Thame Solar Farm Windmill Road, Towersey Oxfordshire

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Thame Solar Farm Windmill Road, Towersey

Oxfordshire

Programme of Archaeological Investigation

for Anesco Ltd

CA Project: 660619

CA Report: 16626

Site Code: THSF15 Accession no: OXCMS: 2015.226

December 2016

Thame Solar Farm Windmill Road, Towersey Oxfordshire

Programme of Archaeological Investigation

CA Project: 660619 CA Report: 16626

Document Control Grid Version Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for Approved revision by Draft 19/1/17 PB SRJ Draft Internal review SCC Final 7/2/17 Final OCCAS review SCC

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. SITE BACKGROUND ...... 4

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 5

4. FIELDWORK METHODOLOGY ...... 5

5. INVESTIGATION RESULTS ...... 6

6. DISCUSSION ...... 7

7 CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 7

8. REFERENCES ...... 8

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 9 APPENDIX B: OASIS REPORT FORM...... 12

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan, 1:25,000 Fig. 2 Trench location plan, 1:2000 Fig. 3 General view of the site, looking east Fig. 4 Trench 3, looking south Fig. 5 Furrow 3003, looking east Fig. 6 Trench 4, looking east Fig. 7 Trench 8, looking east Fig. 8 Trench 9, looking south Fig. 9 Trench 7, looking south-west Fig. 10 Trench 10, looking south-east Fig. 11 Trench 11, looking south-west

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

SUMMARY

Project Location: Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire NGR: SP 7360 0598 Type: Evaluation Date: 16th December 2015 to 21st November 2016 Planning Reference: P14/S2242/FUL, APP/Q3115/W/15/3032498 Location of Archive: Oxfordshire County Museum Accession Number: OXCMS: 2015.226 Site Code: TSF15

Between December 2015 and November 2016, Cotswold Archaeology carried out a programme of archaeological investigation at the site of Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire. This comprised five strip, map & sample excavation areas, which targeted the proposed sites of electrical plant, followed by an intermittent watching brief that monitored the excavation of cable trenches and an access road. The work was commissioned by Anesco Ltd and was carried out in order to fulfil a condition that had been attached to planning consent by South Oxfordshire District Council.

A geophysical survey had identified part of a ditch system in the southern part of the site and other anomalies close to the site’s western boundary were considered to be of possible archaeological origin. In addition, anomalies associated with the remains of a medieval open field system were evident across the entire site. The development scheme was therefore revised to omit the area containing archaeological remains in the southern part of the site and to position the electrical plant away from areas of archaeological potential elsewhere. Subsequent archaeological investigation of the site confirmed that the only archaeological remains present within the areas impacted by the development were furrows associated with the medieval field system.

2 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Between December 2015 and November 2016, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out a programme of archaeological investigation at the site of Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire (site centred on NGR: SP 7360 0598; Fig. 1). This comprised five strip, map & sample (SMS) excavation areas, which targeted the proposed sites of electrical plant, followed by an intermittent watching brief that monitored the excavation of cable trenches and an access road. The work was commissioned by Anesco Ltd and was carried out in order to fulfil a condition that had been attached to planning consent by South Oxfordshire District Council (granted on appeal, planning ref. P14/S2242/FUL, APP/Q3115/W/15/3032498, Condition 4, item v). The requirement for the archaeological investigation was in accordance with planning guidance stated in the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).

1.2 The extent and scope of the programme of archaeological investigation was established following discussions between CA and Richard Oram, Planning Archaeologist with Oxfordshire County Council’s Archaeological Services (OCCAS). The discussions were informed by the results of a Heritage Desk-Based Assessment prepared by CA (2014) and a geophysical survey undertaken by GSB Prospection Ltd (GSB 2014) that were submitted in support of the planning application. The scope of the investigation was set out in a Brief issued by OCCAS on 1st December 2014, the requirements of which were followed in the preparation of a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) by CA (2015).

1.3 The project was carried out in accordance with the WSI (ibid,) and abided by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ (CIfA) Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (CIfA 2014a) and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs (CIfA 2014b), and the Historic England (formerly English Heritage) procedural documents Management of Archaeological Projects 2 (EH 1991) and Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (HE 2015).

3 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

2. SITE BACKGROUND

Site location, topography and geology 2.1 The site, which covers an area of c. 21ha, is located 0.2km to the north of the village of Towersey and approximately 2km to the east of Thame town centre. Only the southern part of the site is being developed for the solar farm (16.5ha). It comprises an irregular parcel of land, consisting of two arable fields to the east of Windmill Road. Access to the site is off Windmill Road, which forms part of the site’s western boundary; the other boundaries are formed by hedgerows bordering adjacent fields, a bridleway skirting the eastern boundary and Cuttle Brook, a tributary of the River Thame, which flows along its northern boundary. The ground is relatively flat and lies at c. 70m above Ordnance Datum (aOD).

