why don’t you do your dissertation on Ginkgo?” I came back I did experiments on reproduction and morphology “A light bulb went off,” recalled Del Tredici. “Ginkgos. Probe in the lab and the greenhouse on this survival mechanism that every little evolutionary detail and you find something unique.” ginkgo had evolved.” In the greenhouse, he was able to demon- At that time, many posited that dinosaurs ate ginkgo fruits and strate that “basal chichi develop from suppressed cotyledonary excreted the seeds, and the beasts’ demise partly explained the [embryonic leaf] buds. disappearance of wild ginkgo—but no dinosaur droppings with “To my great relief, on that first trip to China,” he said, “I found ginkgo seeds had ever been found. and explained the ability of ginkgos to survive so long. Even In 1988, not long after that Ph.D. light bulb went off, Del Tredici though their sexual reproduction system is archaic and doesn’t happened to read in the Harvard Gazette that Emery professor of or- work all that well, the tree has this ability to resprout. I call it eco- ganic chemistry Elias J. Corey (who soon thereafter won the Nobel logical immortality. Ginkgo became my case study for integrating Prize) had just isolated a compound—ginkgolide B—that might ecological knowledge with botanical knowledge with horticul- have a medical aspect. He decided on a lark to call Corey, who tural knowledge. I was able to bring all these pieces together into a said, “Come on over.” “I told him I was working on Ginkgo,” Del unified picture.” He was well launched on helping to unravel some Tredici continued, “and that I thought it probably existed in the of Ginkgo’s evolutionary mystery. The basal chichi helped explain wild, but my question was: ‘What ecological role did Ginkgo play?

34 November - December 2011 Photographs by Peter Del Tredici; print courtesy of the Arnold Arboretum How had the species survived so many millions of years? What would it look like as a wild plant? Is it a pioneer species?’ I wanted to go to China, but I didn’t know what I would find. Despite what Wilson said, there were plant hunters—including Chinese botanists—who had reported it in remote valleys, little wild remnants. “Corey said, ‘That sounds like a great idea.’ He was working with a French pharmaceutical company that was providing ginkgo leaves for him to work on. He said, ‘Write your letter describing your project and I’ll write one in support and we’ll put them in the mail at the same time.’ In a month or so, I had a check for $5,000. That was a lot of money in those days. All the French wanted was that I write a book chapter for them.” While working on Tian Mu in 1989, Del Tredici was persuaded he was seeing wild Del Tredici helps carnivores like Chinese leopard cats and the masked palm civet ginkgos because the trees were mixed in circle the male Li ate the ginkgo’s fruit. He hypothesized that the stinky flesh Jia Wan Ginkgo, in with the natural forest, the sex ratios were Guizhou: at 51 feet mimicked the smell of rotting meat, a successful strategy to at- normal (half female, half male), and the trees in circumference, tract these creatures. The ginkgo nuts, in turn, were eventually were single or multistemmed and looked as the largest natural excreted, and were far likelier to sprout and grow if dropped if they had grown from seed. Equally excit- specimen known. in sunny sites. Back in Boston, in various experiments and field ing was his discovery of basal chichi. trials, Del Tredici confirmed that ginkgo seed germination And then there was the mystery of the stinky fruits. On that rates soared (71 percent versus 15 percent) minus the smelly trip to China, he learned that local nocturnal scavengers and sarcotesta (as would happen when eaten and excreted). “Dur- ing the Cretaceous,” he wrote, “potential dis- Ginkgo and Memory persal agents included mammals, birds, and High on an upper bookshelf in Peter Del Tredici’s office sits a faded box of organic breakfast cereal carnivorous dinosaurs.” called GinkgOs. In large letters, it proclaims: “For Sharp Thinking.” The millions who now take Ginkgo As cumbersome as biloba products for better memory assume they are benefiting from ancient Chinese medical wisdom. G. biloba’s sex life is, it, Not at all, said Del Tredici: “It all began in a board room in Germany in the mid 1960s. The ancient ‘doc- too, has served an evo- trine of signatures’ says that because a walnut looks like a brain, it must be good for the brain. By exten- lutionary purpose. As sion, if a Ginkgo lives ‘forever,’ it must be good for promoting long life.” The German firm Schwabe Phar- Del Tredici and other maceutical and a French subsidiary developed ginkgo-leaf extract into one of the blockbuster herbal botanists studied the medicines. Early in vitro research on the extract was promising—the substance appeared to promote tree’s reproductive cy- blood flow. Said Del Tredici, “The rest is history.Ginkgo has become a hot commodity in the twenty-first cle, he began conduct- century, a big cash cow” with annual sales topping $500 million. ing experiments at the Del Tredici found himself involved in this world soon after his first China trip. In early 1990, he flew arboretum—both in the down to Sumter, South Carolina, to see for himself a 1,000-acre ginkgo plantation with 10 million waist- greenhouse and out- high trees established in 1982 by the French Schwabe subsidiary. “I met the Swiss agronomist,” recalled doors—growing seeds Del Tredici, “and asked him if the trees were producing basal chichi. He said not at all. The whole from Guizhou and Bos- operation was mechanized. They stripped the leaves off these plants in the summer and then they ran ton ginkgos, further a chipper over them. They sprouted out the following spring. I knew the trees must be stressed, and confirming that all “as- that’s when ginkgos start producing basal chichi. So I proposed we get some shovels and dig down and pects of Ginkgo’s sexual see. To their amazement, there were all these chichi producing vigorous young shoots.” reproductive cycle are So began Del Tredici’s decade as a consultant working for the French subsidiary manipulating either strongly influenced by the quantity or the quality of those ginkgo leaves. “How the plants affected people’s physiology,” he temperature.” During said, “that was not my world.” In 2003, Schwabe provided Ginkgo biloba for five-year controlled trials in the Ice Age, he wrote in the United States, to see if the leaf extract proved helpful for memory loss. The 2008 and 2009 studies, a review paper, “Such Del Tredici said, “showed no significant effect by ginkgo-leaf extract in patients suffering from demen- a trait would have al- tia or memory problems.” lowed this species to re- (please turn to page 91)

Photograph courtesy of Peter Del Tredici Harvard Magazine 35 F bullish on o r private colleges u On the enduring strengths of institutions of higher education m by richard p. chait and zachary first

In our July-August issue, Cizik professor of business and universities at least as readily as the Pledge administration Clayton M. Christensen and his for- of Allegiance. The bill of particulars includes un- mer student, Michael B. Horn, of the Innosight checked prices, chronic inefficiencies, uneven out- Institute, made the case that the intersection of comes, lifetime tenure, arcane research, scattered disruptive technologies with outmoded or failed authority, and aversion to change. Outsiders are business models put much of American higher baffled by the constraints on the institutions’ education at risk (“Colleges in Crisis,” page 40). leaders, the glacial rate of change, and the tortu- That article prompted extended comment from ous process for reaching decisions. The indict- readers, some of it published in the letters section ment also depicts the nation’s 1, 550 or so pri- of the September-October and current issues. vate nonprofit colleges as unresponsive to Two eminent scholars of higher educa- the innovations of for-profit vendors and tion now offer their own perspective on online education. Thus, a chorus of critics what they see as the unique, durable, has concluded that private colleges and and adaptable characteristics of pri- universities have a fundamentally broken vate American institutions of higher business model sustainable only by the education—a case they make in part most elite institutions. As for the rest, the by putting forth an educator’s take on bears advise, short the sector. business enterprises. Although the es- We are contrarians, bullish on private says were conceived separately, both colleges despite their many difficult chal- bear on issues of particular pertinence lenges and widespread public discontent during Harvard University’s 375th (57 percent of Americans do not view a anniversary year, and so we continue college education as a good value for the the discussion by publishing their ar- price). We offer no brief for complacency; gument here. vThe Editors changes must occur. Private colleges do not, however, face an existential threat. ost adult Americans Rather, alarmists repeatedly misperceive Mcan probably recite the the sector’s prospects through the famil- case against private colleges iar, but distortional, lens of business. For many decades, management experts have contended that col- LinkedIn, and Google zoom from ideas to IPOs. In other cases, leges must behave like businesses in order to prosper. While this upstarts bypass leaders. Southwest Airlines surpassed legacy car- message has not changed, the cure-alls have. The steady stream of riers; Netflix demolished Blockbuster; Wal-Mart and Costco pre- surefire “solutions” has included zero-based budgeting, manage- vailed as A&P and Grand Union all but disappeared. Companies ment by objectives, total quality management, continuous quality operate by the code of the German Autobahn: if you cannot keep improvement, business-process reengineering, strategic planning, pace, get the hell out of the way. benchmarking, and innovative business models. All rest on the The market dynamics for colleges and universities are quite dif- premise that a single concept can be fruitfully applied across all in- ferent. By and large, the caravan stays in line. One school may occa- dustries and professions without “tissue rejection.” sionally edge ahead of another, but the convoy basically remains in- We are skeptical of meta-theories and partial to a principle of tact. Compare a reputational study of American universities in 1906 biodiversity: different organisms (and organizations) thrive or with the 2011 U.S. News rankings. 1906 2011 perish under different conditions. Short-sellers incline toward Only one private university, Harvard Harvard inapt prescriptions for private colleges, such as radical mission Cornell (an institution with Columbia Princeton Chicago Yale makeovers, wholesale shifts to online delivery systems, and fealty public components), dropped Cornell Columbia to profit-oriented business models. We believe these tactics would from the top 13. Among the U.S. Johns Hopkins Stanford be as ill-advised for private colleges as adherence to academic News Top 10 Liberal Arts Col- Berkeley Penn norms would be for publicly traded corporations. To survive, let leges, there has been one change Yale Caltech alone succeed, for-profit companies cannot play by the same rules between 1991 and 2011: Haverford Michigan MIT MIT Darmouth as private colleges, and vice versa. And even though the norms of in- replaced Wesleyan. The other Wisconsin Duke dependent colleges seem odd and irksome to many, “unusual” does schools, slightly reordered, have Penn Chicago not mean “unsuccessful.” In fact, independent colleges are remark- remained the same. Fewer than Princeton Northwestern ably durable, stable, and adaptable. Why is that so despite the sec- 50 colleges have been in the top Stanford Johns Hopkins tor’s coolness to the “best practices” of business? 40 since 1996. From top to bot- Universities in red were replaced by

tom among private colleges, sta- universities in green. orporations operate in merciless markets. Fatalities in- bility prevails. Overnight suc- Cclude American Motors, Bethlehem Steel, Borders, Montgom- cesses do not occur. The youngest top-tier university, Caltech, ery-Ward, PanAm, Polaroid, Pullman, RCA, and Woolworth’s, to was established in 1891. Since older generally means better in this name only a few. Of the 12 original components of the Dow Jones context, admissions brochures do not trumpet the all-new 2012 Industrial Average (established in 1896), only General Electric re- Princeton baccalaureate or Bowdoin 5.0. mains. Only 62 companies have made the Fortune 500 every year Although rapid transformations are scarce, private colleges are since the list was introduced in 1955. Nearly 2,000 others have ap- not static. Substantial reforms do occur, usually organically and peared and disappeared due to acquisition, decline, or bankruptcy. gradually, sometimes imperceptibly, as snapshots over the past Between 1999 and 2009, the number of NYSE-listed companies several decades reveal. dropped from 3,025 to 2,327; on NASDAQ, the numbers plum- • Programs. Of the 637 purported liberal-arts colleges in meted from 5,556 in 1996 to 2,852 in 2009. Some of the most highly 1994, the majority did not meet the minimal threshold of touted companies have stumbled or crumbled. In Search of Excellence 40 percent of degrees awarded in the liberal arts. The rest (1982), a one-time Bible for business, cited Amdahl, Data General, were nominally small professional colleges. The number of Digital Equipment, K-Mart, and Wang Labs among 43 companies pure liberal-arts colleges was 212 in 1990 and 137 in 2009. that “pass all hurdles for excellence.” Likewise, Good to Great (2001) In effect, some 500 institutions, responsive to market de- listed Circuit City and Fannie Mae among 11 “great companies.” mand, evolved into comprehensive colleges or master’s uni- By contrast, the only notable private college to close in recent versities with an emphasis on professional programs like memory, Antioch, will soon reopen. Indeed, an extrapolation from business and health that satisfy the instrumental aims of federal data suggests that less than 0.5 percent of all colleges and today’s students. universities have closed since the early 1980s. As ranked by U.S. • Faculty. In an effort to control costs, private colleges News & World Report, the top 25 private liberal-arts colleges were markedly reconfigured the professoriate. Between 1999 founded, on average, 179 years ago; the top 25 private universities, and 2009, less expensive nontenure-track, full-time faculty 185 years ago. Even more impressive, the top 35 private regional at private colleges increased by 46 percent and part-time colleges in the Midwest—small, uncelebrated schools particularly faculty by 36 percent, compared to 16 percent for tenure- vulnerable to competition from strong state universities and dis- track and 13 percent for tenured. In that same decade, the mal demographics—have endured 123 years on average. The last proportion of full-time faculty at private colleges dropped year-over-year enrollment decline Company 1955 2010 from 73 percent to 67 percent. at private colleges was in 1985. Rank Rank • Globalization. Private colleges and universities have em- In the corporate sector, front- U.S. Steel 5 211 braced global markets. Four private institutions rank among runners routinely, sometimes sud- DuPont 12 86 the top 10 universities to enroll international students. denly, become also-rans. Just look General Dynamics 17 69 Dozens of private universities have campuses or programs Goodyear 21 141 at excerpts from the Fortune 500 Navistar 26 202 abroad. Ten percent of Grinnell’s applicants are foreigners. in 1955 and 2010. Eastman Kodak 45 297 Since 2006, Barnard’s international applications are up over Newcomers such as Pandora, Goodrich 50 334 500 percent, Franklin and Marshall’s almost 250 percent.

Illustrations by Robert Neubecker Harvard Magazine 37 • Tuition. Published tuition at private four-year colleges, lines, Eastman Kodak, and Saks combined. The business model the most maligned and misconstrued metric, escalated 50 emphasized standardized curricula, work-related degree pro- percent, inflation adjusted, between 1990 and 2008. (By grams, consumer convenience, part-time faculty, and online de- comparison, Standard & Poor’s reported that corporate livery, and minimized physical plant, faculty research, and shared executives enjoyed a 300 percent pay increase between governance. For-profit players like Apollo, Strayer, DeVry, and 1992 and 2010, and a Duke economist calculated that sala- Kaplan were heralded as game-changers. Bloomberg News called ries of football coaches at 44 public and private universities Phoenix’s online program “The single greatest improvement in increased 650 percent in constant dollars during the past higher education since the condom.” Private colleges and univer- 24 years, while presidential salaries climbed 90 percent.) sities fretted about powerful new competitors. Who knew that However, the average institutional discount rate (the av- bubbles burst in higher education, too? erage institutional aid per student divided by published With a 7 percent decline in overall enrollment since 2009, a 42 tuition and required fees) climbed from 27 percent to 42 percent drop in new enrollments between March 2010 and March percent during the past two decades. In constant 2010 dol- 2011, a 9 percent six-year graduation rate (versus 65 percent for lars, the College Board determined, net tuition rose only 10 private colleges and 22 percent for all for-profits), a dependence percent from $10,310 in 1995-96 to $11,320 in 2010-11, a slower on Pell grants and federal loans for nearly 90 percent of total reve- rate of acceleration than the added costs colleges and uni- nue, excessive defaults on student loans, and intensified regulato- versities incurred as measured by the Higher Education ry reviews, Phoenix wilted. Since March 2009, Apollo has ranked Price Index. Inflation-adjusted, net tuition at private col- as the third-worst performer of publicly traded companies and leges actually declined in 2010-2011. Meanwhile, the payoff the third worst among the S&P 500 in 2010. Apollo’s market cap in lifetime earnings on a baccalaureate degree (both public nosedived 57 percent to $5.8 billion in 2011. In March 2011, Apollo and private) versus a high-school diploma has multiplied reported a quarterly loss of $64 million and the stock price plum- from a 40 percent advantage in 1980 to 83 percent in 2010. meted from a high of $90 in January 2009 to a low of $33.75 in No- In the rearview mirror, we can see that private colleges and uni- vember 2010. It currently trades in the mid 40s. Capital markets versities have also adapted to new demographics, are no longer bullish on for-profit universities. Under the head- adjusted (for better or worse) to students line “Apollo Sent to Back of Class,” Barron’s declared in March 2011 as consumers with unlimited appetites that “shares are rightly getting a failing grade….We would steer for amenities, and acclimated to the clear of the uncertainty surrounding Apollo and its industry….” explosion and commercialization of Meanwhile, traditional colleges and universities have hardly science and technology. In 2011, four ceded the online market to for-profits. The Sloan Consortium, of the top six, and six of the top 10, which produces a definitive annual update on online education, leaders in licensing income were pri- reported that 18 percent of students at private colleges and uni- vate universities. versities had taken least one course online Short-sellers discount these and in 2008. Scores of nonprofit hybrids—for similar initiatives as stopgap mea- example, Tiffin (in Ohio), Ottawa (in Kan- sures—levees that provided protec- sas), and the University of Southern New tion under normal conditions Hampshire—offer on-campus programs for 18- to but are now doomed to col- 22-year-olds as well as online degrees targeted to lapse under the force of older students. At some of these schools, enrollments for-profit universities and have expanded exponentially: more than 100 per- online education. Let’s take cent over five years in some cases. Western Gover- a closer look at these “disrup- nors University, a purely online nonprofit, tive innovations.” serves 25,000 students. Success Money poured into publicly stories like these leave the bears traded for-profit universities confident, indeed certain, that on- as enrollments soared—none line programs will inevitably cap- more so than the University ture the majority of traditional college- of Phoenix, where by 2009 the aged students. numbers reached 438,000 stu- We remain unconvinced that sizable dents online or in class. Be- numbers of 18- to 22-year-old collegians tween 2000 and 2005, Apollo, will opt exclusively or predominantly to the parent company of the be homeschooled via technology (a pros- University of Phoenix, was pect many parents might not relish, ei- the second-best performer ther). Online growth rates have already on NASDAQ with a market started to decelerate. Between 2002 and capitalization of $13.57 bil- 2009 the proportion of all students lion (and a price-earnings (public, private, for-profit) taking ratio of 60), greater at the at least one course online increased time than American Air- from 9.6 percent to 29.3 percent, a

