KENNAN INSTITUTE 30 Year Report KENNAN INSTITUTE KENNAN INSTITUTE KENNAN INSTITUTE 30 Year Report Kennan Institute Staff Blair A. Ruble, Director Margaret Paxson, Senior Associate Nancy Popson, Senior Associate F. Joseph Dresen, Program Associate Jennifer Giglio, Program Associate Atiq Sarwari, Program Associate Summer Brown, Program Specialist Edita Krunkaityte, Program Assistant Erin Trouth, Program Assistant Kennan Moscow Project Galina Levina, Program Manager Ekaterina Alekseeva, Program Manager and Editor Irina Petrova, Office Manager Pavel Korolev, Program Officer Anna Toker, Accountant Murad Pateev, Technical Support Kennan Kyiv Project Yaroslav Pylynskyi, Project Manager Nataliya Samozvanova, Office Manager WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Lee H. Hamilton, Director BOARD OF TRUSTEES Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chair; David A. Metzner, Vice Chair. Public Members: James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress; John W. Carlin, Archivist of the United States; Bruce Cole, Chair, National Endowment for the Humanities; Roderick R. Paige, Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; Colin L. Powell, Secretary, U.S. Department of State; Lawrence M. Small, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Tommy G. Thompson, Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Private Citizen Members: Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Carol Cartwright, Donald E. Garcia, Bruce S. Gelb, Daniel L. Lamaute, Tamala L. Longaberger, Thomas R. Reedy WILSON COUNCIL Bruce S. Gelb, President. Elias F. Aburdene, Jennifer Acker, Charles S. Ackerman, B.B. Andersen, Russell Anmuth, Cyrus A. Ansary, Lawrence E. Bathgate II, Theresa Behrendt, John Beinecke, Joseph C. Bell, Steven Alan Bennett, Rudy Boschwitz, A. Oakley Brooks, Donald A. Brown, Melva Bucksbaum, Richard I. Burnham, Nicola L. Caiola, Mark Chandler, Peter B. Clark, Melvin Cohen, William T. Coleman, Jr., David M. Crawford, Jr., Michael D. DiGiacomo, Beth Dozoretz, Elizabeth Dubin, F. Samuel Eberts III, I. Steven Edelson, Mark Epstein, Melvyn J. Estrin, Sim Farar, Susan R. Farber, Roger Felberbaum, Julie Finley, Joseph H. Flom, John H. Foster, Charles Fox, Barbara Hackman Franklin, Norman Freidkin, John H. French, II, Morton Funger, Gregory M. Gallo, Chris G. Gardiner, Gordon D. Giffin, Steven J. Gilbert, Alma Gildenhorn, David F. Girard-diCarlo, Michael B. Goldberg, Roy M. Goodman, Gretchen Meister Gorog, William E. Grayson, Ronald Greenberg, Raymond A. Guenter, Cheryl F. Halpern, Edward L. Hardin, Jr., John L. Howard, Darrell E. Issa, Jerry Jasinowski, Brenda LaGrange Johnson, Shelly Kamins, James M. Kaufman, Edward W. Kelley, Jr., Anastasia D. Kelly, Christopher J. Kennan, Willem Kooyker, Steven Kotler, William H. Kremer, Raymond Learsy, Dennis A. LeVett, Francine Gordon Levinson, Harold O. Levy, Frederic V. Malek, David S. Mandel, John P. Manning, Jeffrey A. Marcus, John Mason, Jay Mazur, Robert McCarthy, Linda McCausland, Stephen G. McConahey, Donald F. McLellan, Charles McVean, J. Kenneth Menges, Jr., Kathryn Mosbacher, Jeremiah L. Murphy, Martha T. Muse, John E. Osborn, Paul Hae Park, Gerald L. Parsky, Jeanne L. Phillips, Michael J. Polenske, Donald Robert Quartel, Jr., John L. Richardson, Margaret Milner Richardson, Larry D. Richman, Carlyn Ring, Edwin Robbins, Robert G. Rogers, Juan A. Sabater, Alan M. Schwartz, Timothy R. Scully, J. Michael Shepherd, George P. Shultz, Raja W. Sidawi, Kenneth Siegel, Ron Silver, William A. Slaughter, James H. Small, Shawn Smeallie, Gordon V. Smith, Thomas F. Stephenson, Norman Kline Tiefel, Mark C. Treanor, Anthony G. Viscogliosi, Christine M. Warnke, Ruth Westheimer, Pete Wilson, Deborah Wince-Smith, Herbert S. Winokur, Jr., Paul Martin Wolff, Joseph Zappala, Richard S. Ziman, Nancy M. Zirkin ABOUT THE CENTER The Center is the living memorial of the United States of America to the nation’s twenty-eighth president, Woodrow Wilson. Congress established the Woodrow Wilson Center in 1968 as an international institute for advanced study, “symbolizing and strengthening the fruitful relationship between the world of learning and the world of public affairs.” The Center opened in 1970 under its own board of trustees. In all its activities the Woodrow Wilson Center is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization, support- ed financially by annual appropriations from Congress, and by the contributions of foundations, corporations, and individuals. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publications and pro- grams are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or organizations that provide financial support to the Center. 2 KENNAN INSTITUTE | WOODROW WILSON CENTER CONTENTS PREFACE 4 OVERVIEW 7 INTRODUCTION 9 DIRECTORS’ REVIEWS 14 ADVISORY COUNCILS 32 KENNAN COUNCIL 36 FRIENDS OF THE KENNAN INSTITUTE 38 SCHOLARS 39 CENTERS FOR ADVANCED STUDYAND EDUCATION 110 CONFERENCES 131 PUBLICATIONS 235 FUNDING 273 STAFF 280 INDEX 288 This publication was compiled by Erin Trouth and designed by Lianne Hepler. Photographs for this report were provided by William Craft Brumfield, photographer and Professor of Slavic Languages at Tulane University. The photographs trace the Siberian jour- ney of 19th century explorer George Kennan. The originals of these photographs are in the permanent collection of the Photographic Archives of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. 