2.2 The geology of the northern part of the site comprises Jurassic limestone of the Portland Stone Formation. In the central and western parts of the site are outcrops of the Purbeck Group, comprising limestone and argillaceous rocks, formed during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. In the southern and eastern parts of the site the bedrock is Cretaceous mudstone of the Gault Formation (BGS 2015).

Historical and archaeological background 2.3 The archaeological and historical background of the site has been presented in detail in the Heritage Desk-Based Assessment prepared by CA (2014). In brief, this established that there were no known designated or undesignated heritage assets within the site, although Iron Age and Roman settlement and activity was identified in the wider landscape, suggesting that remains of this date may occur within the site boundaries. Subsequent geophysical survey confirmed the presence of archaeological remains, probably dating to this period, in the small southern field (GSB 2014); this area has since been excluded from the development scheme.

2.4 In the medieval period the site lay within the open fields between the villages of Towersey and Kingsey; medieval furrows are shown on the geophysical survey results (ibid.). The land was enclosed in the first half of the 19th century and remained in agricultural use until the present time. The site is located c. 150m to the north of the Towersey Conservation Area.

4 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The general aims of the programme of archaeological investigation, as stated in the WSI (CA 2015), were to investigate and record any archaeological remains that may have been impacted by the proposed development and characterise any anomalies shown on the geophysical survey results (GSB 2014) where they have been identified during groundworks. Of particular interest were features or finds that were considered to be associated with the currently undated settlement remains in the archaeological exclusion zone in the southern part of the site.

3.2 The negative results of the investigation have precluded any contribution to the specific research aims outlined for the Iron Age, Roman and medieval periods in Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessment and Research Agendas (Hey and Hind 2014).

4. FIELDWORK METHODOLOGY

4.1 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of five SMS areas (Trenches 1–5) in the locations shown in Figure 2. Six further trenches were monitored during the watching brief phase: Trenches 6, 8, 10 and 11 were excavated for electrical cables; Trench 7 for the haul road; and Trench 9 for the substation foundation. The SMS areas were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with Technical Manual 4: Survey Manual (CA 2014). The trench locations were scanned for live services by trained CA staff using CAT & Genny equipment in accordance with the CA Safe System of Work for Avoiding Underground Services. The final ‘as dug’ trench plan was recorded with GPS.

4.2 The trenches were excavated using a 360o tracked mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless ditching bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the geological substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits or features were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (CA 2007).

4.3 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (CA 2003) and Environmental Archaeology: a

5 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

guide to the theory and practice of methods from sampling and recovery to post- excavation (EH2011); no deposits were encountered that were suitable for sampling. No artefactual material was recovered from the excavated deposits.

4.4 The archive and artefacts from the project are currently held by CA at their offices in Milton Keynes. The site archive will be deposited with Oxfordshire County Museum under accession number OXCMS:2015.226. A summary of information from this project, as set out within Appendix B, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

5. INVESTIGATION RESULTS

Summary 5.1 With the exception of two furrows, no archaeological remains were encountered by the archaeological investigation and there were no finds in the excavated deposits. Detailed summaries of the recorded contexts can be found in Appendix A.

General stratigraphy 5.2 The geological substrate was encountered at an average depth of 0.40m below present ground level and comprised firm bluish grey chalky clay overlain by firm light orangey brown silty clay with moderate small stone and chalk inclusions. This was overlain by firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt subsoil, averaging 0.13m thick, which was in turn sealed by c. 0.28m of topsoil comprising friable dark greyish brown organic silt.

Strip Map and Sample Excavation 5.3 No archaeological remains were observed within Trenches 1, 2, and 5 and the only features encountered in Trenches 3 and 4 were furrows. Passing through the southern end of Trench 3, furrow 3003 was aligned east to west, had shallow straight sides with a concave base and measured 1.0m wide by 0.12m deep. Its fill comprised firm mid greyish brown silty clay (3004). Furrow 4003 was on the same alignment, measured 1.5m wide by 0.1m deep and its fill comprised firm mid greyish brown silty clay (4004).

Watching Brief 5.4 Other than a series of east to west aligned furrows identified in Trench 10, no archaeological features were encountered during the watching brief on the electrical

6 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

cable trenches (Trenches 6, 8 and 11), the substation foundation (Trench 9) or during topsoil stripping for the access road (Trench 7).

6. DISCUSSION

6.1 Geophysical survey (GSB 2014) had identified a small rectilinear enclosure and part of an associated ditch system in the small field in the southern part of the site (Area 1) and there was a possibility that some of these features extended northwards into the main field (Area 2). In addition, the survey showed further geophysical anomalies of possible archaeological origin close to the site’s western boundary. To minimise the impact of the development on the archaeological remains, Area 1 was removed from the development scheme and the main components of the solar farm (e.g. inverters and the transformer) in Area 2 were positioned to avoid any anomalies that had archaeological potential.