38 November - December 2011 We see no chance that for-profit universities and online education will render private colleges obsolete in the twenty-first century. compound annual increase of 19 percent. However, the upsurge sembles bumper cars at an amusement park more than automo- was confined mostly to about one-third of all postsecondary biles on an expressway. Leaders do not direct traffic as much as institutions that together enroll 43 percent of all students but orchestrate the intentions of drivers. Strategic plans are always nearly 66 percent of all students online. Since 2006, the growth public and often contested. Competitors routinely collaborate. rate at these “leading online institutions” has slowed to 13 per- Prestige, the academy’s analog to profits, stems from exclusion, cent, which “may be the first indication,” the Sloan Consortium not expansion—from the percentage of customers refused, not observed, “of the end of the continued rapid expansion in online the number served. Welcome to Wonderland. enrollments.” With few exceptions, change happens differently in this realm. Questions about quality persist. For instance, a 2010 National The business mindset conditions outsiders to expect powerful Bureau of Economic Research study concluded, on the basis of a CEOs, comprehensive strategies, precise directives, systematic controlled experiment to compare online and face-to-face enroll- execution, and rapid response. Instead, artful leadership on cam- ment in a microeconomics course, that “much more experimenta- pus unfolds tentatively, ambiguously, gradually, and somewhat tion is necessary before one can credibly declare that online edu- obscurely. To the untrained eye, no one seems to be in charge. Yet, cation is peer to traditional live classroom instruction, let alone more often than not, the bees actually build the hive: the percent- superior….” In a recent Sloan survey of chief academic officers, 34 age of tenured faculty ebbs; the number of preprofessional pro- percent judged online education to be inferior to face-to-face in- grams rises; online courses appear; new disciplines emerge; sci- struction; 17 percent registered the opposite view. entists embrace entrepreneurship; schools burnish brands—all without presidential pronouncements. e see no chance that for-profit universities and online As researchers and consultants on leadership and governance, Weducation will render private colleges twenty-first-cen- we appreciate that college presidents are critically important tury versions of abandoned factories. On the other hand, there are agents of change. Contrary to expectation, perhaps, the most significant risks at hand or on the horizon. These include: successful hew to the conventions of the campus, not the buzz- • Expanded authority for two-year colleges to offer four- words of business playbooks. Influence accrues as a president year degrees, already an option for select degree programs demonstrates congruence with organizational culture, reinforces in 17 states. core values, and relies on familiar processes to introduce initia- • Greater resource disparities between four-year colleges tives. However unglamorous a strategy, subtle adjustments and and research universities as the latter successfully mon- sensible experiments at a steady pace, consistent with an institu- etize their intellectual capital through licensing arrange- tion’s self-identity, have and will position private colleges to do ments and equity positions in startups. well over the long run. • The possibility that federal and state student financial The bears see death at the doorstep of traditional colleges and aid will become performance-based—payable upon com- urge drastic action. Not coincidentally, the prophets of a large-scale mencement, not enrollment. crisis are also the purveyors of a sure-fire solution: a new business • The prospect that the wealthiest colleges and universi- model. We question the long-term wisdom of a massive bet hast- ties will virtually eliminate undergraduate tuition. ily placed on the educational and commercial potential of online In the face of these challenges, how colleges proceed will materi- education. More important, we doubt the compatibility of for-profit ally affect the degree of success each attains. To understand this business models and “for-purpose” private colleges. Surely, no one dynamic better, let’s take a quick trip abroad. would suggest that businesses challenged by new competitors and Every year, millions of Americans visit countries like England, economic adversities embrace the model of academe. Why the con- India, and Japan, where traffic circulates on the left side of the verse, especially when private colleges have been so resilient? road. We feel disoriented; habits we have found useful turn dan- We offer a simpler suggestion: learn to drive like the natives, as gerous; and experience becomes an unreliable teacher. We might bizarre as the rules of the road may seem at first. Solutions that be perplexed, but the two billion residents of these countries presume or impose a shift to the “right” side of the road will pro- who drive on the left motor along as effortlessly and as safely as duce far more crashes than successes. we do at home. Instinctively, we perceive these drivers to be on Between the island of Macau and mainland China, the Lotus the wrong side of the road but, in truth, we know that they simply Bridge achieves a miraculous conversion: through a looping figure- drive on the other side. eight, six lanes of traffic shift from driving on the right in China to Similarly, people from the for-profit sector wonder why private driving on the left in Macau. No Lotus Bridge connects the provinc- colleges and universities do not conform to the best practices es of colleges and corporations. Instead, we have to adjust and abide of business: innovative, bold leadership; distinctive, proprietary by different rules of the road. Private colleges will evolve and endure strategic plans; rigorous quantitative-performance metrics; and as long as they do not try to become what they are not: businesses. cold-blooded divestiture of unprofitable product lines. Why not pursue heftier margins and greater market share? Why not, liter- Richard P. Chait is a research professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Ed- ally and figuratively, drive on the “right” side? ucation. Zachary First, Ed.D. ’07, is managing director of the Drucker Institute To people unaccustomed to academe, the scene on campus re- at Claremont Graduate University.

Harvard Magazine 39 Vita Andrew Craigie Brief life of a patriot and scoundrel: 1754-1819 by anthony j. connors

fter serving as the first Apothecary General of the in readiness for speculation.” He had so insinuated himself with Continental Army during the American Revolution, An- legislators that one of his partners quipped, “Should a bill of sale be A drew Craigie made a fortune in land and securities specu- given of Congress, Andrew would certainly pass as appurtenant.” lation in New York. Returning to his native Massachusetts, he Craigie also played a part in Duer’s audacious deal to pur- purchased one of the most elegant homes in Cambridge, built chase and resell five million acres of Ohio land. But by the time the bridge connecting Boston to Lechmere Point, and developed that fiasco landed Duer in debtor’s prison, Craigie had moved to East Cambridge. Yet years before his death, Craigie had become a Cambridge where, early in 1791, he purchased the Brattle Street ghostly figure, self-confined to his mansion to avoid arrest. Cam- mansion that had served as Washington’s headquarters during bridge boys, including future physician and poet Oliver Wendell the siege of Boston. After renovating it into a “princely bachelor’s Holmes, would knock on his shuttered windows and then run, as establishment,” he looked for a suitable wife. Although described if from a haunted house. How had “Doctor” Craigie fallen so low? as “a huge man, heavy and dull,” he had money, connections, and The son of a Scottish ship captain and his Nantucket wife, Crai- big plans, enough to win the hand of Elizabeth Shaw of Nantuck- gie attended Boston Latin, and by April 1775 had gained sufficient et. The marriage was soon blighted, it was said, by her receiving pharmaceutical experience to be appointed apothecary of the letters from a former suitor—and Craigie had his own secret: an Massachusetts army. After tending the wounded at Bunker Hill, illegitimate daughter. Nevertheless, their house became a center he was introduced to Samuel Adams as “a very clever fellow,” and of society, with a dozen servants, a well-stocked wine cellar, and his name came to the attention of General George Washington; sumptuous parties, especially during Commencement season. he was commissioned Apothecary General in 1777. For the dura- Queen Victoria’s father and the French diplomat Talleyrand were tion of the war he traveled widely to obtain medical supplies for guests. The couple cemented their Harvard connection by do- the army and produced the medicine chests used to treat sick and nating portraits of George Washington and John Adams by John wounded soldiers at Valley Forge and elsewhere. His loyalty was Trumbull, and three acres of land for the Harvard Botanic Garden. recognized by Washington, although they never met. Craigie’s development of East Cambridge left an indelible mark. The revolutionary cause was good for Craigie, providing busi- With partners, he secretly bought up 300 acres around Lechmere ness connections in the pharmaceutical trade. But even before the Point: farms and marshland became a vibrant residential and in- war ended, he had set his sights higher: a Boston Latin classmate dustrial area, especially after Craigie persuaded Middlesex Coun- asked in 1782 whether he had “a mind to speculate?” He did, and ty authorities to relocate the county court from Harvard Square was soon among the growing circle of financiers and speculators to a new Charles Bulfinch building in East Cambridge. In 1809, he surrounding Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Craigie en- and his associates completed construction of Craigie Bridge, con- gaged in legitimate transactions, but also partnered with the ne- necting Cambridge to Boston. His rerouting of roads to steer traf- farious William Duer, a Hamilton assistant. In one particularly fic toward his toll bridge did not enhance his popularity. egregious case, Duer illegally directed Treasury business to Crai- The result of all this speculation and extravagant living was a gie in exchange for an $8,000 bribe. The men in Hamilton’s circle greatly overextended empire. Unable to pay his many creditors, had insider knowledge of his plan for the new federal government Craigie confined himself to his Cambridge estate to dodge debt- to assume the war debts of the states, thereby making state debt or’s prison. After he died of a stroke, his wife was forced to rent certificates a better bet. Craigie bought up large amounts of dis- rooms to Harvard faculty members, including Henry Wadsworth counted South Carolina paper and made a tidy profit. Longfellow, who later owned the house. (It became the Longfellow This was the sort of cozy insider relationship that Hamilton’s National Historic Site.) Craigie Bridge now props up the Muse- critics Jefferson and Madison warned would concentrate the na- um of Science and Craigie’s Pond, once a favorite skating spot, has tion’s wealth in the hands of a few powerful speculators. Exhibiting been drained. Locally, only Craigie Street recalls this paradoxical no such qualms, Craigie brashly wrote that his speculative strat- character from the earliest years of the American Republic. But his egy was to associate with “people who from their official situation patriotic service is still recognized: an outstanding federal govern- know all the present & can aid future arrangements either for or ment pharmacist each year receives the Andrew Craigie Award. against the funds.” Many congressmen were also up to their ears in insider deals: Congress delayed acting on Hamilton’s financial Independent historian Anthony J. Connors, A.L.M. ’97, most recently edited vol- plan, Craigie observed, “because their private arrangements are not ume one of the documentary encyclopedia Conflicts in American History.

40 November - December 2011 A miniature portrait of Craigie in his prime, this watercolor on ivory, painted around 1800, Harvard Magazine 41 is attributed to Archibald Robertson. Image courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society Spheres of Knowledge Artistic discovery in Renaissance Europe

42 November - December 2011 Unless otherwise noted, all images courtesy of Department of Digital Imaging and Visual Resources, Harvard Art Museums © 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College he sixteenth century marked the beginning of modern scientific exploration. Instead of relying principally on classical accounts of the natural world, scholars began employing direct observation to measure, probe, and expand fields of knowledge: astron- Tomy, cartography, anatomy, and medicine. Well-known artists of the period such as Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein, and Peter Breu- gel enthusiastically depicted what would today be considered scientific subjects, says Susan Dackerman, Weyerhaeuser curator ton s of prints at the Harvard Art Museums, even though the notion of ou scientific inquiry was in its infancy. (The word “scientist” wasn’t even invented until the eighteenth century.) Shortly after arriv- oundation, H ing at Harvard five years ago, Dackerman began wondering how extensive a role these important artists played in the pursuit of laffer F knowledge in early modern Europe. “We all have this idea of scientific illustration,” she explains, “but that is not what I am really interested in. I’m interested in the way that the most famous artists of the time collaborated” in the production of specialized Sarah Campbell B knowledge. Just how much did Dürer know about astronomy, for example, when he carved the first known woodcut of a celestial chart (facing page)? Dackerman’s subsequent quest to solve that puzzle took her to Harvard’s botanical libraries, Map Collection, Houghton Library, Countway Library of Medicine, Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, and many other sources. The collaborative effort was aided by regular interdisciplinary discussions at the Mahindra Hu- manities Center over the course of several years, and further honed ton s ou oundation, H laffer F Sarah Campbell B

Albrecht Dürer’s 1515 Map of the Northern

Celestial Hemisphere (opposite) was the . first printed celestial chart, and heavily influenced subsequent star maps. The Invention of Book Printing (top) comes

from Nova Reperta (New inventions tion, *51-2459 PF and discoveries of modern times), by Stradanus (Jan van der Straet), the first such illustrated compendium of ap Colle c c hen postclassical innovations (ca. 1599- tein M s ün 1603). The ability to print many copies of such works revolutionized communi- hten ie c cation of ideas in the sixteenth century. L Hans Collaert the Younger’s Invention of ibrary/

he Sammlung M Sammlung he sc the Compass (above), from the same series, shows a figure drawing a compass rose. In raphi the foreground, a naturally magnetic lodestone

he G c he floats on a wood plank in a water-filled vessel. Jan

Saenredam used copperplate engraving before arvard College L 1600 to create the celestial globe gores (far right), which echo and update Dürer. Harvard curators made the three-dimensional model (right) ibrary, H ite page: Staatli page: ite s by affixing modern copies of his mathemati-

oppo cally precise gores to a sphere. oughton L H

Harvard Magazine 43 In 1615, Georg Brentel the Younger issued a pamphlet describing how to construct and use a cylindrical sundial. A printed sheet (at left) featured a zodiacal calendar that, wrapped around a cylinder (below), enabled its owner to determine the length of each day, the time, and sunset. Georg Glockendon’s 1511 Peoples of Africa and India (below) copies Hans Burgkmair’s 1508 woodcut documenting the voyage of a Tyrolean merchant along the coasts of these two newly explored continents. Burgkmair’s innovative approach to “mapping” the route the expedition followed has been called the beginning of ethnography.

omy. “Almost any representation of the stars made in the sixteenth century,” Dackerman says, “is some deri- vation of Dürer’s original,” which depicts the stars affixed to the outermost layer of the concentric spheres in a class Dackerman co-taught with Katharine Park, Zemur- that also hold the moon and planets in place around ray Stone Radcliffe professor of the history of science, in 2010. the earth. The German artist’s influence persists even in Jan Stunned by Harvard’s intellectual resources—the physi- Saenredam’s copperplate engravings of celestial-sphere gores cal collections, the human expertise in “almost anything (previous page), dating to the end of the century. Based on you can think of,” and a “corps of graduate and undergrad- the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe’s expanded star catalog, uate students who are curious and eager and they are the first printed non-Ptolemaic depictions of the smart”—Dackerman realized that she had ac- skies. Houghton Library holds the only surviving impres- cess to “an incredible potential laboratory sions of these gores. for devising different ways of teaching”: a key Printing itself (see previous page) was an astound- goal of the University’s reimagined art museums. The ing technology at the time—the most sophisticated way

work has culminated in Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge possible to represent and disseminate knowledge. And F yp 520.11.428

in Early Modern Europe (through December 10 at the Sack- printmakers were inventive in their use of this new me- T ity, s ler Museum), a model for bringing together a group of dium: printed paper sundials, for example, included the scholars, undergraduates, and graduate students who instructions for their own manufacture. The facsimile at niver all contributed their “interdisciplinary and intergenera- left (which visitors to the exhibit can arvard U tional voices,” in Dackerman’s words, to the exhibition. hold and manipulate) consists of a pa-

“We think of artists as individuals working from per sheet (shown above) affixed to a Visit harvardmag. ibrary, H imagination or observation,” says Dackerman, but cylinder that is fitted with a precise- com/extras to view additional images from artists like Dürer—the premier painter, draftsman, ly measured, protruding gnomon the exhibit of other and printmaker of the early sixteenth century— (at the top). The device would have sundials and engravings, were familiar with important astronomical theories and discov- allowed traveling merchants not only to tell and to find links to a arvard College L eries and incorporated them into their work. Dürer’s woodcut of time, but also to convert among the three dif- video introduction to

the exhibit as well as an ibrary, H the constellations, with its combination of classically posed hu- ferent time-telling systems of the day as they informational video on man nudes and naturalistic renderings (Cancer is a lobster, not traveled from one region to another. sixteenth-century oughton L a crab), subsequently became important to the history of astron- In an era when ability to navigate long dis- botanical leaf printing. H

44 November - December 2011 ton s o , B s rt ine A eum of F s u © 2011 M © 2011 In 1515, a rhinoceros was brought from India to Lisbon, the first to arrive in Europe since ancient times. The king of Portugal, who already had an elephant in his menagerie, knew from reading Pliny that elephants and rhinos were natural enemies, and wanted to see what would happen. The king soon sent the rhinoceros on to the pope, but the ship transporting it sank. Although the rhinoceros drowned, Dürer created (from a firsthand observer’s sketch and description) the dramatic woodcut above that became the iconic and authoritative representation of the animal for the next several centuries. Jan Saenredam’s 1602 engraving, Beached Whale near Beverwijk (right), shows the artist himself sketching the scene in the left foreground, translating eum s empirical information gathered by u others to create an accurate visual

record of the carcass. Yet the allegorical M haling frame at the top of the print nevertheless alludes to a classical past by asking whether the beaching of the whale is an ill omen for the Dutch. W B edford N ew

Harvard Magazine 45 tances at sea was a relatively new skill for Europeans, maps of oceans and coastlines were valuable tools of exploration. But not all maps were topographical. Georg Glockendon’s 1511 copy of Hans Burgkmair’s “map” of a voyage up the east coast of Africa and down the west coast of India (see page 44) shows the different peoples encountered as the ship made various stops, detail- ing their dress and customs in what may be the first ethnographic study ever made. Another important development of the period was an emphasis on knowledge culled from experience and observation, rather than from books. Dürer, for example, asserts that his rhinoceros was drawn from nature because he worked from an eyewitness sketch and description, even though he never saw the beast himself. De- pictions of cranial surgery, and innovative models of human anatomy that permitted delving into the viscera, promoted—as much as they described—a novel way of understanding and inter- acting with the world. Saenre- dam’s engraving of a beached whale (page 45) shows the artist himself sketching figures who are busy measuring the carcass and studying properties of its skin and blowhole. They would now be called scientists, but were then fellow seekers after, and purveyors of, knowledge, just as he was. vjonathan shaw and jennifer carling rt eum of A of eum s u hiladelphia M hiladelphia P

In Geometry (top left, after 1575), from the series The Seven Liberal Arts, Jan Sadeler I used an allegorical figure to depict the use of geometry in fields such as navigation and architecture (represented by the crown of towers). Dürer’s 1504 Adam and Eve (top right), a study of the perfect human body, from early in his career, presaged lifelong interests: from studies of human proportion to natural istic renderings of plants and animals. Instruments for Use in Cranial Surgery (above), from Hans von Gersdorff’s Feldtbüch der Wundartzney (1517), is both a description of how to remove shards of skull from the brain and a tool to persuade readers that such surgeries were possible. Heinrich Vogtherr the Elder’s 1544 Anatomy; or a faithful reproduction of the body of a female (right and opposite) goes further: paper flaps allow internal exploration of the human body.