3 30 YEAR REPORT | OVERVIEW PREFACE Since I joined the Woodrow Wilson Center as its Director in January 1999, my mission has been to increase the Center’s visibility and to chart a new direction for our policy studies. Our goal is to make the Wilson Center an intellectual focal point in the nation’s capital, a place where policy-makers and international scholars meet to exchange views, formulate new ideas, and see the products of their discourse disseminated to the public. The Kennan Institute of the Wilson Center has pursued those goals with incredible success throughout its history. The thirtieth anniversary of the Kennan Institute coincides with the centennial year of its cofounder, one of America’s greatest diplomats, George F. Kennan. Like Woodrow Wilson, George Kennan is both a scholar and a policymaker, an historian and a maker of history. The example of their lives forms the core of the mission for the Wilson Center and the Kennan Institute—to approach policy from all sides, to look back for the purpose of looking forward, and to build bridges of international understanding. Simply put, the Wilson Center and the Kennan Institute are dedicated to the proposition that in the dialogue of American democracy there should be a bridge between the scholar and the policymaker because, as Wilson repeated- ly emphasized, each can learn from the other. And in pursuing this mission we honor the lega- cies of these exceptional Americans. It is also a mission we need to pursue with renewed enthusiasm towards Eurasia. It was not long ago that Russia and the surrounding states were top U.S. foreign policy concerns. The fate of democracy in the region and the transition from the Soviet economy were among the most studied and debated issues in the 1990s. Now, Russia and Ukraine have enjoyed several years of healthy growth rates, and the political systems in the former Soviet Union are stabilizing, albeit with the presence of disquieting authoritarian trends. In a world confronted by the perils of ter- rorism, proliferation, and instability in Iraq and the greater Middle East, internal developments in Russia and the former Soviet Union have received less attention from policymakers and aca- demics alike. What attention Russia does receive these days is usually in the context of its relationship to the West, either through the nature of Russia’s cooperation in the war on terror and other inter- national security matters, or with regard to its growing energy sector. Interest in Russia’s histo- ry, culture and people are declining among policymakers, foundations, and academic institu- tions, just as developments Russia’s domestic political culture is becoming more opaque. Instead of the “who lost Russia” debate of the late 1990s, we are confronted with a “why is Russia important” attitude. This is unfortunate. Russia’s future remains uncertain, and it is still a country of vital impor- tance to the United States and the world. Without robust scholarship and deep understanding of history and culture, the formation of policy necessarily suffers. George Kennan relied on his scholarly understanding of Russia as much as his diplomatic training in crafting the containment 4 policy that steered our nation’s foreign policy for forty-five years. Kennan understood the impor- KENNAN INSTITUTE | WOODROW WILSON CENTER tance of scholarship to the creation of policy, and he helped establish the Kennan Institute in 1974 because he felt at the time that American expertise on Russia outside the context of politics and security was in serious decline. In 2004, we face a similar prospect, while also facing a similar urgency to adapt to a changing Russia. Only today Russia is changing rapidly in ways that are difficult to understand and even The Institute is renowned for its spon- harder to predict. Therefore, as the Kennan Institute enters into its fourth decade, its sorship of scholars examining the for- most challenging work lies ahead. It is exceptionally qualified to build mer Soviet Union and Russian and on three decades of leadership in the field to help meet the challenges of the future. Among American institutions of Russian and Eurasian Eurasian issues in general. Its work studies it has a number of distinctive qualities. has been of the highest quality, as First, the Institute bridges the worlds of academia and policy- “befits the Wilson Center and the making. Its fellows range from historians and sociologists to journal- ists and government officials. Much of the Institute’s work aims to Smithsonian Institution, of which it is place contemporary Russian and Eurasian issues in a broader histor- a part, and it's still going strong after ical context. The Institute also encourages the interaction of scholars and thinkers with policy-makers, a vital but all too rare occurrence all these years. Whether it's the in Washington.