6.2 Further investigation of the locations of the electrical plant through the excavation of five strip, map & sample areas confirmed the results of the geophysical survey and demonstrated that apart from furrows, most likely forming part of a medieval open field system, there were no archaeological remains in these areas. Further investigation of the site by the watching brief during the excavation of cable trenches and topsoil stripping for the access road confirmed that within the areas impacted by the development of the solar farm, there were no archaeological features other than furrows.

7 CA PROJECT TEAM

7.1 The fieldwork was undertaken by Peter Boyer, James Coyne, Edwin Pearson and Andrew Whelan. The report was written by Ralph Brown and Peter Boyer, with illustrations prepared by Esther Escudero. The archive has been compiled by Emily Evans and prepared for deposition by Jessica Cook. The project was managed for CA by Simon Carlyle.

7 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

8. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2015 Geology of Britain Viewer http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 25 February 2015

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014 Thame Solar Farm, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Heritage Desk-Based Assessment, report 14144

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2015 Thame Solar Farm, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Written Scheme of Investigation for Strip Map and Sample Excavation and as Archaeological Watching Brief

DCLG (Department of Communities and Local Government) 2012 National Planning Policy Framework

GSB (GSB Prospection Ltd) 2014 Thame Solar Farm, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Geophysical Survey Report, report G1441

Hey, G, and Hind, J, 2014 Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessment and Research Agendas, Oxford Wessex Monograph 6

OCCAS 2014 Stonepits, Windmill Road, Towersey: Design Brief for Archaeological Investigation, unpublished document

8 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Context L W T Date Context Context Description Interpretation (m) (m) (m) Trench 1 (1.8m x 11.0m) Friable dark grey brown silty loam 1000 Topsoil with occasional small rounded stone - - 0.32 inclusions Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 1001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.16 pebbles Firm light orange brown silty clay 1002 Geology with moderate small stones and - - - chalk inclusions Trench 2 (1.8m x 11.0m) Friable dark grey brown silty loam 2000 Topsoil with occasional small rounded stone - - 0.3 inclusions Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 2001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.37 pebbles Firm light orange brown silty clay 2002 Geology with moderate small stones and - - - chalk inclusions

Trench 3 (3.8m x 8.0m)

Friable dark grey brown silty loam 3000 Topsoil with occasional small rounded stone - - 0.25 inclusions Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 3001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.1 pebbles Firm light orange brown silty clay 3002 Geology with occasional small stones and - - - chalk inclusions E-W linear with shallow straight Medieval 3003 Furrow >3.8m 1.0 0.12 sides and concave base Firm mid grey brown silty clay with 3004 Fill of 3003 - - 0.12 moderate small stone inclusions

Trench 4 (1.8m x 11.0m)

Friable dark grey brown silty loam 4000 Topsoil with occasional small rounded stone - - 0.3 inclusions Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 4001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.2 pebbles Firm light orange brown silty clay 4002 Geology with occasional small stones and - - - chalk inclusions E-W linear with shallow concave Medieval 4003 Furrow >11 1.5 0.1 sides and concave base Firm mid grey brown silty clay with 4004 Fill of 4003 - - 0.1 moderate small stone inclusions

Trench 5 (2.8m x 8.0m)

Friable dark grey brown silty loam 5000 Topsoil with occasional small rounded stone - - 0.35 inclusions Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 5001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.05 pebbles

9 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

Firm light orange brown silty clay 5002 Geology with occasional small stones and - - - chalk inclusions

Trench 6 (0.5m x 210m, cable trench) Friable dark grey brown silty loam 6000 Topsoil with occasional small rounded stone - - 0.3 inclusions Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 6001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.05 pebbles Firm light orange brown silty clay 6002 Geology with occasional small stones and - - - chalk bedrock occasionally exposed Trench 7 (8.0m x 240m, access road) Friable dark grey brown silty loam 7000 Topsoil with occasional small rounded stone - - 0.3 inclusions Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 7001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.11 pebbles Firm light orange brown silty clay 7002 Geology with occasional small stones and - - - chalk bedrock occasionally exposed

Trench 8 (0.5m x 250m, cable trench)

Friable dark grey brown silty loam 8000 Topsoil with occasional small rounded stone - - 0.28 inclusions Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 8001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.12 pebbles

Firm blue white or grey clay with 8002 Geology - - - occasional sandy patches

Trench 9 (2.0m x 7.0m, substation)

Friable dark brown clay silt with frequent roots and occasional small 9000 Topsoil - - 0.21 to medium, sub-rounded to sub- angular pebbles