46 November - December 2011 Boston Medical Library in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine.

The Mediatrician Former Hollywood filmmaker Michael Rich studies how media affect youth. by cara feinberg

his past June, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that violent video games posed no more danger to children than the grimmest of Grimms’ fairy tales. At issue was a California ban of the sale of violent video games to minors—and seven of the nine justices struck it down, agree- ing that it restricted minors’ access to free speech. Justice Antonin Sca- lia, LL.B. ’60, writing for the majority, went farther, stating that the evidence of video games’ harmful effects was no stronger than that for any Tother violent media. “Certainly the books we give children to read…contain no short- age of gore,” he wrote. “Cinderella’s evil stepsisters have their eyes pecked out by doves. And Hansel and Gretel (children!) kill their captor by baking her in an oven.” As a pediatrician who studies media’s effects on children’s health, Michael Rich, M.D. ’91, M.P.H. ’97, believes Scalia got it wrong—and that science and common sense are on his side. You simply can’t compare a fairy tale to a graphic video game where humans are torn limb from limb or beg for mercy as they’re tortured, he says: “Written stories require translation in your imagination. A kid only imag- ines what his or her life experience allows.”

But ultimately, Rich believes, this to increased aggression and high-risk behavior in children. “Me- is not an issue for the courts. For dia aren’t ever going to disappear,” he says. Recent national stud- decades, he explains, the effects of ies of kids 8 to 18 bear that out. According to a 2010 study by the media on children have been a polar- Kaiser Family Foundation, the average American youth takes in izing issue that often gets posed as a nearly eight hours a day of media—or 10, counting the time spent moral question. But he isn’t interest- using more than one form at a time. “That’s two hours more than ed in proving whether media prod- they found just five years ago,” Rich notes. Even kids under six ucts are good or bad, nor does he use media for more than two hours a day, their parents report. strive to find ways for government “This is the air kids breathe, he explains. “And in many cases, we to regulate them. Instead, he hopes have no real idea how it’s affecting them.” to reframe the question, looking at Ten years ago, he and his colleagues set out to change that, media explicitly as a public-health founding the Center on Media and Child Health (CMCH) at issue—like exercise, nutrition, or Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, and Har- sleep—with physical, mental, and vard School of Public Health. Scientists there conduct their own social consequences. research, and the center has also become known for its searchable As an associate professor at Harvard online database—the only place in the world where parents and Medical School and the School of Public professionals can dig into a library of multidisciplinary research Health, Rich has spent the last two decades on every aspect of media and health—much of it translated from gathering—and in many cases, conducting— academic jargon into abstracts in English plain enough for a child scores of studies, some linking media violence to read. Rich hopes to bring the same scientific approach to the study of media that the science of nutrition brings to our daily ing violent programs tended to be much more socially isolated. food choices—and thereby empower parents and caregivers to Most of these are correlational studies that cannot identi- make better-informed choices on their “media diets.” In both fy cause and effect. There is no way to determine, for instance, realms, “There are nutrients and ‘empty calories,’ ” Rich explains. whether violent media made youths more socially isolated, or if Without solid scientific research, “How are parents ever sup- socially isolated kids tend to gravitate toward violent media. “But posed to know which is which?” that doesn’t mean we should ignore the findings,” Rich cautions. Take cell phones as an analogy, he says. Every year, more research Situated at the end of a narrow carpeted hallway in a 1960s-era suggests they might (or might not) cause brain cancer. Yet “We hospital building, the Center on Media and Child Health is a col- don’t stop using them,” Rich points out. “We just might think of lection of nondescript offices distinguished only by their décor— precautions and adjustments, like using headphones.” More im- a clear homage to the subject scientists here study. The bathroom portantly, he adds, correlations between media consumption and is plastered with classic Hollywood posters—Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho and Charlie Chaplin’s The Kid; above the receptionist’s desk hangs a poster of The Wizard Of Oz’s Dorothy. Rich’s own office door sports a bumper sticker: “Surgoen Generel’s Warnig: Te- livison Promots Iliteracy.” In many ways, the walls reflect the researchers’ apprecia- tion and enjoyment of media simply as conduits for information. That means acknowledging the halos as well as the horns. “We have a very powerful ally in media if we can recognize it,” Rich says. Video games, for instance, are among the most effective technologies available for teaching—delivering rewards for practice and, like all pleasure, a likely flood of dopamine to the brain with each success. But just as with food, too much junk can cause all sorts of health problems. Rich and his colleagues have compiled more than 3, 400 studies on media and health, ranging from issues of obesity (children who watch more TV snack more often and consume more fast food and sweets), to advertising (in the late 1990s, 50 percent of three-year-olds could identify Joe Camel and connect the character with Camel cigarettes), to alcohol use and risky sexual behavior. One study showed that exposure to alcohol advertising on TV had a more potent effect on alcohol use than age, gender, parental influence, social status, or church atten- dance. Another found that more than 70 percent of network shows contain sexual material, but less than 10 percent deal with sexual risks or responsibilities. “It’s not just how much time kids spend with media,” Rich explains, “it’s what they watch.” In one study published in 2006, lead author David Bickham, then a CMCH postdoc- toral fellow, and Rich found that the quantity of media consumed yielded a positive result: youths who spent time watching TV with friends tended to be more social, spending more time doing non-media-related activities with their friends. But when the researchers looked at media content in general, they found that young- shutterstock images sters who spent more time watch- children’s behavior may be telling us something about children like obesity or exercise, but in the absence of formal lectures acknowl- themselves—and what they need: “Perhaps children who watch edging media’s importance in the environment in which kids develop, a lot of violent TV, or who use media to stimulate themselves, are “doctors may not view media as highly influential health factors,” looking to meet needs that are not unlike the satisfaction they get says Rich—and as a result, they may not ask patients or their parents from actual risky behavior.” It may not be media that cause their about media use, or help parents manage their children’s risks. behavior, he explains; media use and content may flag children who are already at higher risk—“and they may derive some kind Rich knows that to change behavior, he needs to change minds. of benefit we haven’t even explored.” As a result, he has become a personal ambassador for his cause, “We know that children’s brains are different from adults’,” he advising both media and medical entities, lecturing publicly, and explains. Though all brains change and forge new nerve pathways appearing as an expert on television. Despite his white coat and throughout life, those of infants and young children are especially trail of academic accolades, he has an easygoing style and quick plastic. With virtually no circuitry devoted to primitive survival wit. As a clinician, he puts even his shyest patients at ease. At reflexes, the human brain is among the most embryonic at birth. a compact five-foot eight, he’s often no taller than the teens he “Every other organ in our bodies is a small functional version of works with, and pries forth reluctant smiles with self-deprecat- its adult self,” Rich notes, but the infant brain is entirely depen- ing humor. (“Look at me,” he tells one patient concerned about dent on the care of others. That means the human brain is built to his height, “I’m a fire hydrant with legs.”) This makes him that learn, forging original pathways created by interaction and envi- rare doctor who can connect emotionally with the typically sul- ronment and pruning away unnecessary connections as it ages. len, often completely shut-down adolescent patients and study This is why babies who learn languages from birth can hear and subjects who parade through his clinic’s door. But in the field of mimic sounds that most adults simply can’t pick up, he says: the media research, Rich stands out for an entirely different reason; babies’ brains haven’t yet set well-worn neural pathways. until he was 31, he was neither a doctor nor a scientist, but a full- Nearly all acquired chronic health conditions—obesity, eating time Hollywood filmmaker. disorders, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, and to- In his twenties, Rich worked with famous directors, including bacco, alcohol, and drug use—start with behaviors devel- Akira Kurosawa (a Luce Scholarship sent him to Japan oped in childhood and adolescence. And media, Rich as an apprentice and assistant director), and as a says, “are arguably the most powerful forces…kind Hollywood script doctor, writing and rewrit- of like a ‘Superpeer’ in the psychosocial lives of ing scenes (uncredited, and often unused) adolescents.” in several well-known films of the 1980s. Yet medicine has been among the last dis- Eventually he became disillusioned ciplines to formally recognize these with writing scripts “by committee” factors. In a 2008 abstract, and, 11 years into his film career, went Rich and his colleagues to medical school after a year and two reported that only half summers of pre-med training. of the 200-plus medi- Today, he pours his energy into study- cal residency pro- ing the very medium he once worked in. grams queried But in a scientific field that most often offered formal relies upon observation, self-reports, and education on surveys, Rich and his colleagues have a media. Most unique approach: besides asking kids and schools men- their parents to describe their own media tion media in use, the CMCH researchers use media them- conjunction selves to reveal the electronic environment with other young people now inhabit. health topics In the late 1990s, Rich placed video cameras shutterstock images in the hands of study subjects, lending asthmatic children tools that could Until he was 31, Rich was neither a doctor nor much more robust measure—a measure against which we can compare the questionnaire an- a scientist, but a full-time Hollywood filmmaker. swers.” The videos, she explains, create a more complex picture of what kids are actually doing. literally show clinicians the environment and circumstances affecting A student may write “I am watching TV” on her their disease. What resulted was a novel, ultimately award-winning questionnaire, but a video pan may reveal that she is also texting, research method (see “Lights. Action. Asthma,” November-December listening to music, and Facebooking on her computer at the same 2000, page 14) that changed not only the power dynamic between time—information that might never have surfaced in a penned clinician and patient, but also doctors’ treatments and patient out- survey. Such study data, Wartella points out, provide the base- comes. “One of the strengths of this method is that it captures things line information researchers need in order to ask their next set of you weren’t looking for,” Rich said then—whereas an interview “is questions: “We can’t figure out how kids are affected by media if already framed by the questions you ask.” When doctors have a bet- we don’t know how they use it.” ter sense of patients’ actual environments, they can work much more Just three years into their research, the Manchester study has collaboratively—and more effectively. When Rich and his colleagues published few findings, though there are many in the pipeline. watched some of the tapes made by his asthma patients, they found This is, in part, a function of the nature of longitudinal research. that the footage revealed risk factors that patients either didn’t sus- Besides having to analyze hours of vid- pect or didn’t want to admit: a mother who smoked in her asthmatic eo footage (winnowing out, in the child’s bedroom (despite adamantly claiming she didn’t); a house process, the irrelevant vid- described as “100 percent allergen-free” in which plants filled the en- eos teens often make when trance hall from floor to ceiling. (The mold, dust, and bugs that plants they suddenly acquire a can attract are serious asthmatic irritants.) One video diary showed a video camera), scientists teenaged patient coughing violently while using hairspray, which can must wait for data to ac- trigger a severe asthma flare-up. cumulate over the years In the years since Rich implemented the study, the video-cam- before they can com- era technique has been used for other health assessments, includ- pare health outcomes, ing HIV, obesity, and other chronic conditions. Yet he and his col- because many condi- leagues are still among the very few in the medical world to use tions develop gradually. media as research tools. It’s not that video cameras have no role in This past year, Rich research, Rich explains—they often record patients in sleep labs, and his coauthors pre- for instance, or document behaviors in social-science research. sented their first find- “It’s that within the research community, video cameras as actual ings at the Society for measuring tools feel alien.” Most medical researchers are trained Adolescent Medicine and to take measurements with surveys, questionnaires, and quan- published an abstract in titative diagnostics. Compared to such tried-and-true methods, The Journal of Adolescent Health. he says, “Watching, analyzing, and coding videotape into usable The research examined cor- statistical findings is time-consuming and expensive, and often relations between drinking requires a specially trained staff.” age and media use, and, says For the past few years, Rich’s team, led by CMCH visiting Rich, “We didn’t find scholar Craig Ross, a doctoral candidate at the Boston University what we thought we School of Public Health, has been conducting a longitudinal study would.” Their hy- in Manchester, New Hampshire, that aims to catalog middle- pothesis was that schoolers’ media use. At the outset, researchers recorded subjects’ kids who spent heights and weights, and a broad range of other health informa- more time us- tion (variables they will track year after year to compare health ing media outcomes). Then the team gave participants four tools to record would begin their media use: a high-definition camcorder; a personal digital drinking at assistant (PDA) that would buzz several times a day, reminding an earlier age, kids to write down what they were doing; a time-use diary; and a yet the data retrospective questionnaire. The questionnaires were a standard showed no method for gathering information, but the camcorder was not. correlation be- The students, responding to random beeps throughout the day, tween the two. were expected to answer their questionnaires and then use their “But kids who camcorders to make a 360-degree pan of their surroundings. used multiple “Most of the media-use data we have in our field—and we kinds of media don’t have much—is based on paper and pencil measures…kids at once,” he adds, or parents estimating their children’s media use,” explains North- “did drink earlier.” western University professor Ellen Wartella, another researcher Media multitask- Michael Rich on the effects of media on children. “Michael’s methodology is a ing—a reality

Portrait by Fred Field now for most children—had a significant effect. precedence over the less exciting vocabulary lesson.” Although media have been a part of children’s lives for genera- This is all preliminary research; even the definition of “multi- tions, kids today have more access to more types of media than ever. tasking” is up for grabs. Some research indicates that true mul- With the proliferation of portable options—smart phones, laptops, titasking—the ability to do several similar tasks at once—just handheld video games, iPads, and ebooks—young people now can doesn’t exist. “What’s really happening,” Rich explains, “is a rap- not only stay connected 24/7, but also connect via several platforms id toggling of our primary attention: if we are doing two or more at once: texting while surfing the Internet, watching videos, listen- tasks that require the same type of attention, something has to ing to music, and talking on the phone. In the past five years alone, recede to the background.” Of greater concern is not what Multitaskers felt more confident about their performance, kids are doing with media, it’s what they may not be doing as a result of but non-multitaskers performed much better. them. Recent imaging studies ex- amining the brain during specific according to that 2010 study by the Kaiser Family Foundation, the tasks also revealed how the brain functioned in the tasks’ absence: proportion of 8- to 18-year-olds with their own cell phones grew the resting brain used as much energy as the task-focused one. from 39 to 66 percent. The number of kids owning MP3 players Rather than shutting down when there was no outside input, a jumped from 18 to 76 percent. “Kids today are multitasking at a level whole network of nerves across various parts of the brain—the we’ve never seen before,” says Rich. “And people—particularly par- emotional center, visual cortex, memory—lit up, Rich explains, ents—want to know what this means. suggesting that periods of rest are critical for brain development: “Take multitasking, for instance,” he continues. “There are for creating new connections, synthesizing information, and forg- already studies out there, but very few, if any, deal with chil- ing a sense of self. dren. Most focus on college students and adults.” And most, Constant stimulation may deprive kids of much-needed down like his own work, raise more questions than they answer. time—a point Rich made last year in a speech to the American One of the most arresting studies was done recently at Stan- Academy of Pediatrics entitled “Finding Huck Finn: Reclaim- ford University, where researchers put self-described high-tech ing Childhood from the River of Electronic Screens.” Rich then jugglers and non-multitaskers through a series of tests where, urged physicians to ask patients about their media histories and among other tasks, they were told to focus on one set of colored outlined the risks linked to certain types (and amounts) of media shapes flashing on a computer screen, and to ignore another use, among them obesity, anxiety, desensitization to violence, and set. The habitual multitaskers felt more confident about their high-risk behavior at an earlier age. performance afterwards, but it was the non-multitaskers who But Rich also reminded fellow pediatricians that, powerful as performed much better. Heavy multitaskers simply could not they are, “media are neutral.” Used thoughtfully, he explained, ignore the extraneous information. “media can do great good—connecting, informing, and educat- “Our brains are programmed to be interrupted,” Rich explains. ing.” Children spend more time using media than doing anything We get an adrenalin jolt every time we receive a new stimulus—a else except (possibly) sleeping. “You’d think,” he says, “we’d be reward for paying attention to the new. And with the improve- doing everything in our power to understand the effects,” ment of brain-imaging technology in the last two decades, researchers can now actually see this process at work. Many of these study results raise legitimate concerns, but Rich “On a molecular level, several studies have shown us that excit- wants his efforts at publicizing them to raise hope as well. “You ing stimuli causes a release of dopamine and other neurotransmit- could say that findings like these prove that multitasking is just a ters in the brain,” says neuroscientist Markus Dworak, a former distraction and we should avoid it….But you can also say, ‘This is Harvard research fellow in psychiatry who focuses on sleep behav- the world we live in.” If today’s environment is training our kids’ ior. In 2007, he studied boys aged 12 to 14 who were asked to spend brains differently, he says, “Let’s find out how, so we can harness alternate nights either playing video games, or watching action that power and use it.” movies, for an hour after finishing their homework. Dworak and He has connected with educational professionals around the his colleagues then measured the boys’ brainwave patterns as they globe, hoping that the information they find can help shape curri- slept and found that both activities led to much lower sleep qual- cula. The typical American school now has one computer for every ity (though the video-game players consistently found their sleep four students—and the push by policymakers to digitize schools more disrupted). When the boys were asked to recall vocabulary represents a significant increase in spending per pupil. “But we words they had learned before their nightly media sessions, their don’t want to have computers just for computers’ sake,” Rich says. ability to remember the words dropped significantly after playing Several recent studies—including one by Jacob Vigdor, Ph.D. ’99, video games—but not after watching action movies. now an economics professor at Duke, have shown that youths of- The brainwave patterns, says Dworak, showed how the video ten use home computers for entertainment rather than learning— games affected sleep quality. Sleep is the time when the brain and this can hurt school performance, particularly in low-income stores information, when it decides what is important to keep or families. “Basically, kids in less-supervised environments or in delete, he explains. “We don’t know whether the boys’ learning single-parent families tend to use technology to play games and suffered because they slept poorly,” he says, “but we do know that chat with friends,” Vigdor says. “If we don’t pay close attention to information that is exciting tends to get stored in the brain much how kids use technology, [the results] often add up to more dis- more easily….Perhaps the excitement of the video games just took tractions from schoolwork.” (please turn to page 91)

52 November - December 2011 PANGARO BEER HMS ALUMNIBULLETIN

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gift annuity, orbequest. more aboutmaking amajorgift,charitable trust, [email protected] Director ofIndividualGiving,at multiple sclerosis,even obesity, and as type1diabetes,inﬂammatorybowel disease, diseases never before considered related, such connections between theimmunesystem and Harvard Medical Schoolresearchers are unveiling You make animpact, visit To developed. quickly new waystotreat andprevent diseaseare Harvard Medical Schoolmakes adifference inhow SUPPORT THISVITAL WORK. Your partnership with treating thesevexing problems. will lead tonovel therapies andnew hopefor cardiovascular disease.Thisemerging knowledge can alsocontact Christopher Painter, Executive learn more abouthow your giftcan http://give.hms.harvard.edu.

