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Universite D'aix-Marseille Cnrs UNIVERSITE D’AIX-MARSEILLE CNRS ED 62 – SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE Information Génomique et Structurale UMR7256 (IMM, FR3479) Thèse présentée pour obtenir le grade universitaire de docteur Discipline : Biologie Spécialité : Génomique et Bioinformatique Adrien VILLAIN Étude génomique des interactions diatomées-bactéries Genomics study of diatom-bacteria interactions Soutenue le 29/06/2018 devant le jury : Pascal SIMONET CNRS Rapporteur Leila TIRICHINE CNRS Rapportrice Véronique MARTIN-JÉZÉQUEL CNRS Examinatrice Valérie MICHOTEY AMU Examinatrice Brigitte GONTERO CNRS Membre invitée Guillaume BLANC CNRS Co-directeur de thèse Jean-Michel CLAVERIE CNRS Directeur de thèse Numéro national de thèse/suffixe local : 2018AIXM0202/039ED62 2 Résumé Les diatomées sont des algues microscopiques ubiquitaires dans les environnements aquatiques qui contribuent à hauteur de 25% environ à la production primaire planétaire grâce à leur photosynthèse. Au-delà de ce rôle primordial dans l’environnement, certaines espèces sont utilisées dans un contexte biotechnologique pour leurs capacités métaboliques. Qu’elles soient étudiées en laboratoire ou dans leur environnement naturel, les diatomées sont dans les deux cas très souvent entourées d’une flore bactérienne. Cette cohabitation est plus souvent envisagée comme une contamination indésirable que comme un partenariat potentiellement bénéfique, bien que de nombreuses interactions aient été documentées entre ces organismes. Ces communautés pourraient donc être étudiées sous l’angle de l’holobionte, qui considère un macroorganisme hôte et les micro-organismes qui lui sont associés. Cela serait d’autant plus pertinent que les génomes des diatomées modèles Thalassiosira pseudonana et Phaeodactylum tricornutum contiennent de nombreux gènes dont l’origine prédite est bactérienne. Nous avons étudié Asterionella formosa, une diatomée pennée présente dans de nombreux lacs et cours d’eau. Une communauté A. formosa-bactéries prélevée dans le lac Esthwaite water (Royaume-Uni) a été caractérisée par des approches omiques. L’utilisation de la métagénomique a permis la reconstruction de 30 génomes bactériens très complets, dont le potentiel métabolique a été prédit et comparé aux interactions diatomées-bactéries déjà connues. Cette analyse suggère que de nombreuses interactions potentielles ont lieu au sein de cette population hétérogène qui s’est également révélée très dynamique. En effet, le séquençage de la sous-unité 16S de l’ARN ribosomique a montré que l’abondance respective des différentes espèces bactériennes variait au cours des phases de croissance de la diatomée. Par ailleurs, certaines espèces semblent préférentiellement attachées à la diatomée, alors que d’autres semblent évoluer librement dans le milieu. En complément du séquençage métagénomique, un séquençage d’ADN à l’aide de longues lectures Pacbio a été mené en vue d’établir la séquence de référence du génome d’A. formosa. Ce travail, par le biais d’une collaboration, a conduit à une prédiction plus poussée des interactions métaboliques potentielles entre la diatomée et son environnement bactérien. Enfin, l’impact des bactéries sur les diatomées a été abordé sous l’angle de l’évolution et des transferts horizontaux de gènes, qui ont été prédits à partir des données transcriptomiques d’une centaine de diatomées marines. Ce travail représente une étape préliminaire à l’étude approfondie de la communauté bactérienne associée à A. formosa. L’identification précise des espèces en présence et la reconstruction de leurs génomes a rendu possible l’élaboration d’hypothèses de travail sur les interactions en jeu dans le fonctionnement de la communauté. Une validation expérimentale ainsi que l’utilisation de méthodes complémentaires (transcriptomique, métabolomique) sont maintenant envisageables. Par ailleurs, les nouvelles séquences de référence que nous mettons à disposition et notre contribution à l’analyse de nombreux transcriptomes participent à l’effort global de caractérisation génomique des diatomées. Mots clés : diatomées, microbiome, génomique, transfert horizontal de gène 3 Abstract Diatoms are ubiquitous microalgae that contribute to approximately 25% of the net primary production worldwide. Besides their high environmental impact, diatoms are promising in the context of biotechnologies thanks to their unique metabolic capacities. Whether diatoms are studied in the laboratory or in the natural environment, many bacteria are usually found in their immediate vicinity. Numerous interactions, either positive, neutral or negative, have been documented between diatoms and bacteria. In other organisms the holobiont concept is often used to describe meta-organisms comprised of a macro-organism and all associated micro-organisms. This approach might be worth investigating in the case of the diatoms, especially as the genomes of the model species Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum harbor numerous genes of putative bacterial origin. We are studying Asterionella formosa, a pennate diatom found in a lot of freshwater streams and lakes. Without isolating the bacteria associated with the diatom, we characterized the community using a combination of omics and laboratory techniques. The main result lies in the reconstruction of the genome of the diatom as well as 30 individual genomes from co-cultured bacterial species. We investigated the metabolisms that could support diatom-bacteria interactions within the culture. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the abundance of some bacterial species was highly variable over the course of A. formosa growth. Meanwhile, some species seemed preferentially attached to the diatom while others were mainly free-living. Building on these preliminary results, the reference sequence of the A. formosa genome was improved by additional long-read (Pacbio) sequencing. This formed the basis of a new collaboration with system biologists which aims at comparing the metabolic networks of many diatoms and their complementarities with bacterial metabolisms. Last, relationships between diatoms and bacteria were investigated at a broader evolutionary scale, by looking at horizontal gene transfers using transcriptomic data of a hundred marine diatoms. This work is a first step in the study of the dynamic and complex bacterial community associated with the diatom A. formosa. The accurate identification and the reconstruction of the genome of these bacteria enables future in silico predictions based on metabolic networks and experimental work, including the use of other omics techniques such as transcriptomic or metabolomic. In the meantime, the new reference sequences we provide as well as our contribution to the analysis of a vast transcriptomic dataset are meaningful contributions to the global effort to study diatoms by the means of genomics. Keywords : diatoms, microbiome, genomics, horizontal gene transfer 4 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier la fondation Amidex qui a financé ma thèse par l’intermédiaire du projet Microbio-E, et la porteuse de ce projet Marie-Thérèse Giudici-Orticoni. Ce financement m’a également permis de travailler sur un ordinateur performant et de participer à un congrès EMBL à Heidelberg (Allemagne). Je remercie Jean-Michel Claverie et Chantal Abergel, directeur et directrice successifs du laboratoire IGS, pour m’avoir accueilli et offert d’excellentes conditions de travail. Je remercie également Jean- Michel pour son mentorat en tant que directeur de ma thèse malgré ses autres responsabilités. Je remercie mon directeur de thèse Guillaume Blanc de m’avoir recruté sur ce projet et encadré au quotidien, je me suis vraiment senti épaulé et guidé dès que cela était nécessaire. Je remercie Brigitte Gontero pour notre collaboration fructueuse et nos échanges scientifiques réguliers, ainsi que tous les membres de son équipe avec qui j’ai eu le plaisir de travailler. Je remercie Mila Kojadinovic pour son travail expérimental, d’analyse et de rédaction, et nos très nombreux échanges lors du travail sur le microbiome d’Asterionella formosa. Je remercie également toutes les personnes ayant collaboré à ce projet pour leur contribution. Je remercie Lucie Gallot-Lavallée pour nos nombreux débats scientifiques. Je remercie Sébastien Santini et Virginie Collomb pour leur support informatique et bio-informatique, ainsi que Matthieu Legendre et Olivier Poirot pour leur aide à l’utilisation de divers outils bio-informatiques. Je remercie également pour leur sympathie tous les membres présents et passés de l’IGS que j’ai eu le plaisir de connaître. Je remercie Émilie Villar et Magali Lescot d’être à l’origine de la collaboration sur l’analyse des données MMETSP. Je remercie Chris Bowler et Andrew Allen de m’avoir permis de participer à ce travail. Je remercie Richard Dorrell pour nos échanges scientifiques, ainsi que toutes les personnes participant à ce projet. Je remercie Clémence Frioux pour nos échanges et son travail sur les réseaux métaboliques d’A. formosa et des bactéries associées. Je remercie Anne Siegel et l’INRIA de m’avoir invité à donner un séminaire, ainsi que les membres de son équipe participant à ce projet. 5 Table des matières Résumé 3 Abstract 4 Remerciements 5 Table des matières 6 Introduction 9 I.1. Généralités sur les diatomées 9 I.2. Cycle de vie des diatomées 11 I.3. Origines évolutives 13 I.4. Classification des diatomées 19 I.5. Interactions avec d’autres organismes 23 I.6. Méthodes pour l’analyses des holobiontes 26 I.7. Les technologies de séquençage 27 I.8. La
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