Firm mid yellowish brown clayey silt 9001 Subsoil with occasional small sub-angular - - 0.12 pebbles

9002 Geology Stiff, slightly reddish, mid brown clay - - -

Trench 10 (2.0m x 155m, cable trench)

Friable, dark brown silt with frequent roots and occasional small to 10000 Topsoil - - 0.26 medium, sub-rounded to sub- angular stones

10001 Subsoil Firm, mid brown sand clay silt - - 0.3

10002 Geology Stiff, mid red brown clay silt - - -

Trench 11 (1.9m x 150m, cable trench)

Friable, dark brown silt with frequent roots and occasional small to 11000 Topsoil - - 0.19 medium, sub-rounded to sub- angular stones

10 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

Firm, mid red brown clay silt with occasional roots and small to 11001 Subsoil - - 0.32 medium, sub-rounded to sub- angular stones

Stiff, light red/yellow brown clay with 11002 Geology occasional small sub-rounded to - - >0.5 sub-angular stones Very firm, light yellow grey chalky 11003 Geology - - - silt

11 © Cotswold Archaeology Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Investigation

APPENDIX B: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS Project name Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire Short description A geophysical survey had identified part of a ditch system in the southern part of the site and other anomalies close to the site’s western boundary were considered to be of possible archaeological origin. In addition, anomalies associated with the remains of a medieval open field system were evident across the entire site. The development scheme was therefore revised to omit the area containing archaeological remains in the southern part of the site and to position the electrical plant away from areas of archaeological potential elsewhere. Subsequent archaeological investigation of the site confirmed that the only archaeological remains present within the areas impacted by the development were furrows associated with the medieval field system. Project dates 16th December 2015 to 21st November 2016 Project type Strip map & sample excavation and watching brief Previous work Desk-based assessment (CA 2014); geophysical Survey (GSB 2014) Future work None Monument type Medieval furrows Significant finds None PROJECT LOCATION Site location Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire Study area 21ha Site co-ordinates SP 7360 0598 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology (CA) Project Brief originator - Project Design (WSI) originator CA Project Manager Simon Carlyle (CA) Project Supervisor Peter Boyer and James Coyne (CA) PROJECT ARCHIVE Accession no. OXCMS: 2015.226 Content Physical Oxfordshire County Museum None Paper Services Site records Digital Oxfordshire HER Report, digital photos BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2016 Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road, Towersey, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Strip Map and Sample and Watching Brief. CA typescript report 16626

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T E R Andover 01264 347630 R N O I Cirencester 01285 771022 IR N MILTON H E KEYNES S Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 D R Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 O B F w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk U D E E C e [email protected] B LUTON IR K H I RSHIRE N S PROJECT TITLE D G R H O A TF Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road OXFORDSHIRE M R S HE Towersey, Oxfordshire H IR E FIGURE TITLE READING SLOUGH London area Site location plan (see inset) WEST 0 1km UGH OF BERKSHIRE DON FIGURE NO. WINDSOR AND Reproduced from the 2004 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with DRAWN BY EE PROJECT NO. 660619 WOKINGHAM MAIDENHEAD the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/12/2016 LTSHIRE of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright BRACKNELL APPROVED BY SCALE@A4 FOREST Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 SC 1:25,000 1 SURREY

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 General view of the site, looking east w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road Towersey, Oxfordshire FIGURE TITLE Photograph

DRAWN BY EE PROJECT NO. 660619 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/12/2016 APPROVED BY SC SCALE@A4 N/A 3 4

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 4 Trench 3, looking south (1m scale) Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

5 Furrow 3003, looking east (1m scale) PROJECT TITLE Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road Towersey, Oxfordshire FIGURE TITLE Photographs

DRAWN BY EE PROJECT NO. 660619 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/12/2016 APPROVED BY SC SCALE@A4 N/A 4 & 5 6

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 6 Trench 4, looking east (1m scale) Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

7 Trench 8, looking east PROJECT TITLE Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road Towersey, Oxfordshire FIGURE TITLE Photographs

DRAWN BY EE PROJECT NO. 660619 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/12/2016 APPROVED BY SC SCALE@A4 N/A 6 & 7 8

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 8 Trench 9, looking south (0.5m scale) Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

9 Trench 7, looking south-west PROJECT TITLE Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road Towersey, Oxfordshire FIGURE TITLE Photographs

DRAWN BY EE PROJECT NO. 660619 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/12/2016 APPROVED BY SC SCALE@A4 N/A 8 & 9 10

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 826185 10 Trench 10, looking south-east (0.5m scale) Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

11 Trench 11, looking south-west PROJECT TITLE Thame Solar Farm, Windmill Road Towersey, Oxfordshire FIGURE TITLE Photographs

DRAWN BY EE PROJECT NO. 660619 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22/12/2016 APPROVED BY SC SCALE@A4 N/A 10 & 11