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As part of the University’s observance of the Clifton’s “september song: a tenth anniversary of 9/11, the Mahindra Humanities poem in 7 days” ; Frank Bidart’s Center erected eight “poetry posts” on the lawns “Curse”; and an excerpt from For a report on the community between Massachusetts Hall and the Barker Cen- W. H. Auden’s “September 1, commemorative service, ter: slim green cylinders, about seven feet tall, each 1939.” see harvardmag.com/ bearing the names of the 10 Harvard affiliates who The list atop each pale olive commemorating-9-11. died in the attacks, and a poem (or excerpt) meant pillar paid homage to the dead: to prompt reflection about loss and recovery. Among David Alger ’66; Paul Ambrose, M.P.H. ’00; Anthony the texts were Martín Espada’s “Alabanza: In Praise Demas, P.M.D. ’80; Steven Lawrence Glick, M.B.A.’89; of Local 100,” on the 43 members of Hotel Employees Edward R. Hennessy ’88; Waleed Joseph Iskandar, and Restaurant Employees Local 100 who perished in M.B.A. ’93; Andrew Keith Kates, M.B.A. ’91; Michael Windows on the World; Emily Dickinson’s “We Grow B. Packer ’76; Meta Waller, M.P.A. ’82; and Steven Accustomed to the Dark”; an excerpt from Lucille Weinstein, S.M. ’73.

Better Endowed financial crises of fiscal 2009, when the en percent return (and 16.2 percent endow dowment’s value declined by $11 billion). ment growth, to $19.4 billion); Princeton’s Harvard’s endowment was valued at According to Wilshire Associates Trust 21.9 percent return (and 18.8 percent en $32 billion as of June 30, the end of fiscal Universe Comparison Service—a stan dowment growth, to $17.1 billion, boosted year 2011—up 16 percent from $ 27.6 bil dard measuring stick—large institutional by its capital campaign); and MIT’s 17.9 lion at the end of fiscal 2010—according to investors achieved fiscal year 2011 median percent return (and 16.5 percent endow Harvard Management Company’s (HMC) returns of 20 percent to 21 percent, reflect ment growth, to $9.9 billion). The Univer annual report, released on September 22. ing the generally favorable market condi sity of Virginia realized a 24.3 percent HMC recorded an investment return of tions. Results for similarly managed large return, and apparently became the first 21.4 percent on endowment and related as university endowments reported at press school to recoup all of its losses from the sets—a strong performance following the time included Stanford’s 22.4 percent in 2008-2009 downturn—and then some. 11.0 percent return in fiscal 2010 (and the vestment return (and 19.5 percent endow The difference between the rate ofinvest - -27.3 percent investment return during the ment growth, to $16.5 billion); Yale’s 21.9 ment return and the growth in the absolute value

54 November - December 2011 Photographs by Jim Harrison of the endowment reflects the distribution of cal year, the Corporation authorized a 4 indexes—but both developed-market inter- endowment funds to support University percent increase in the endowment distri national equities and emerging-market equities operations and for other purposes (per bution, following two years of declines. Its trailed their benchmarks, pulling down haps $1.4 billion in fiscal 2011, down from fiscal 2013 decision is not yet public. public-equity performance overall. (Each fiscal 2010’s $1.56 billion, fiscal 2009’s $1.66 of these classes is assigned an 11 to 12 per billion, and fiscal 2008’s $1.63 billion), off On a relative basis, HMC’s 21.4 per cent weight in the policy portfolio, sum set by endowment gifts received during cent return (after all investment-manage ming to about one-third of typical endow the year (perhaps in line with the quarter- ment fees and HMC operating expenses) ment holdings.) billion dollars received in fiscal 2010). De exceeded the 20.2 percent return calculat Private-equity investments now account for tails will be disclosed in Harvard’s annual ed using market benchmarks for the assets another 12 percent of the policy portfolio, financial report, published in October af in the “policy portfolio” (HMC’s model for and produced a 26.2 percent return, also ter this issue went to press (see harvard allocating assets among categories such behind the benchmark. Long term, HMC magazine.com for details). as equities, bonds, real estate, The fiscal 2011 investment return hand and so on.) HMC also bested Harvard Management Company ily exceeded HMC’s long-term goal of 8.25 its benchmarks in fiscal 2010 2011 Investment Performance percent annual gains. After distributions (an 11.0 percent investment re in support of University spending (the en turn versus 9.4 percent for the Asset Class HMC Return Benchmark difference Return dowment now provides about one-third policy portfolio)—a welcome of operating revenues), this return, plus recovery from fiscal 2009, Public equities 28.3% 30.4% (2.1)% Private equity 26.2 28.7 (2.5) gifts, notably boosted the endowment. when HMC trailed its market Absolute return* 11.6 11.3 0.3 With inflation low, that 16 percent appre benchmarks by 2.1 percentage Real assets** 17.7 15.9 1.8 ciation in the endowment represents vig points. In both 2010 and 2009, Fixed income 9.1 6.9 2.2 orous real growth. the University’s portfolio fared Total endowment 21.4 20.2 1.2 Is the endowment fully recovered? less well than the median re Hardly: its peak value was $37.2 billion at turn of the Trust Universe *Includes high-yield bonds **Includes real estate, commodities, and natural resources the end of fiscal 2008. But it was “a suc Comparison Service, in part cessful year for HMC and the Harvard reflecting dissimilar asset allo endowment,” said president and chief cations: TUCS funds are about half invest has done very well in this asset class, but executive officer Jane L. Mendillo in an in ed in public equities (versus one-third for Mendillo last year signaled a more re terview. “The markets were good for most HMC’s policy portfolio), with only a few strained view, given both increased com of the year and we were able to do well percent invested in real assets (typically petition in the market and the inherent relative to the markets.” As she wrote in almost one-quarter of HMC’s allocation). liquidity risks; accordingly, the policy- HMC’s annual report—citing the invest Out-performing that metric for fiscal 2011 portfolio weighting for private equity has ment professionals’ active management of gives HMC at least public bragging rights: been trimmed (see below). the portfolio to satisfy growth, Two overall observations: Returns on the “absolute return” category, liquidity, and risk-management First, market returns were 16 percent of the policy portfolio (consist objectives—“We are pleased to strong across the board dur ing of both high-yield fixed-income investments report that our progress in fiscal ing fiscal 2011. Second, for and hedge funds) were 11.6 percent, fraction year 2011 was significant along HMC, all asset classes pro ally above benchmark results. each of these dimensions.” duced positive returns—re Real assets (23 percent of the policy port With fiscal 2011 on the books, flecting gains on real-estate folio, consisting of real estate and natural HMC’s annualized investment assets, following punishing resources, such as timber and agricultural return for the past five years losses on commercial prop land—each about 9 percent of the endow rose to 5.5 percent from 4.7 per Jane L. Mendillo erties after the 2008-2009 fi ment assets—plus publicly traded commod- cent last year, and for 10 years office news mitchell/harvard stephanie nancial crises. ities) produced positive returns of 17.7 per to 9.4 percent from the prior-year 7.0 per In her letter, Mendillo highlighted the cent, 1.8 points better than the benchmark, cent. Part of the improvement reflects the performance of certain segments. Invest with gains in each segment. strong fiscal 2011—and part the arithmetic ments in domestic equities yielded a 34.6 per Fixed-income returns (11 percent of pol of moving beyond fiscal 2001 (when invest cent return—comfortably above market icy-portfolio assets, excluding high-yield ment returns were negative 2.7 percent, in the wake of the dot-com collapse). These rates of return look more like the long-term In this Issue returns that HMC’s investment strategy is designed to produce. The long-term perfor 57 Allston Agenda 59 Brevia mance shapes the Corporation’s financial 57 Financial Aid Refigured 61 The Undergraduates decisions as it determines a rate of distri 57 Yesterday’s News 65 Sports bution from the endowment to support 58 Harvard Portrait 68 Alumni University operations. For the current fis 58 Arts and Sciences Annual Report 72 The College Pump

Harvard Magazine 55 Harvard Management Company John Harvard's Journal Weight in Policy Portfolio bonds, as noted) were led by results in the made a lot of ment securities). Asset Class Fiscal Years fiscal Year foreign-bond segment (up 21.7 percent). progress in risk Consistent 2010-2011 2012 management with the direc Public equities 33% 36% In categorizing the year, Mendillo and…improved tion since she Private equity 13 12 cited HMC’s confidence “that our port the liquidity of took charge Absolute return* 18 18 folio…is well positioned to support Har the portfolio Real assets** 23 23 in mid 2008, vard’s mission.” That confidence follows enough” so that Fixed income 11 11 HMC continues changes in strategy, investments, and co the specific cash Cash 2 0 to bring fund ordinated financial management with the allocation is no Total endowment 100 100 management administration that, as she wrote last year, longer needed. in-house, citing *Includes high-yield bonds “more closely aligned HMC with the Uni One sign of **Includes real estate, commodities, and natural resources gains in perfor versity”—following the frightening period the portfolio’s mance where it in late 2008 and early 2009 when long-term repositioning is that obligations to provide can build expert teams (as in the natural- investments were out of sync with Har future funding to real-estate and private-eq resources portfolio); better control over as vard’s urgent need for liquid resources. uity investment managers (so-called capital sets and knowledge of market conditions; “The much improved flexibility of the commitments have been reduced further, to and lower operating expenses. From a 70- portfolio we are managing” that Mendillo about $5 billion (down from $11 billion at the 30 external-internal mix of assets under cited last year shows up in symbolically end of fiscal 2008). That level of future obli management when she arrived, the propor significant tweaking of the policy portfolio. gations to investors in illiquid asset classes tion has shifted to perhaps 65-35 today. For fiscal 2012, itincreases commitments to (which also include the internally man equities by 2 percentage points (to 48 per aged natural-resources holdings) appears Despite the strong recent results, cent of the assets), but does so with higher to be comfortable as the asset managers put Mendillo took unusual pains to point out goals for public investments and a one- funds to work in the future. Mendillo noted, how very unpromising the external envi point reduction in private equities. The goals “We’re about where we want them to be for ronment turned in the months following for absolute return, real assets, and fixed- the size of our portfolio.” the end of the report income investments remain unchanged. Operationally, Mendillo highlighted some ing period. During the Meanwhile, the protective policy alloca new skills on her staff: an in-house trader of July-September quarter, Visit harvardmag.com/ endowment-2011 for tion to cash (2 percent in fiscal years 2009 Chinese equities; an in-house commodities- various stock-market complete coverage of and 2010, after HMC had for years boosted trading team; and a credit-markets group indexes declined from endowment results returns by borrowing up to 5 percent of its that pursues opportunities in publicly trad 14 to 24 percent. Low from Harvard and other total holdings to invest more) has been ed corporate debt (HMC has heretofore fo er economic growth schools. eliminated. As Mendillo explained, “We’ve cused on U.S. Treasury and foreign govern means also lessened demand for commercial office space, lower commodity prices, and so on. Accordingly, Mendillo noted—specifi News from Our Website cally in her language about the portfolio’s favorable long-term position relative to Harvardmagazine.com brings you continuous coverage of University and alumni news. Harvard’s needs—that it was “impacted Log on to find these stories and more: by adverse markets.” She amplified the warning in her concluding paragraphs, cit Class of 2015 Convocation—and a New Pledge ing “exceptionally volatile” markets, “driv In a traditional ceremony with a twist, first-years are en by concern and uncertainty related to introduced to the new Freshman Pledge. the debt ceiling debate, the fate of the euro harvardmag.com/convocation-2015 zone, the S&P [Standard & Poor’s rat ings service] downgrade of the U.S. Trea Combining Art and Science to Fuel Water’s Future sury securities, and indications of slowing The Lab @ Harvard’s fall exhibition featured growth in economies at home and abroad.” innovative ideas from students across the globe. As she stressed in conversation, “I want harvardmag.com/lab-at-harvard-2011 ed to signal that these are volatile times with significant downward moves in the Student Dispatches from Around the World markets.” Of the endowment’s value over An undergraduate journalism intern in France gets lost in all, she noted, “We’re not back to where we translation, but found by new friends; plus, an aspiring food were”—making it imperative that every writer explores Korea’s shaved ice cafés, and two students one understand the external and Universi document their moving experiences in Ghana. ty fiscal realities. Thus, the administration harvardmag.com/summer-student-journalism will likely practice continued budget dis stay connected - harvardmagazine.com cipline—as it pursues a large, endowment- bolstering capital campaign.

56 November - December 2011 Allston Agenda Yesterday’s News The Corporation has approved the rec ommendations of the Allston Work Team From the pages of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin and Harvard Magazine (released last June) for various Harvard development projects, and a schedule for are given out by their institutions. “The pursuing near-term actions. The decisions 1921 For the first time in 40 years, athletic program,” they assert, “exists for were outlined in a September 19 letter to Harvard is planning a Chinese-language the contribution it can make to [a] healthy the community from executive vice presi course, to be taught by philosophy in- educational experience, not for the glo- dent Katie Lapp: structor Yuen Ren Chao, Ph.D. ’18. rification of the individual or the prestige • Academic planning for a life-and health- or profit of the college.” sciences center—what Harvard units 1931 A new rule on “the entertain- would use it, and how—to be built on ment of women in Harvard Houses” re- 1956 Martha May Eliot resigns as the foundation for the initial Allston sci quires written permission to be obtained chief of the U.S. Children’s Bureau to ence complex (where work was halted in from the House master or senior tutor join the School of Public Health as head late 2009), is to be completed by next June. 24 hours prior to the visit unless the of the department of maternal and child Presumably, new architectural and engineer- guests are mothers or sisters. health, becoming Harvard’s third female ing plans for the re-envisioned complex full professor. would follow. But the University indicated 1941 University librarians have com- that construction will rely on funds raised pleted plans to evacuate 100,000 rare 1981 Fifteen junior-faculty profes- in the forthcoming capital campaign. volumes to a secret location if necessary sorships have been created thanks to a • By next March, the University intends in time of war. $7.5-million gift to the Harvard Cam- to issue requests for proposals to third- paign from John L. Loeb ’24. party developers who would create Har 1946 As part of a new experiment vard-affiliated rental housing and retail in General Education, President Conant 1991 A special double issue of the facilities at the intersection of Western delivers his first course lecture since tak- conservative undergraduate magazine Avenue and North Harvard Street, beyond ing office, speaking to undergraduates Peninsula focused on proving that “ho- Harvard Business School and the Stadium. and the general public on the strategy mosexuality is bad,” prompts a protest • Following the science and residential and tactics of science and on the prin- rally in response, during which Plummer initiatives, Harvard will identify partners ciples of chemistry. professor of Christian morals Peter J. for the “enterprise business campus” and Gomes reveals, “I am a Christian who hotel-conference center envisioned for the 1951 The presidents of Harvard, Yale, happens as well to be gay, and these 36-acre Allston Landing North site, near and Princeton issue a joint statement de- realities which are unreconcilable to the Charles River. Successful plan claring that no athletic scholarships some are reconciled in me.” ning for these two phases of work should enable Harvard to engage the Boston Redevelopment Au thority by late 2012—the first step in creating an institutional master plan that will guide work in the area in coming years. This roadmap—in scale with the complexity of the develop ment envisioned, and the neces sary financing and partnerships involved—probably gives the Allston community a more real istic vision for what might unfold, even if the schedule is slower than neighbors might hope. For details, see harvardmag.com/allston-plan-endorsed.

Financial Aid Refigured

The College announced two signifi cant changes to financial aid on September 1. As of September 2012, families with in

Illustration by Mark Steele John Harvard's Journal

comes below $65,000 will be able to send harvard portrait their children to Harvard at no parental cost, an increase from the current $60,000 ceiling (established in 2006); this change applies to returning undergraduates and those matriculating with the class of 2016. (According to a chart on the financial-aid website, close to 1,200 scholarship stu dents now in the College are from families with incomes of $60,000 or less.) At the same time, the expected parental contribution for newly enrolling students and their successors will grade up from 0 to 10 percent of income for families whose incomes fall between $65,000 and $150,000; the prior ceiling for this formula, intro duced in late 2007, was $180,000. Those families in the range of $150,000 to $180,00 will, according to the news release, “be asked to pay slightly more than 10 percent of income”—grading up to 16.5 percent, an increase of as much as $11,700 in their an nual bill compared to the prior formula. (According to the website, slightly fewer than 600 families of students now receiv ing scholarship aid have incomes from $140,000 to $180,000.) The College’s financial-aid payout—$166 million this year—will likely increase even with the new scholarship parameters, given that the term bill for tuition, room, and board ($52,652 now) will continue to rise. Part of the aid, in turn, is funded by the unrestricted tuition funds the College collects. (For fuller details, including peer Rebecca Henderson schools’ aid decisions, see harvardmag. com/financial-aid-2011.) Rebecca Henderson began her career studying why large companies find it difficult to change. One part of the answer is the phenomenon of “overload”—essentially, the failure to spend time planning for the future because one is so focused on urgent Arts and Sciences needs of the present. This phenomenon, the subject of research by the newly minted McArthur University Professor, applies to individuals as well as companies. For ex- Annual Report ample, even though we know that skimping on sleep and exercise can harm us, “we Dean Michael D. Smith discussed his jeopardize long-term health for short-term results.” (Henderson herself recharges by draft annual message (available at www.fas. kayaking and hiking with her 15-year-old son, Harry. Her late husband, John Huchra, harvard.edu/home/content/annual-report) was Doyle professor of cosmology in the astronomy department.) The dangers of with Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) such short-term thinking are also a theme of her current work as co-director of the colleagues at their first meeting of the year Business and Environment Initiative at Harvard Business School. Predictions of the on October 4. Among the notable points: likely fallout from climate change are dire—erratic rainfall and drastically diminished • FAS reduced its unrestricted core defi crop yields, followed by famine and political unrest—yet environmental legislation cit from a projected $35 million to an actu failed in Washington again last year. “Are we really going to wait until these things are al $16 million during the fiscal year ended upon us to take action?” she asks. Yet she remains an optimist: even with government last June; Smith still expects to eliminate gridlock, she has faith in the power of the private sector. Saving the environment will the structural deficit this year. be the next big wave in innovation and job creation, she believes, as steel, railways, • With the size of the tenured and ten plastics, and information technology were for previous generations. “We need clean ure-track faculty holding constant since energy. We need abundant clean water. We need safe and effective waste disposal,” 2008, the number of junior professors de she says. “Business can do that. That’s what business does.” creased by one-sixth, as promotions to tenure exceeded retirements. Since the in

58 November - December 2011 Photograph by Stu Rosner Laureate Septet Avenue building will be renovated and Seven alumni have been honored with expanded; the roughly $21-million proj 2011 Nobel Prizes. Ralph M. Stein- Brevia ect will, consistent with the center’s mis man, M.D. ’68, of Rockefeller Univer sion, incorporate green design elements sity, shared the prize in physiology or including vegetated walls, terraces, and medicine, for fundamental work on the surroundings. When finished, it will immune system; tragically, he suc provide 25 apartments, plus social cumbed to pancreatic cancer on and exhibition spaces for the fel September 30, three days before lows—far better than the amenities the award was announced. Three now offered. Ziolkowski hopes the cosmologists shared the physics project will help enhance the fel prize for discoveries concerning lowship programs, as well, reflect the accelerating expansion of the ing new scholarly opportunities in universe, based on measurements all three areas of Dumbarton Oaks’ using supernovae (exploding expertise, at a time when support stars): Saul Perlmutter ’81, profes for research in such humanistic sor of physics at University of Cali fields is increasingly scarce. fornia, Berkeley; Brian P. Schmidt, Ph.D. ’93, of the Australian Nation Library Overseer al University; and Adam G. Riess, Mary Lee Kennedy, formerly exec Ph.D. ’96, professor of astronomy utive director of knowledge and li and physics at Johns Hopkins. Li brary services at Harvard Business berian president Ellen Johnson School (HBS), is now senior associ Sirleaf, M.P.A. ’71, LL.D. ’11, shared ate provost for the Harvard Library, the peace prize for her advocacy to oversee the libraries’ transition of women’s rights. And Thomas J. to more coordinated operations, Sargent, Ph.D. ’68, of the Hoover as recommended by the University Institution and Berkley professor Divinity Dean’s Denouement. Libraries task force last year (see of economics and business at NYU, and Harvard Divinity School dean William “Unifying Harvard’s Libraries,” harvard- doctoral classmate Christopher A. Sims A. Graham will step down at the end mag.com/library-structure-2010). She is of this academic year, concluding a ’63, Ph.D. ’68, Helm professor of econom decade of service (he began serving as responsible for strategy and policy; Har ics and banking at Princeton, shared the acting dean in January 2002). After a vard Library executive director Helen prize in economics. For details, see har- year’s leave, he will resume teaching Shenton will report to her. As part of vardmag.com/economics-nobel-prize. as a Distinguished Service Professor. the new structure, the libraries are being Graham, a member of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences since 1973, has been grouped into five affinity groups, each of University Professors director of the Center for Middle East- which will share services; see harvard- President Drew Faust has appointed two ern Studies, master of Currier House, mag.com/library-structure-2011. University Professors, Harvard’s highest and chair of both the department of Near Eastern languages and civiliza- faculty rank. Rebecca M. Henderson, tions and the committee on the study On Other Campuses who joined Harvard Business School in of religion. His scholarly work focuses Carnegie Mellon University trustee 2009 and examines businesses, energy, on early Islamic religious history and William S. Dietrich II, past president the history of world religion. More and the environment, becomes McArthur than half the school’s current faculty and chairman of Dietrich Industries, has University Professor (see Harvard Por members were appointed during Gra- pledged a $265-million gift to the school trait, opposite), succeeding Nobel laure ham’s deanship; he also oversaw revi- (effective upon his death)—about one- ate Robert C. Merton, who retired in sions of the school’s degree programs. quarter of the current endowment. The 2010. Stem-cell pioneer Douglas Melton funds, according to President Jared L. (he co-chairs the department of stem cell Library and Collection, in Washington, Conlon, enable discretionary spend and regenerative biology, and co-directs D.C., has purchased a building near its ing that can be directed however the the Harvard Stem Cell Institute), the existing campus in which it will be able university thinks most important. master of Eliot House, is the first Xander to house its scholarly fellows who are Dietrich, a Princeton alumnus, earned his University Professor. The identity of the pursuing studies in Byzantine, Pre-Co Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh, new chair’s donor has not been disclosed. lumbian, and garden and landscape stud where he chaired the board of trust ies (see “Home of the Humanities,” May- ees—to which he subsequently pledged Dumbarton Oaks Domiciles June 2008, page 48). Porter professor of $125 million.…The University of Chicago Fulfilling a long-term programmatic Medieval Latin Jan Ziolkowski, who di and that city’s mayor, Rahm Emanuel, in ambition, Dumbarton Oaks Research rects the center, says that the Wisconsin August signed a memorandum of under

Photograph by Justin Knight Harvard Magazine 59 John Harvard's Journal

standing that will expedite public infra proaches to Middle Eastern Studies,” and explored Afro-Indian communities in structure investments in and regulatory four other half-courses. It had previously Colonial America. approvals for university development in been available to graduate students. its Hyde Park neighborhood and envi Miscellany. James H. Waldo, McKay pro rons; the agreement covers the univer BGLTQ staff and office. The College, fessor of the practice of computer science, sity’s $1.7-billion capital plan for the next adopting recommendations from a work has been named Harvard’s chief technol five years.…Yale began the new academic ing group last spring, has appointed Lisa ogy officer; he will lead the creation of year by completing renovation of Ezra Forest as the first director of bisexual, technology standards and practice and Stiles, the last of its dozen undergradu gay, lesbian, transgender, and question be responsible for the architecture and ate residential houses to be refurbished ing (BGLTQ) student life. Forest had implementation of University systems. He during a 13-year-long effort that required been in a similar position at Bridgewater was for many years distinguished engineer an investment of a half-billion dollars, State University. Emily J. Miller, a mem at Sun Microsystems and also worked at adjusted for inflation, according to the ber of the working group who is pursu Apollo Computer and VMWare.…Har- Yale Daily News. Separately, Yale agreed in ing a master’s at the Divinity School, will vard School of Public Health (HSPH) September to host an Air Force ROTC be graduate assistant for BGLTQ student received a five-year, $10-million grant from on campus, joining the Naval ROTC unit life. Offices and a lounge space for the the National Cancer Institute to explore that it had earlier announced would be group are being readied in Boylston Hall the relationship between obesity and can based there. And it unveiled a $25-million for early next semester. cer; Penn, University of California, San gift to fund a multidisciplinary Energy Diego, and Washington University are Sciences Institute; the laboratory, and Macarthur fellows. Three faculty mem undertaking similar work as part of the several new professors, will explore clean bers and two alumnae have been award $45-million initiative. Professor of nutri technologies and solar-based fuels. ed $500,000, unrestricted tion and epidemiology Frank Hu is prin MacArthur Foundation cipal investigator for the Harvard research Nota Bene fellowships: Beren profes (see “The Deadliest Sin,” March-April Middle eastern studies. The department sor of economics Roland 2004, page 36, on his work on exercise of Near Eastern languages and civiliza- Fryer Jr., best known for and health). Separately, HSPH received a tions (www.nelc.fas.harvard.edu) has work on school perfor $12-million, five-year grant from the Bill

unveiled a secondary field in modern Mid mance and reform; asso office news chase/harvard jon & Melinda Gates Foundation to improve dle Eastern studies, embracing humani ciate professor of physics Markus maternal health in developing countries; ties and social sciences, for undergradu Markus Greiner, who Greiner professor of the practice of public health ates concentrating in other disciplines. It works with ultracold atoms; and pro Ana Langer will direct the initiative.…Da- requires a gateway course, NEC 100, “Ap fessor of psychology Matthew Nock vid P. Davidson, interim leader of dining (whose work on suicide and self-injury operations on campus since the depar was profiled in “A Tragedy and a Mys ture of Ted Mayer last summer, has been tery,” January-February named his successor as managing director 2011, page 32); Jeanne of University dining services.…Acclaimed Gang, M.Arch. ’93, found cellist Yo-Yo Ma ’76, D.Mus. ’91, the prin er of Studio Gang Archi cipal guest performer at Harvard’s 375th tects, an acclaimed firm anniversary celebration on October 14, in Chicago; and Univer has been named a 2011 Kennedy Center

sity of Michigan historian foundation macarthur honoree. The ceremony is scheduled for Tiya Miles ’92, who has Tiya Miles December 4. Actress Meryl Streep, Ar.D. ’10, will also be honored.

TATA ON TRACK. Harvard Business School’s new executive-education building, Tata Hall—designed by William Rawn Associates and named for Ratan Tata, who attended the Advanced Management Program in 1975, and whose companies and philanthropic trusts made a $50-million naming gift in the fall of 2010—has been approved by the Boston Redevelop- ment Authority. Located on the northeast corner of campus, by McArthur Hall and Soldiers Field Road, the $100-million facility will contain classrooms and residential space. Groundbreaking is planned in December, with occupancy in 2013.

Images courtesy of Dongik Lee/ William Rawn Associates troduction of the faculty-retirement pro and a 20-percentage-point increase in the collaborative research in a more constrained gram, 51 tenured professors have signed yield of admitted minority applicants. funding environment, has proposed a center agreements to phase out of their positions Separately, the graduate students’ Dudley for neurophysics and a center for the study within a four-year period; 42 retirements House celebrates its twentieth anniver of extrasolar Earths as candidates for Na are planned during the next four years, sary on October 27. tional Science Foundation support. Sepa up from 27 during the past four years. The • Following the 2010 introduction of its rately, the Museum of Comparative Zoology proportion of women in the faculty ranks biomechanical engineering concentration is beginning to move its huge collections has held at 25 to 26 percent since 2008. for undergraduates in 2010, the School of to modern work and storage spaces in the • In the College, the dean of undergrad Engineering and Applied Sciences plans Northwest Building, ultimately freeing mu uate education has commissioned a two- concentrations in electrical engineering seum areas for academic reuse. year study of academic integrity. and materials and mechanical engineering. • And the division of continuing educa • The Graduate School of Arts and Sci • Continuing incremental investments tion reported that distance learning ac ences, where underrepresented American in arts practice and performance, the di counted for 42 percent of total course en minorities have persistently made up less vision of arts and humanities created rollments, as the Extension School offered than 5 percent of the doctoral population, Arts@29 Garden, a space for arts-making 171 online courses. appointed an assistant dean for diver collaborations among faculty members, For a more detailed account of the an sity and minority affairs; new recruiting students, and visiting practitioners. nual report, see harvardmag.com/fas-re- strategies resulted in stronger admissions • The division of science, emphasizing port-2011.

the undergraduate the well-stocked shelves I found, on one occasion, cupcake tins and a grapefruit fork, and the presence of these objects struck me as peculiar, and stayed with me. Far Away Other oddities, carefully catalogued and considered: I sat halfway in the aisle of a crowded by katherine xue ’13 combi as it sped down wide, open roads to the coast. Outside, termite mounds and stunted trees interrupted kilometers of t took 15 minutes to walk to town. riverbed; another student showed me how vast savanna and the perpetually cloud I went across the sand, out the school to dig and find water just below the sur less sky; inside, Rihanna’s “Rude Boy” gates to a path through the tall, feath face. On the other side was the one road blasted over the speakers. ery savanna grass (Are there snakes? through the town of Omaruru in central In class, my students jabbered in three II’d asked a student once, and he said yes. Namibia, and next to the municipal build or four tribal languages, but they’d seen Then, with glee—Are you afraid?). Next, ing was the supermarket, Spar. Rubik’s Cubes and watched detective the dusty, unpaved road through the dry Under the warm yellow lights among shows. A few friended me on Facebook via their (school-banned) cell phones. The author My most bizarre finding: nightly on tele with some of her vision, after the national news, came India– grade eight math students A Love Story, a soap opera with a cult fol lowing, its Brazilian-and-Indian plotline, originally broadcast in Portuguese, dubbed to English for its Namibian run. On Satur day they replayed all the week’s episodes. All this made me wonder how big the world really is, and what it would take to be far away.

I was supposed to be far away. In win ter of my sophomore year I started feeling

Both of the new Ledecky Fellows had summer experiences illuminating their Harvard identities and College values, so we, atypically, publish a col umn by each in this issue. vThe Editors

Photographs courtesy of Katherine Xue Harvard Magazine 61 deep. Just when I’d thought I was tak ing on a new role, I became a chimera of every teacher I’d ever had. And so I started to feel the weight of other places, and because of their nearness I wondered if I was truly in Africa. I was still in the grip of a Can tabrigian busyness, filling my free time with school websites and mural de signs, excuses to never be still. When I walked through town, I heard calls of “China,” and the first question my students asked was where I was really from. I found I’d brought more than I Xue helping her class prepare for the landscape and the size of a town of knew. Packed alongside my clothes and exams, and standing in front of the four thousand. I wasn’t sure what I’d eat, books was a whole self neatly transplanted mural that she and her students painted together, an elaborate map of Namibia or how well Namibians would speak Eng from America, a person with habits and lish. I didn’t know what subjects I’d be expectations, familiar routines and sto hemmed in, driven into a narrowing spiral teaching, couldn’t fathom how I would ries and patterns of thought. For all the of specialization and professionalization. I’d spend my day. And I found the blankness, mystique I’d attached to the idea of place, always told myself I wanted to be a scientist, the not-knowing, to be exhilarating. to the power of difference and novelty and but science shrank into biology and then And sometimes terrifying. I got shots strangeness to provide a blank slate and a systems biology, and I began to realize that and took malaria pills, registered with the new start, it was I who’d never left. being a systems biologist, or in fact “being” embassy and grimly copied down emer anything, might mean I’d be stuck there, gency information, started to feel a gaping In August, when I went home, I kept caterpillar to unwilling butterfly. So when sense of distance. My parents thought I waking up early. One morning I went out I felt the looming halfway point of college, was crazy to go. Just before leaving, I start walking, and I couldn’t stop noticing the when I realized I might be in lab for all my ed to agree. hot, humid air and fluffy white clouds, the college summers and unfathomable years tiny, bright flowers by the curbs and the beyond, I sprinted cold-footed and uncer My first day teaching, I played sub lush green of Tennessee summer, and for the emoniously in the opposite direction. stitute. First period, I found out when first time I was hit with the full realization Namibia seemed far enough. I wanted to they walked in, was grade eight agricul of its beauty. Then I knew I’d been away. be out of the shadow of Harvard, because ture, currently studying cash crops— Harvard confused me. I felt the lingo on cowpea harvest practices, soil conditions The things I realized, which in retro my tongue, the uneasy restlessness and for wheat. I spotted a mercifully familiar spect seem obvious: anxiety, the feeling of always trying to race poster on the classroom wall and invented Teaching is hard and exhausting. Teach ahead, destination irrelevant. I wasn’t sure a lesson plan on the spot. The cell-parts ing well even more so. anymore what was me and what was Har dance I’d learned in seventh grade gar The world is big. Before this summer, vard, and I hoped that by flinging myself to nered international approval. Namibia was at best a vague concept in my a faraway place I would start to find things Days and weeks later, I found myself mind, but it was my students’ entire real out, what’s left when familiarity and habit teaching my grade eight math classes that ity. Namibia has far more detail and com are stripped away, what is essential. King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate plexity than I could’ve imagined, and when So when I heard about WorldTeach Milk—grade nine physical sciences got I left, I still felt like I knew nothing. The from a friend, I went for it. A summer an earful about metric prefixes, too, after world is big, and in comparison, the ev teaching in Namibia—far enough away, a I started grading their tests. When we eryday stresses of papers and problem sets comfortable span of time. I’d never trav learned about states of matter, I brought and extracurriculars seem very, very small. eled abroad alone, but Namibia promised in oobleck—a suspension of cornstarch The feelings that drove me to flee Cam novelty and adventure, and I relished the in water—the non-Newtonian fluid of bridge are still there. My uncertainty idea of a challenge. I had no formal class choice back in elementary school. I re about the future didn’t go away because I room experience, but teaching felt oddly minded my math classes endlessly that tried to go away. But nothing threatens to compelling, because I wanted to return to Cartesian coordinates were over, then up, overwhelm me. I took a break, and it was what made me fall in love with science. over, then up, walking across to the ladder okay. Africa was different from what I’d In the days before leaving, I played a and then climbing up, hearing echoes of my expected, and that was okay. I felt amaz game with myself, trying to imagine what fifth-grade teacher all the while. Memories ing after some classes and felt like crying I’d find. But I couldn’t picture anything— of classroom Jeopardy games and the arith after others, got sick and missed a week of little things, like the style of buildings or metic order of operations—Please Excuse school, climbed a mountain and sprained how people would dress; big things, like My Dear Aunt Sally—surfaced from the my ankle at the top, and through all of that

62 November - December 2011 I was okay. Things will stay okay. times I hardly knew who or where I was. around me, everything that directly or in And in the end I took this, the fact that I directly tries to affect me; some small space I left Cambridge but I came back, and will always carry things with me, to mean to scratch out and keep free. And somehow in between I learned about all the things that even though I’ll never have a pure self I found that to be enough. I carried with me while I was gone—my free of influence and circumstance, even past experiences, my pattern of thoughts, though I’ll never isolate some essential me, Berta Greenwald Ledecky Undergraduate Fellow everything that has influenced me indi there’s something I can hold onto in the Katherine Xue ’13 thinks it’s time to climb another rectly and unconsciously—so that some face of everything, everything happening mountain. At Camp, a Community by isabel w. ruane ’14

The 2011 Onaway counselors at the top of Mount Cardigan (the author is fourth from left); campers outside one s our car sped away from Lo real world—and, more pressingly, with my of the two-person cabins they call home gan Airport, into Boston and memory of freshman year at Harvard. out along the Charles, my eyes though camp requires you to change your widened as the cupolas of Har I’ve spent nearly every summer of the self to fit its mold, that change is, first, Avard came into view. “Do I really go there?” past 10 years at Camp Onaway. From a more about character than looks, and, I mused aloud. At that moment, I couldn’t gawky, quiet 10-year-old to a grown-up, second, inevitably positive. The Onaway have felt farther away from being a Har goofy first-year counselor, Onaway has girls arrive in June looking like standard vard student: an independent college kid been my haven. Camp is fun, silly, care twenty-first-century kids—individuals, living in a city, studying and sailing, hang free; active, outdoorsy, and nature-loving; of course, but all bearing the same ob ing out with other kids but operating on above all, traditional. Think The Parent jects of modern America. Once arrived, my own terms, only as connected to others Trap, but more Hayley Mills than Lindsay though, we relinquish cell phones, tuck as I chose to be. I was in a different mode Lohan. Each summer, 120 campers and away street clothes, say goodbye to the altogether. counselors, aged 10 to 25, join our motherly Internet, and, most importantly, leave be That day, my mum and I were just pass director, Mrs. Conolly, for seven weeks of hind the petty competitions over looks, ing through Boston, dropping off one of swimming, sailing, hiking, and simple liv possessions, and status that plague our my fellow camp counselors at the airport ing up in the woods. Uniform checked or real-world lives. In the resulting void we before heading home for the final week of striped shirts are tucked in at all times, plant friendship, community, and frank summer. Soon I would be returning to Har cabins are inspected daily, songs are sung discussion of honor, values, and character. vard for fall semester, but for now, I could at every opportunity, and we gather for a Rejecting the trappings of modern life, at reflect from afar. Venturing away from the nondenominational chapel service in our least for the summer, allows us to embrace quiet lakes region of New Hampshire for lakeside, birch-lined grove every Sunday a different ethos. And though this camp the first time in two months, everything evening. To most, we Onaway girls sound culture shows itself in awkward uniforms, ordinary struck me as foreign: highways, crazy! But that wouldn’t be giving camp a ridiculous songs, and seemingly rigid rules, billboards, tall buildings, masses of people. chance. these traditions no more embody camp But these outward differences seemed triv Our common camp refrain is: “You can’t than red-brick edifices and leather book ial as I began contrasting the atmosphere get Onaway unless you spend a summer bindings embody Harvard. The traditions of my small summer camp with that of the there.” It’s hard to understand that even bring Onaway campers onto one plane so

Photographs courtesy of Isabel W. Ruane Harvard Magazine 63 John Harvard's Journal

Ruane (top right) in her the thing is—without this sort of discus camper days; a mural designed by 2011 campers sion, a community forgets simple rules of to celebrate Onaway’s behavior. When no one talks about re centennial summer by high- sponsibility, people leave trash in the hall lighting its many traditions for maintenance staff to deal with. When was excited to be returning no one talks about consideration, people soon to Cambridge—to my push through doors without looking to friends, my classes, my sail see if anyone’s following. When no one ing team, and to life in the talks about generosity, people forget city—but I was more con that it is more important to help a friend scious of my sadness in leav than to finish a problem set. I’m not ex ing my summer community. cusing myself from this sort of behavior At camp, I’m now one of the grown- (no one’s perfect—certainly not I), but ups: the girls look up to “Miss Is” to guide I know these breaches of consideration them. At school, I’m still a kid: professors happen here, and I feel certain that, were and advisers give assignments and direc values talked about, we would all behave tions to me as their student. At camp, I’m better. expected to help out, to work with others, Apparently, others at Harvard have been to make sure life runs smoothly for every thinking along the same lines. I returned one around me. At school, I’m expected to to campus in September to news of a new strive and achieve independently, to pri Freshman Pledge, which all the members oritize my success in some abstract quest of the class of 2015 were asked to sign. The to serve the world in the future. At camp, I pledge reminds students that, at gradua show my worth through kind words, good tion, they will be expected to be ready to advice, and uncomplaining aid. At school, I “advance knowledge, to promote under that we can develop the intangible quali show my worth through well-tuned writ standing, and to serve society.” It further ties of a strong community. ing, well-reasoned exams, and thought asks that students agree to “act with integ Camp is community; community is ful contributions to discussions. In short, rity, respect, and industry, and to sustain camp. Onaway takes girls from differ both Harvard and Onaway have high ex a community characterized by inclusive ent backgrounds, with different atti pectations, but their focuses are different. ness and civility” throughout their years tudes, and assimilates them into a family at Harvard. Surprisingly—at least to me— in which trust, honor, and care for others So why, I asked myself, did returning to this initiative drew quite a bit of ire, par are paramount. Though it may take years college make me feel as though I was re ticularly from members of the community to understand the power of this type of gressing? It just didn’t seem right that who saw the public nature of the pledge community, once it clicks, you never for I would soon be more focused on earn (the signed pledges were to be posted in get it: you are never content to sit back, ing myself a good grade than on ensuring freshmen entryways) as infringing on stu to do less than you can, to lie or cheat or that my campers behaved kindly to each dents’ freedom. (For more coverage, see shirk. And we love camp for this: in our other. It seemed wrong that tutors might harvardmag.com/convocation-2015.) But diverse, doctrine-shy world, one hardly be scolding me for making too much noise arguments about freedom and the idea of ever encounters a community in which or leaving inconsiderate messes, instead of a public display aside, it seems an over everyone agrees, implicitly, about the right my being responsible for teaching campers whelmingly positive move to re-open the way to behave. Nowhere else I know has to respect rest hour and keep their cabins discussion of values at Harvard. values that are so clearly defined, nowhere neat. All summer, camp reminded me to be I’ve come back from camp to college be is there such agreement about the proper considerate, kind, and generous, and I, in lieving firmly in the power of a community manner of treating other people. At camp turn, reminded my campers to do so. Now that embraces virtue even as its members we learn to sail, swim and knit, to build a I was returning to a place where these ide have fun and work toward common and in birdhouse and paddle a canoe, but all the als were never talked about. Finally, I real dividual goals. I hope the instigation of the while we are learning how to be, and that’s ized why my most recent drive through Freshman Pledge encourages more voices what’s most important. Cambridge felt so melancholy… to speak out about the importance of col Returning from camp is always a shock. Never in my first two semesters at laboration, respect, kindness, and humility Though we are eager to reacquaint our Harvard had I ever heard someone talk here. If they do, we will find the Harvard selves with electronics, indoor plumbing, ing about values. Maybe individuals were community rallying around these values. and boys, we regain these missing pieces of thinking about right and wrong, honor Imagine if, instead of seeing ourselves as normal life at at deep cost. We may have and duty, but they never brought those the smartest kids of America, we humbled the modern world back, but we’ve left be ideas up. I never sensed that the mem ourselves as the luckiest; imagine if, instead hind our Onaway community. I sensed this bers of Harvard’s community shared a of dreaming of personal success, we ea trade-off most acutely as I passed Harvard common idea about how to behave kind gerly anticipated using our talents to serve only hours after leaving New Hampshire. I ly and courteously to one another. And the world; imagine if we went around

64 November - December 2011 saying, “How can I help you?” and “What versal? If we talk about how we want to this standard is the norm. I know it. I’ve needs to be done around here?” instead of behave, sooner or later, the community watched my Onaway girls figure it out, and “These are my personal goals,” and “This is will embody that behavior. We should I think my Harvard classmates can, too. what I have to do.” make the common image of a Harvard stu Our school is full of kind, generous, un dent not a smart, entitled self-promoter Berta Greenwald Ledecky Undergraduate Fellow selfish individuals. But what if we could but rather a generous, humble leader. We Isabel Ruane ’14 loves Harvard almost as much as make the spirit of these individuals uni are capable of creating community where she loves camp.

Sports 269 yards. He was intercepted three times, twice in the final quarter. Brown came within a yard of tying the game as the fourth period opened, but Hanging Tough freshman defensive end Zach Hodges knocked the ball loose on a handoff to Bear back Mark Kachmer, and linebacker Alex A night of self-discovery at the Stadium Norman ’13 recovered. Linebacker Josh Boyd ’13 led the defense with 11 tackles and a forced fumble, while ike Harvard Stadium’s Field Chapple was best against Brown when fellow linebacker and captain Alex Gede Turf surface, this year’s football the weather was worst. Midway through on ’12 had eight tackles. team seems weatherproof. Un the final quarter, with rain falling in A week earlier, in the team’s season- fazed by a rainstorm that intensi sheets, he uncorked a 56-yard scoring pass opening game at Worcester’s Fitton Field, Lfied as the game progressed, the gridders to receiver Adam Chrissis ’12, giving Har defensive letdowns had allowed Holy Cross gave Brown a 24-7 dunking in the teams’ vard a commanding 21-7 lead. to score 27 consecutive points after fall Ivy League opener, a Friday-night game Chapple had set up the Crimson’s first ing behind, 14-3, at the start of the second at the Stadium on September 23. Coach touchdown in the opening quarter, taking quarter. But it was an offensive letdown Tim Murphy, whose squads have defeated the snap on a fake field goal attempt at the that short-circuited a Crimson comeback Brown in 10 of the last 12 encounters, saw Brown 6-yard line and running for a first in what ended as a 30-22 loss. Early in the this one as a moment of self-discovery. “I down at the one. Scales scored on the next final quarter, with Holy Cross leading 23- think tonight we developed an identity,” play. On Harvard’s following series, a 25- 14, Harvard drove to the hosts’ 9-yard line, he said after the game. “We’re a tough, yard run by Scales put the team in Bruin where Winters attempted a goal-line pass physical team.” territory once again; Chapple then lofted to the team’s ranking receiver, Chris Lor Tough, physical, and resourceful. With a 20-yard pass to tight end Cameron Brate ditch ’11 (’12). Cornerback Andrew Zitnik, quarterback Collier Winters ’10 (’12) ’14, who made a spectacular one-handed the Crusaders’ rangiest defender, snared the nursing a pulled hamstring, junior Colton catch and toppled into the Chapple got the start against Brown. He end zone. directed the offense with authority and Harvard’s 14-0 lead was passed adroitly, completing 15 of 26 throws imperiled when Brown ad for a career-high 207 yards and two touch vanced to the Harvard 9-yard downs. Tailback Treavor Scales ’13 ran line later in the period, but with bruising power, scoring the game’s safety Dan Minamide ’12 end first touchdown and finishing with 129 ed the threat with an inter yards rushing. Despite the rain, the offen ception. The Bears’ only score sive unit and kicking teams finished the came in the third quarter, on game without fumbling. On the other side a 30-yard pass from Newhall- of the ball, the defensive unit was implaca Caballero to flanker Tellef ble, forcing five turnovers and hammering Lundevall. Newhall, who the Bears’ former all-Ivy quarterback, Kyle missed most of last season Newhall-Caballero. with a broken wrist, threw 52 As a third-stringer a year ago, Chapple passes and completed 28 for appeared in nine games and started three of them, but completed only 47 percent Backup quarterback Colton of his passes. It’s now evident that he has Chapple ably directed the mastered Harvard’s complex offense, posi Crimson offense in a 24-7 victory over Brown, complet- tioning him as the heir apparent to Win ing 15 passes for 207 yards ters, a fifth-year senior who is scheduled and two touchdowns in a to graduate in January. rainstorm.

Photograph courtesy of the Harvard Athletics Office Harvard Magazine 65 John Harvard's Journal ball near the sideline and raced 97 yards for a Tidbits: After the Brown win, backup ery competitor who also plays on the kick game-changing touchdown. Colton Chapple said of starter Winters: off team, was credited with three tack “I hurt for Collier. No one loves to play the les, three quarterback hurries, and a pass Will this be seen as the “Year of the game of football like he does. You can see the breakup against Brown. Quarterback in the Ivy League,” as a New intensity—that’s why he gets hurt all the Toughing it out: A crowd of 18,565 York Times headline proclaimed last Au time, he plays so hard. [He’s] a great leader. braved the Brown gust? It noted that Pennsylvania, Colum You can’t replace Collier.”…Winters missed game deluge.…Crimson bia, and Brown would each have former the 2008 season because of a torn leg muscle, teams are now 5-0 in Visit harvardmag. all-Ivy quarterbacks at the helm; that and sustained a similar injury in preseason night games at Har com/fitzpatrick-2011 to read about Buffalo Yale, Princeton, Dartmouth, and Harvard practice a year ago. He played the last five vard Stadium. Bills quarterback Ryan would field battle-tested seniors; and that games of the season while his leg was still Resilience: Since Fitzpatrick ’05, who is Harvard’s Winters had outpassed a clutch mending, leading all Ivy quarterbacks with 2007, Harvard is 9-0 in having a banner year. of elite college quarterbacks in a summer- a 61 percent pass-completion rate. games following a loss. camp competition run by Archie, Peyton, New wrinkle: Harvard’s no-huddle of Lagniappe: A 31-yard field goal by kick and Eli Manning. fense now features a two-tight-end set, ing specialist David Mothander ’14 gave Coach Murphy was quoted as saying teaming six-foot-five sophomore Cameron Harvard its final points in the Brown that the season might be “the most com Brate and the versatile Kyle Juszczyk ’13. game. petitive in a long time. I don’t think you “It’s a quarterback’s dream to have those Leopards skinned: Tough defense en can look at a single team in our league that two [tight ends],” said Chapple after the abled Harvard to shut down Lafayette, doesn’t have an all-Ivy-caliber quarterback Brown game. “They’re big, they’re fast, 31-3, in the season’s third game, but a new back. That’s something I’ve never seen in they’ve got great hands.”…Brate, who did reserve quarterback, Michael Pruneau ’14, my 18 years in the league.” not see varsity action last year, caught 11 had to be mobilized when Chapple took a Yet only Yale, with former Nebraska passes in the team’s first three games. hard hit and was sidelined at halftime by backup Patrick Witt calling signals, was New faces: Freshman Seitu Smith III stiffness in his back. Harvard scored its able to post a W in both of its first two was a special-teams force in the Holy 31 points on a field goal by Mothander, outings. On the season’s first weekend, Cross opener, returning four kicks for a a short run by Scales, a short pass from Penn, Columbia, Princeton, and Harvard total of 124 yards, with a long of 42. Other Chapple to Alex Sarkisian ’12, a short pass lost to Patriot League opponents. A week promising freshmen include defensive from Pruneau to Cameron Brate, and a 43- later, Cornell lost to Yale, while Penn lost lineman Zach Hodges, speedy tailback yard breakaway by Zach Boden, of whom to Villanova, Columbia lost to Albany, Zach Boden, and Will Whitman, a 6-6, more will likely be heard this season and Dartmouth lost to Sacred Heart, and 260-pound offensive tackle.…Hodges, a fi in seasons to come. v“cleat” Princeton lost—for the first time ever—to Bucknell. Not an auspicious prologue to the Ivy League wars. Court Sparks In recent seasons, Penn and Harvard have customarily been the Ivy front-run Two basketball co-captains with a nose for the hoop ners, with Brown and Yale a step or two behind and the four also-rans beating up Brogan Berry mates easy shots,” she says. “My main on one another in the league’s second divi goal is to get as many assists and as few sion. Penn, which normally fields the Ivies’ The point guard—the #1 position— turnovers as possible. That’s the first stat best defense, uncharacteristically yielded is the quarterback of a basketball team. I look at after a game: the assist/turnover 67 points in its first two games, but the She’s the floor leader, starting the attack ratio.” She must often have smiled last year Quakers, Ivy champions in 2009 and 2010, and shouting defensive signals. Much of in the locker room, as her ratio of 2.25 led still seemed likely to right themselves. Pat the team’s success or failure hinges on her the Ivy League and was tenth in the na rick Witt, on pace to break all Yale’s pass performance—and luckily, the Harvard tion. She also led the league in assists per ing records, could keep the Blue in con women’s squad is blessed with a quick game with 4.6. Berry talks less about her tention for its first Ivy title since the Eli dynamo of a point guard in Brogan Berry scoring, but in fact she topped the Crim shared it with Princeton in 2006. But if the ’12, a woman with a high “court IQ” who son and was second in the Ivy League, av injury-prone Collier Winters is good to knows how to make things happen. “She’s eraging 13.9 points per game (with a .453 go—and maybe even if he isn’t—Harvard a great facilitator,” says Keith Wright ’12, field-goal percentage in the Ivies, good should have something to say about that. men’s Ivy League Player of the Year (see for fifth in the league). During a game, she The most trenchant comment in the opposite). “Brogan is very unselfish, al might mentally run a little offense/defense Times text came from Columbia coach Nor ways looking for everyone else. She’s one tally with her opponent: “My girl is not ries Wilson: “A guy slips in the shower of those players, like Brandyn [Curry ’13, going to score more than me.” and you’re looking at the second-team guy. the men’s starting point guard], who can The five-foot, eight-inch Berry (“In I found last year that probably the most get wherever she wants to on the court.” college, you spend less time in the paint, important person on the team is the back Dishing the ball off is atop Berry’s pri where there are a lot more trees [tall play up quarterback.” ority list: “I love passing and getting team ers]”) has played “thousands of games

66 November - December 2011 www.gocrimson.com tipoff. She enjoys friendly pickup games, long arms, so I could always block shots”). for example, with football and baseball He was fifteenth in the nation with a field players. “Playing with guys is tremendous goal percentage of .584; though he has an practice,” she explains. “They are faster outside shot, he does most of his damage and more athletic, and they make you down low. work harder.” She smiles. “And it adds one Naturally enough, opponents double- more aspect to the satisfaction if you can team Wright: for him, one-on-one bas beat the guys.” ketball is largely a thing of the past. The crowds he draws, however, obviously have Keith Wright not kept him from scoring, and what is more, “I get a lot of joy out of passing the Last year was historic: the Harvard ball out of a double-team. It’s a great plea men secured their first Ivy League bas sure to kick the ball out to somebody like ketball championship, tying Princeton Christian [Webster],” the junior guard for the conference’s best record at 12-2 by who was second to Wright with a 13.0 beating both the Tigers and Penn on the points per game average last year. final weekend. It was a special year, too, Wright grew up in San Francisco and for co-captain and power forward (#4 po Virginia in a single-parent family after his sition) Keith Wright ’12, who was chosen mother and father divorced when he was Ivy League Player of the Year. “Keith put in second grade. His mother, Sabrena Ta in a tremendous amount of work, from his bron, played basketball in high school and conditioning to his skills, and he’s being at San Francisco State College, and Wright Brogan Berry rewarded for it,” says the women’s start wears her number, 44. As a young kid, he ing point guard, Brogan Berry ’12 (see left). was “pretty much a nerd—I was mostly with different players and coaches” since “He is very quick for a big guy, and very into reading and music,” he says. But the she took up the sport in third grade. She powerful. To be chosen Ivy Player of the basketball coach at Princess Anne High grew up the youngest of four children— Year as a junior is a phenomenal achieve School in Virginia Beach liked his size, her sister and two brothers were all ath ment.” and in his sophomore year pulled him out letes—in Beavercreek, Ohio. Her father, Even with all this success, Wright re of class and into the gym. The next year Rob Berry, was a former semipro baseball mains hungry. “There was so much excite Wright was a varsity starter, doing every player who coached the basketball team ment on campus—students, professors, thing, including bringing the ball up the at Carroll High School, where the squad dining-hall staff,” he says, recollecting the court and “shooting threes—something made regional finals and Brogan collected past season. “Students were upset that the fans at Harvard don’t see me do, ever,” MVP awards. they couldn’t get tickets to games. Last he says, grinning. He transferred to Norfolk “Nobody liked playing the point guard year was great, but it still leaves a bad position,” she recalls, “because it’s a lot of taste—losing by one to Princeton at Yale work starting the offense—a lot of respon [in a postseason playoff game to decide the sibility. So I got to play a lot.” Further Ivies’ entry to the NCAA tournament]. We more, her dad’s close involvement taught feel we have so much more to accomplish.” Berry “to see basketball from a coach’s There is pressure to do so, because ana perspective, so I know the game very well. lysts have already declared that this is My brain never stops during play—even Harvard’s year to win it all outright. The on the bench, I’m thinking.” Crimson graduated no one from last year’s She’ll be thinking plenty of defense this varsity, and Wright returns to co-captain season, along with her co-captain, Lind the team again with Oliver McNally ’12. say Louie ’12. Princeton has won the Ivies Coach Tommy Amaker has brought some the last two years, with Harvard coming promising freshmen aboard. Yet as Wright second both times. Last year the Tigers declares, “The only people we can control posted a 13-1 record to the Crimson’s 10-4; are ourselves. We have to take care of what while Harvard led the Ivies in offense at we need to do.” 69.2 points per game, about one more than The six-foot, eight-inch Wright did Princeton, the Crimson was seventh in de plenty on his way to an AP Honorable fense, allowing 61.8 points per game, while Mention All-America selection last year. the Tigers held opponents to a 46.4-point He led Harvard in scoring (14.8 points per average. game) and rebounding (8.3 per game)— Berry, who aspires to play professionally third and second in the Ivies, respectively. in Europe after college, has been prepping His 54 blocked shots were the second- assiduously in the off-season for that first highest total in Crimson history (“I have

Photographs by Stu Rosner Keith Wright John Harvard's Journal

Collegiate and was player of the year in its plays for the NBA’s Golden State War tell me about their relationships with their independent-schools conference. riors.) That season Harvard made waves girlfriends or boyfriends,” he says, smiling. At Harvard, mononucleosis freshman by posting its first win over a nationally He has also joined his friend Devin Saxon year and an Achilles tendon injury the ranked opponent, an 82-70 thrashing of ’12 of the football team to record some rap next season slowed Wright’s start, but Boston College. “Winning that game so numbers that hoops teammate Andrew he did get to enjoy the memorable senior lidified us as a legitimate basketball team,” Van Nest ’12 has featured on his music campaign of teammate Jeremy Lin ’10 (see Wright says. blog, Nesty’s Eggs. A big Harry Potter fan, “Hoops Houdini,” March-April 2009, page After college, he would love to play pro Wright was sad to see the Potter movie se 54), whom Wright describes as “a spec fessional ball; a psychology concentrator, ries come to an end this past summer. It’s tacular player and a spectacular human be he’s also interested in sports psychology not surprising, though, that he could iden ing. Jeremy has a phenomenal work ethic, and relationship counseling. “I don’t know tify with Harry: on the court, he’s some something I try to mirror.” (Lin currently what vibe I give off, but people want to thing of a wizard himself. vcraig lambert

alumni “More As People Than Dating Objects” The class of 1971 reflects on the coeducational living experiment.

irginity and parietals were tors) Tom Southwick and Deborah John living (unofficially) with their boyfriends, all falling apart,” reports Hel son. “My memory was that boys were only and by junior year, some of the dorms were en Snively ’71, “and no sweet allowed up in the rooms on Sundays—with coed. “All of this was in the wider context dean from Fay House was go the door open and three feet on the floor at of the anti-war movement and then the ing“ to prevent V it.” Such was the mood in all times,” she added. “We had curfews: we women’s movement,” she explained. The the spring of 1970, when a group of Har had to sign out in the evenings…if we got in cultural shifts were shockingly sudden: “a vard and Radcliffe students volunteered late we were in big trouble. Men still had change of values and morality, of politics, of for a radical (at least for Harvard College) to wear jackets and ties to dinner in the possibilities, and of our most fundamental social experiment: coeducational living— Freshman Union.” By sophomore year, the beliefs about ourselves. Overnight!” the product of tumultuous cultural and class had entered the 1970s. Women were political change that That spring about 150 men was quickly altering the from Adams, Lowell, and Win lives of undergraduates, throp Houses traded places and the core nature of with 150 women from South, the College. East, and North Houses. The Snively took part in experiment was continued and that experiment and expanded through the following attended her fortieth academic year, and by 1972, co- reunion this Septem residency had become an official ber, where a lively, well- option for undergraduates. attended symposium It was hardly the first move was dedicated to “Coed toward full coeducation at the Housing and the Gender Colleges. Talks about a Harvard- Revolution.” Freshman Radcliffe merger were under year was still like the way among University lead 1950s, said Carol Stern ers; males and females had been hell ’71, a symposium pan sharing classes for two decades elist, along with class and participating in most ex mates (and fellow Harvard tracurricular activities together, Crimson writers and edi including work on the Crimson. (Women first became “Rad Top from left: Helen Snively, Tom Southwick, cliffe correspondents” in 1957, Carol Sternhell, and but were not allowed to vote or Deborah Johnson hold office until two years later;

68 November - December 2011 Photograph by Stu Rosner Sternhell was only the paper’s second fe women here for? We can always get wom room and private bath. “We were also so male managing editor.) But living quarters en.’ But that was the minority view.” much closer now to everything a student were still segregated, as were dining halls, In general, people were more concerned might be doing—from our classes to work where “dates” could be signed in only by about the possibility of coed bathrooms on the Crimson,” she adds. “In the exchange, personal invitation. Other practical barriers than about sharing Houses: “People seemed we moved from being on the periphery to also kept women at bay, as Marjorie Press more embarrassed about being seen in their the center.” Lindblom ’71 recalls: “There were only about bathrobes,” Kagan remembers, adding, “If Classmate and fellow panelist Tom three ladies’ rooms in The Yard!” a boy or girl didn’t want that, we thought Southwick, who relocated from Adams to As a member of the Harvard-Radcliffe they were entitled to that.” Snively, who South House, told the audience that the Policy Committee (HRPC), Lindblom first exchanged to Winthrop House, where exchange opened his eyes to the subtle was instrumental in pushing through the athletes tended to live, agrees. “The bath forms of discrimination against women. student-supported exchange by formally rooms were more taboo because there it This realization hit “the first time I had recommending it to College administra wasn’t a choice about whether you wanted to walk back to Radcliffe from theCrimson tors in 1969. “The mission was about coed to be intimate or not,” she says. “In the bed at 4 a.m. and it was four below and I had ucation and the integration of women into room, you had that choice.” forgotten my gloves,” he says. “I thought, Harvard University life,” she explains. “It ‘Hey, this isn’t fair!’” But the exchange did just seemed silly to us that girls were being The coed living experiment may not play a central role in his undergraduate separated from things.” now seem like a minor, even quaint, event. experience (in fact, he moved back to Har About 80 percent of ’Cliffies and two- Most current Harvard undergraduates live vard for senior year). He sees it as one small thirds of Harvard students were in favor of in “gender-neutral housing” and share not aspect of the changes and general “turmoil an exchange, according to the committee’s only dorms and Houses but sometimes in our time at college. The University was report, as reprinted in the Crimson. “The rooms and suites. Allowances are also twice shut down for final exams, there present system of limited coeducational made for self-identified transgender stu was the University Hall bust, a lot of fer contacts is so detrimental in so many ways dents who request specific housing needs. ment over the war, civil rights, and ROTC, that it makes a change in the pattern and Younger generations find it hard to and then women’s rights,” he summarizes. style of coeducational life at Harvard man imagine how separated everything was not “Compared to having the police come into datory,” the document continued. “Since, that long ago, notes Leverett professor of the Yard and start beating people with under Harvard’s residential structure, the mathematics Benedict H. Gross ’71, a for night sticks—and I was there for that— Houses are the center of social life, this mer dean of Harvard College. At the time the idea of coming to live at Radcliffe was change must take place within the House of the exchange, for example, the ratio of minor.” For him, the rewarding working system.” Furthermore, the experiment men to women was four to one, so Rad relationships formed with women at the should lead to permanent coed living and cliffe students were widely outnumbered Crimson did much more to engender the re dining because that would “provide infor wherever they left the Quad. Gross recalls spect, knowledge, and understanding and mal contacts between men and women; how, when a boy invited a girl to dinner bring the sexes together than any housing it would enable men and women to view at the all-male Freshman Union (now the arrangement could. each other more as people than dating ob Barker Center), the couple entered a cav In daily life, Southwick found the struc jects; it would have numerous educational ernous room where hundreds of young ture of the Quad dorms a hindrance to advantages.” men were eating. If they thought the wom socializing and community building. The Masters at Adams and South Houses an was attractive they would clink their geographic isolation was also fairly demor and elsewhere discussed the proposal, glasses with their forks. “We all thought it alizing. (In a Crimson account at the time, believing it would aid the nascent merg was hilarious at the time,” Gross says. “It he wrote: “You could die in your room at er between Harvard and Radcliffe, and took me a while to realize that the purpose Radcliffe and, if the door were closed, no ultimately brokered it. Starch profes of the exercise was to make women feel as one would know about it until the stench sor of psychology emeritus Jerome Ka uncomfortable as possible. The Union was from your decaying body became so un gan chaired the faculty subcommittee on our male preserve.” bearable that it offended people out in the the coeducational aspects of the merger. The residential exchange represented a hallway.”) “There was not a lot of trepidation about huge step toward gender equity. “The big “Radcliffe wasn’t fun,” he says now. “A this because the mores around sex had difference was not suddenly having men lot of women weren’t there much. They changed so much by 1969,” he recalls. around where you lived,” says Sternhell, would be in the Square or at classes or “Right around that time, students around who moved from South House to Adams with their boyfriends. Weekends were the country were living in communal House with Johnson, her former room particularly dismal.” Parties had to be or houses and having sexual partners.” Given mate. “The big difference was that for ganized and vetted in advance if a common that sister universities with comparable the first time we were living the Harvard room was required, and the small singles student populations already allowed co experience. It was pretty shocking how offered little space for impromptu gath educational living, “The mood among the much better the conditions were for men.” erings—except on the bed. He and his faculty was: it’s time.” He acknowledges Sternhell moved from a cramped single friends often regretted the move: “‘Why that “among some students, there was a with a communal, hallway bathroom to a did we do this? We have to walk all the more macho attitude—‘What do we want two-bedroom suite with a separate living way back and these dorms are terrible.’ www.alumni.harvard.edu Harvard Magazine 69 John Harvard's Journal

We all missed the opulence and conve working together on the Harvard-Rad Radcliffe.” Park, now Zemurray Radcliffe nience of living at Harvard.” cliffe Policy Committee. But they did not professor of the history of science, moved Benedict Gross did not. He moved to start dating until much later and never from North House to Winthrop House, the Quad from Adams House in search “of shared proximate living space as under where, she reported, “the hostility was a little peace and quiet.” He enjoyed the graduates. If they had, Marjorie, who did particularly palpable in my entry, where longer walks to classes, the fact that there her exchange at Lowell House, is not sure our mates used to urinate against our were fewer people, and the smaller scale of he would have liked her in the morning in door.” Coeducational living the follow the dorms. “There was a nice culture—if the dining hall. “Some of the men didn’t ing year, back at North House, went a lot you didn’t go out on Saturday night, they want women there at all,” she recalls, “but better, she reported, perhaps because it served milk and cookies,” he adds. Initial most were happy to have us and wanted consisted of a cohort of men who had vol fears about “students having nonstop sex to talk and be friendly, including at break untarily elected to live with women, “who day and night didn’t happen,” he reports. fast.” She, however, is “not that friendly at actually liked women—who enjoyed “Coed living did demystify the opposite breakfast,” and sat in a far corner with her our company, appreciated our intelli gender for us, though. We got to meet and back turned, reading her newspaper while gence, and found us interesting and funny talk with women in the dining hall and she ate. “Invariably some nice young man (which we were).” that had been unheard of.” with a smile would come over and set his Snively also exchanged at Winthrop “It put relationships in a whole differ tray down and try to be nice to me,” she House and found she “could not get past the ent category,” agrees Lance Lindblom ’72. says now, with a laugh. “I feel badly that exterior of the jocks.” But her exchange at “Before, even though you might work on I often greeted them with grunts and Quincy House the fol some projects with women, most of the groans.” lowing year was a stel time they were targets. People could work Negative experiences did occur. The lar experience—largely Do you remember the coed living experiment together and live together and be friends. It Women’s Guide to Harvard includes an ex because of a coed group of 1970 and 1971? was kind of revolutionary at the time.” cerpt from remarks made by Katharine of about a dozen peo Share your memories Lindblom in fact met his wife of 40 Park ’72 during a 2000 conference on “His ple, various members at harvardmag.com/ years, Marjorie Press Lindblom, while tory and Memory: Gender at Harvard and of which had dinner extras. together every night. “We talked about politics or biology or dating. It was a mixed group with some very brilliant people,” she Aloian Award Winners says. “I became comfortable with them and finally felt articulate. Being around men Each year, the Harvard Alumni Association (HAA) selects two students as the in that way somehow made me feel more David and Mimi Aloian Memorial Scholars. Recipients have demonstrated solid lead- confident and like I could take on more ership in contributing to quality of life in the Houses, traits embodied by the Aloians, challenges.…Being with that group was the who led Quincy House from 1981 to 1986. David Aloian ’49 was also executive direc- first time I really felt I had a coed circle of tor of the HAA. This year’s scholars, Anne “Annie” Douglas ’12, of Adams House, friends.” and Marcel Moran ’11, of Eliot House, will be honored by the HAA on October 13. For better or worse, co-residency soon Douglas, a psychology concentrator from Philadelphia, is the Adams student became the norm. Jerome Kagan still sup mental-health liaison and played a major role in helping people cope with the death ports it, although he now wonders about of a fellow student. the impact of that more constant intimacy, Moran, a human of the “loss of mystery” between the gen evolutionary biol- ders. “Romantic relationships are gratify ogy concentrator ing when each gets from the other what from Cambridge, was they do not have. It used to be that women trip director for the got power from men and men got inno HAA/PBHA Alterna- cence and grace from women,” he says, but tive Spring Break trips “we’ve destroyed the mystery of sexuality” from 2007 to 2011, as the social pendulum has swung too far leading groups of 25 in favor of transparency. students who helped Sternhell, who says her feminist views, rebuild and repair formed while in college, were utterly trans African-American formative, sees it differently. “There isn’t churches destroyed any evidence that people who lived in coed by arson and hate housing are less likely to have long-term crimes. In Boston, he heterosexual romantic relationships, either has tutored in the Mis- in college or afterwards,” she says. “That’s sion Hill After School just a familiar argument against equality: Program. ‘It kills romance—vive la différence!’ In fact, I think coed housing made genuine intima

Photograph by Brooks Canaday/Harvard News Office cy more likely.” The meaning and impact sions at Harvard; they all wore the tradi ing, and then things for women really did,” of coed living for women were less about tional female symbol on the back of their she explains. “The feminist revolution re more open sexuality than about building Commencement robes—and she brought ally did happen. I still feel it was the most the foundation for basic equality. Sternhell the original cloth to the reunion, holding amazing four years. It was a most incred was among a group of women promoting it up at the panel discussion. “We all felt ible time to be young.” what is now called gender-blind admis the possibility that everything was chang vnell porter brown

Hiram Hunn Award John Paul Kennedy ’63, of Salt Lake City. Kennedy has chaired his local schools Winners and scholarships committee and been Seven alumni were to receive this year’s HAA appointed director for the South Hunn Memorial Schools and Scholarships western region. Awards, presented by the College’s Of Paul G. O’Leary ’56, of Ridgewood, fice of Admissions and Financial Aid, at New Jersey. O’Leary has interviewed stu Michael A. Judith A. Philip C. an October 14 ceremony. Hiram S. Hunn dents since 1969 and been president, sec Cooper Dollenmayer Haughey ’21 recruited and interviewed prospective retary, and schools and scholarships com students for more than 55 years; this year’s mittee chair of his local club. winners, collectively, have performed more Claire Stuart Roth ’74, of Las Vegas. than 250 years of service. Roth first volunteered in California, but has interviewed in and around Las Vegas since moving there in 1994. Jody Cukier Siegler ’79, of Los Angeles. After moving to California in 1986, Siegler Thomas G. Walter H. June Storey McKinley Morris Jr. found that interviewing gave her an op portunity to immerse herself in a new city director of Harvard Magazine and president where she knew no one. of the Harvard Club of Boston, he chairs Zaid al-Rifa’i Barbara Stephen G. Friends of Harvard Celtic Studies, is a Fischbein Hoffman Berenson member of the Real Estate Academic Ini HAA Award Winners tiative, and has dedicated countless hours The Harvard Alumni Association Awards to chairing the Friends of Harvard Foot were established in 1990 to recognize out ball and Baseball, the Varsity Club, and the standing service to the University through visiting committee on athletics. alumni activities. This year’s award cere Thomas G. McKinley ’74, of San Fran mony took place on October 13, during the cisco, a former elected director of the HAA board of directors’ fall meeting. HAA, is a veteran class secretary, a direc John Paul Paul G. Claire Stuart Michael A. Cooper ’57, LL.B. ’60, of New tor of the Harvard Club of San Francisco, Kennedy O’Leary Roth York City, is a member of the Overseers’ and vice chair of his class gift committee visiting committee to the Law School, since his twentieth reunion. He has sup Zaid al-Rifa’i ’57, of chaired the HLS Fund, and has been ported projects ranging from women’s vol Amman. The first Jor president of the Harvard Law School As leyball to the I3 Harvard College Innova danian to graduate from sociation of New York City. He has been a tion Challenge. Harvard, al-Rifa’i has leader on both his College and HLS fifti Walter H. Morris Jr. ’73, M.B.A. ’75, of raised scholarship funds eth-reunion gift committees. Potomac, Maryland, was HAA president and connected candidates Judith A. Dollenmayer ’63, of Washing in 2008-2009, and earlier an HAA elected Jody Cukier with the admissions of Siegler ton, D.C., was the first woman president of director. He is active in the Harvard Black fice. He is president of the the Harvard Club of Washington and has Alumni Society and has been a member of Harvard Club of Jordan. His son, Samir ’88, long been a schools and scholarships com numerous Harvard clubs. became Jordan’s prime minister; his grand mittee interviewer. A former HAA elected June Storey, of North Reading, Mas son, Zaid al-Rifa’i, is a sophomore. director, she is active in the Alumnae and sachusetts, has served Harvard for more Barbara Fischbein Berenson ’80, J.D.- Friends of Radcliffe College Shared Inter than 30 years, rising from staff assistant M.P.A. ’84, of Waban, Massachusetts. Be est Group and secretary for her Radcliffe in 1976 to director of events for alumni renson has interviewed students from all class. affairs and development in 1993. Under over the world. Philip C. Haughey ’57, of Newton, Mas her watch, that department has become Stephen G. Hoffman ’64, of Belmont, sachusetts, has chaired the HAA’s nomi known for attention to detail, outstand Massachusetts. Hoffman began interview nating committee, Harvard’s Committee ing customer service, and the careful plan ing prospective candidates in 1970 while on Shareholder Responsibility, and his ning of many special events over many working in the registrar’s office. thirtieth reunion committee. A former years.

Harvard Magazine 71 The College Pump The Master Leads

the better) life in the House for years to to ‘do something about it.’ I told him that come.” It “began one lunchtime when a I never asked students about their sexu- small group of students I thought I knew al orientation and, in any case, I did not well joined me. When others at the table want anything to be ‘done about it.’) Over left, they began a bit shyly to explain the next year or two, these students and that they were gay and hoped to form a their friends visited all the House mas- student organization that would be rec- ters and set up tables in all of the Houses “Your wooden arm you hold outstretched ognized by the College and could hold inviting anyone who wanted to sit with to shake with passers-by.” meetings in Adams House. When they them. It took courage. Some masters and asked me to be one of their faculty advis- students cooperated; others did not. ers, I was deeply touched by their trust. One master told me that X House had n the fall of 1973, Robert J. Kiely (We have to try to remember that in the no gays. It was ‘an Adams House prob- ’60, his wife, Jana, and their three Harvard of that time, homosexuality was lem!’ That spring I made a point to invite young children moved into Adams not part of the public conversation. When the newly formed organization to come House, and he began a 26-year tenure mentioned, it was either on the sly or with with dates to the Waltz Evening, which Ias master. Now Loker professor of English embarrassment. I recall a dean telling me they did, women with women, men with emeritus, Kiely was asked by the House to that he had heard there were gay students men. French Wall ’83 and his date cut in write recollections of those years, for post- at Adams and wondered if I wanted him on my wife and me. When I found myself ing on the Adams website available to waltzing with a tall handsome junior, students. He gave Primus a look. I asked, ‘Who should lead?’ I’ll never “Early on I was informed that Ad- forget his answer. ‘You’re the master!’ ” ams House had traditions and what some thought of as anti-traditions, things that Adamsians did not do, such as lock entry-doors…or wear bathing Sell signal: When more than 30 suits in the swimming pool.” Among percent of each year’s newly mint- the many traditions he recalls is the ed M.B.A.s of the Harvard Business reading of a chapter from Winnie the School take jobs related to the fi- Pooh at the Winter Feast. “Students nancial markets, the stock market is and members of the Senior Common headed for a downturn, according to Room, solemn and unsmiling in for- the Harvard M.B.A. Indicator, com- mal dress, paraded into the Dining piled for more than two decades by fi- Hall, sat on stools, and gave a dramat- nancial consultant Ray Soifer, M.B.A. ic reading of ‘Expotition to the North ’65, B ’69, of Green Valley, Arizona. Pole’ or ‘Pooh Sticks.’” In September, Barron’s reported, wor- Kiely cites a transformative event ryingly, that 37 to 38 percent of this in his first decade that “changed (for year’s class have taken market-sensi- One of the earliest American football tive jobs, rising from 31 to 32 percent posters, done for Harper’s in 1894 last year. The magazine notes that by Edward Penfield. This example, in “the indicator is still below the record B+ condition, sold at a Swann Galleries auction August 3 in New York City 41 percent achieved in 2008, a very for $1,320, including buyer’s premium. good year to have been short the stock In 1894 Yale beat Harvard 12-4. market.” vprimus v

72 November - December 2011

THE LIVING DINOSAUR (continued from page 35) “why Ginkgo is still around when all of its relatives have gone extinct…many of its life-history traits evolved under conditions that produce successfully in regions of the Northern Hemisphere that no longer exist, which makes reconstructing its ecological niche were undergoing dramatic cooling after a long period of stable difficult to establish.” What, for instance, he continued, were warm conditions…Ginkgo biloba’s temperature-sensitive embryo “its original dispersal agents? What role did the medically active developmental-delay mechanism could well have been another chemicals it produces play in its evolution? Were they feeding de- climate-induced Cretaceous innovation—an evolutionarily terrents? I assume Ginkgo survived because it was somehow able primitive, but ecologically functional, form of seed dormancy.” to remain competitive with flowering plants, but in what ways Ginkgo seeds do not try to grow until the weather favors their was it different from species that went extinct? For all intents survival. Between 1953 and 2000 in Japan, the temperature-sen- and purposes, Ginkgo has stopped evolving.” sitive Ginkgo adjusted to the warming climate by extending its For decades now, Del Tredici has been gathering ginkgo seeds growing period: four days earlier each spring and eight days lon- and cuttings from historic and unusual trees, and he recently ger in the fall. planted a large hillside in the arboretum with some of his more Like “Chinese” Wilson, Peter Del Tredici loved botanizing in prized specimens, part of a larger grove of young trees that are China, a place he has visited eight more times and calls “Horti- all deciduous gymnosperms: larches, golden larches, dawn red- cultural Heaven.” He has worked with many Chinese colleagues, woods, and bald cypresses. He expects that when Harvard has to and said they have now taken the lead in researching ginkgo, renegotiate the lease for the arboretum in 861 years, the ginkgos a national symbol of their botanical heritage. Ginkgo DNA is will be looking pretty magnificent. three times larger than human DNA and is unlikely to be fully Until then, when next you pass a ginkgo on a busy street, remem- sequenced anytime soon, but by using smaller snippets for DNA ber you are looking at a mysterious species that shared the earth testing in 2008, botanist Wei Gong and her colleagues confirmed with dinosaurs. “As remarkable as Ginkgo’s evolutionary surviv- Del Tredici’s 1989 find of wild ginkgo growing on the slopes of al is,” said Del Tredici, “the fact that it grows vigorously in the Tian Mu Mountain. The Chinese also confirmed that several oth- modern urban environment is no less dramatic. Having survived er small wild ginkgo remnants displayed “a significantly higher the climatic vicissitudes of the past 120 million years, ginkgo degree of genetic diversity than populations in other parts of the is clearly well prepared—or, more precisely, preadapted—to country.” In some of these forests, growing near peoples with no handle the climatic uncertainties that seem to be looming in the history of gathering ginkgo fruits, there are young ginkgos grow- not-too-distant future. Indeed, should the human race succeed ing. Although no one knows for sure where Ginkgo originated, in wiping itself out over the course of the next few centuries, we it’s now clear that during the Ice Age, the southwest mountains can take some comfort in the knowledge that the ginkgo tree of China served as refugia. Subsequent DNA studies have also will survive.” shown that China is the ultimate source of all the world’s culti- vated ginkgos. Historian Jill Jonnes, author of Eiffel’s Tower, Conquering Gotham, Many of Ginkgo’s mysteries are probably unsolvable. Did it once and Empires of Light, is a scholar this fall at the Woodrow Wilson Interna- have a pollinator? We will never truly know, said Del Tredici, tional Center for Scholars, working on trees as green infrastructure.

THE MEDIATRICIAN (continued from page 52) his own advice and kept them away from screens until they reached the two-year mark. But he is also careful to point out, Rich has advised lawyers, media creators, and Congress; al- “This doesn’t mean that if you didn’t, you’re a horrible parent. I though he rarely doles out specific advice or proscriptions for have children from my first marriage who are in their twenties, controlling kids’ media intake, he does steer parents when they and I sat them down in front of screens as infants. This is not press him for his opinions. In the 1990s, he was one of several about good or bad parenting—we aren’t blaming 1950s parents pediatricians who helped draft the American Academy of Pedi- for not putting their kids in seatbelts. This is about giving par- atrics’ (AAP) policy statement discouraging parents from allow- ents the best information, so they can apply it to their own indi- ing television- and video-watching by children under the age of vidual kids’ needs.” two. “We know from recent research in the field that there are The best advice, says Rich, is the same advice he’d have given three major elements that optimize early brain development in any parent any time—even before the age of television: “Talk children,” he says: face-to-face interactions with a caretaker, in- with your kids. Ask them about what they’re doing, and join in teractions with the physical environment, and open-ended, cre- when you can. And share with them your favorite media—books, ative, problem-solving play like molding clay or sitting in a sand- music, movies, games, TV.” After all, he points out, children left box. “We also know that screen media don’t provide any of those to their own devices will eat nothing but cake and cookies. In- things,” so parents who put infants down in front of the TV are fluencing their media diet is as doable as guiding their food not placing them down in an environment where they could be choices. And if he and his colleagues “do our jobs,” he declares, learning more. (In its most recent statement, the AAP cited seven parents will have a much easier time deciphering the menu. studies from the last decade whose findings revealed that infants younger than 18 months who are exposed to TV may suffer from a Writer and television associate producer Cara Feinberg previously profiled delay in language development.) psychologist Ellen Langer in “The Mindfulness Chronicles,” published in this As the father of two boys under the age of seven, Rich followed magazine’s September-October 2010 issue.

Harvard Magazine 91 Treasure

Envy in Hand Is this a dagger which I see before me…? Not primarily.

lthough its steel blade is sharp and pointed and capable of doing serious damage un- product of the Trouba- Gaskell. Asheathed, this 131/2-inch dagger was dour movement in the Dedicated in not meant to be a weapon. It is French, arts in France in the 1305, the private of cast bronze with gilded silver and years following the res- chapel was built at the direction of the engraved steel, and was crafted by toration of the monarchy: wealthy moneylender Enrico Scrovegnia, an unidentified artist working a Romantic fascination perhaps in penitence for his father’s sins, sometime in the 1840s. Ivan Gas- with medieval and Renais- perhaps for his own. Enrico’s father is the kell, Winthrop curator in the sance forms and myths. The usurer encountered by Dante in the sev- Harvard Art Museums, acquired movement was multime- enth circle of Hell. the piece for the Fogg Mu- dia. Napoleon recognized the Personifications of virtues and vices, seum in 2003 from David and Middle Ages in the forms of such as this one of Envy, Gaskell adds, Constance Yates, New York his coronation. Ancient chi- were further articulated by handbooks of City dealers who special- valric romances were published depictions derived from classical models ize in nineteenth-century in adaptations by the Comte de (Roman coins, for example), by sixteenth- French sculpture. Tressan and contributed to the rise century compilers such as Cesare Ripa. A m on, S olo h ur K. A rt Of extremely high of the troubadour style. In painting, cook and butler for Cardinal Anton Maria quality, the dagger the style showed up most often in re- Salviati and an aesthetician in his spare is, says Gaskell, “a alistic depictions of edifying historical time, Ripa was later knighted for his influ- wonderful events in smooth finishes and vibrant ential emblem book, Iconologia, which gave colors.” Think of some of Ingres’s paint- allegorical substance to concepts and was ings, Gaskell suggests, such as The Death quoted by painters, sculptors, poets, and of Leonardo da Vinci (1818) in the Louvre, in orators for many years. which the French king, Francis Gaskell mentions the French Romantic I, holding the dying Leonardo, fascination with Shakespeare in general “conspicuously wears a sword (“Think of Eugène Delacroix, who illus- that might have accompanied trated various of the poet’s works”). Here, the Fogg dagger.” Gaskell was Macbeth springs to mind: “Is this a dagger drawn to the dagger because “it fits in which I see before me, /The handle toward with the Fogg’s early nineteenth-century my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.” The French paintings and drawings, by Ingres dagger’s “self-referentiality—the personi- in particular.” fication plunges a dagger into herself—is,” Harvard college Museu m s/©PresidentA rt o f Harvard and f ellows The dagger evokes a Romantic mythol- says Gaskell, “a wonderful play on the sus- ogy of the Renaissance most melodramati- ceptibility of a contemporary to imagine cally by personifying Invidia, or Envy, one of himself or herself taking on—horrifyingly— the seven deadly sins, her legs and hair in- the attributes of Envy as he or she grasps the

tertwined with serpents, in a manner that handle! It’s a pure artwork in that sense, not o f m on in e ory S olo Fraser f Mariot o t h e generosity h t h roug Museu m s/Fogg , Purc h ased A rt goes back to Giotto’s depiction of Envy in an embellished weapon, though it has the

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