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INFORMATION to USERS This Manuscript Has Been Reproduced INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI film s the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms international A Bell & Howell Information C om pany 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9201707 Nouns, nominalization and denominalization in Classical Chinese: A study based onMencius and Zuozhuan Liu, Cheng-Hui, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1991 Copyright ©1092 by Liu, Cheng-Hui. Ali rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 NOUNS, NOMINALIZATION AND DENOMINALIZATION IN CLASSICAL CHINESE: A STUDY BASED ON MENCIUS AND ZUOZHUAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Cheng-Hui Liu, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1991 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Frank Hsueh Yan-Shuan Lao IAdviser James Tai Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express sincere appreciation to my adviser Prof. Frank Hsueh for encouragement and insightful guidance through the years of my graduate study. Special thanks go to my committee members, Profs. James Tai and Y. S. Lao, whose valuable comments on the dissertation drafts allow me to improve my work. Thanks go to Debbie Knicely for typing the Chinese characters for me. I am grateful for tremendous support from my parents and my friend Lee. 11 VITA November 9, 1962 ..................... Born--Kaohsiung, Taiwan June, 1984 ............... B.A. National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan June, 1988 ..................... M.A. The Ohio State University Major Field: East Asian Languages and Literatures Studies in Chinese Linguistics 111 LIST OF ABBRIVATIONS ADJ = adjectival ADV = adverbial COMP = complementative DF = discourse functions 0 = objective P = predicator PRED = predicative PRED.a = PRED of descriptive sentences PRED.n = PRED of equational sentences PRED.V = PRED of narrative sentences SF = syntactic functions BIHP Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica BJDXXB Beijing Daxue Xuebao BMFEA Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and Aftican Studies CAAAL Computational Analyses of Asian & African Languages JGL Journal of Chinese Linguistics JCLTA Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association LTS Language Teaching and Studies YYYJ Yuyan Yanjiu ZGYW Zhongguo Yuwen IV LIST OF TECHNICAL TERMS Agent Verbs: Used as in Clark & Clark (1979), which refer to denominal verbs whose parent nouns are in the agentive case. Ambs : Short for ambivalents, a lexical category with both nominal and verbal capacities and naturally carries out the nominal and verbal functions (cf. Kennedy 1964). Combinatorial Capacity: A term referred to by Lu (1942), Wang (1958), Kennedy (1964), Cikoski (1978), and Zhi (1985) as a factor for lower level phrasal constructions. For example, it is combinatorial capacity of verbs to take a nominal unit and form a [head-object] VP. Decategorization: referring to a process which makes verbal items become less typical instances of the verb category so as to correlate with the nominal functions. Denominalization: A term referring to zero conversion from nouns into adverbs or verbs. The conversion from nouns to verbs is better known as ’verbalization’. Descriptive Sentences: One of the three basic sentence types classified by Liu (1958), the PRED of which is usually carried out by ambs. Deverbal Entities: Verbs which are decategorized so as to correlate with the nominal functions. It is noteworthy that deverbal entities differ from typical nouns in the sense that they cannot naturally correlate with all nominal functions. Discourse Functions : Functions classified from the pragmatic aspect, including reference, nucleus, and modification, each of which corresponds to certain syntactic functions. Reference corresponds to SUBJ/0; nucleus, to P/PRED; and modification, to ADJ/ADV/PRED. Dominant Relation : The relation of a [head-object] VP, one of the two basic phrasal constructions of Classical Chinese which has to do with combinatorial capacity of verbs (cf. the term ’restrictive relation’). Equational Sentences: One of the three basic sentence types classified by Liu (1958), the PRED of which is usually carried out by nouns, and normally marked by a particle Ze- Functional Categories: Classes of functions which include syntactic functions (SF) and discourse functions (DF). Instrument Verbs: Used as in Clark & Clark (1979), which refer to denominal verbs whose parent nouns are in the instrumental case. Lexical Categories: Classes of lexemes divided by virtue of corresponding functional categories. Lexicalisation: a process through which contextually actuated denotations become fixed and are eventually listed in the inventory of the lexicon. Location Verbs: Used as in Clark & Clark (1979), which refer to denominal verbs whose parent nouns are in the locative case. Locatum Verbs: Used as in Clark & Clark (1979), which refer to denominal verbs whose parent nouns are in the objective case and denote objects to be placed in a location. Marked: Adapted from Croft (1984), which refers to unnatural correlations between categories. An unnatural correlation is marked in that semantic drift is expected through the correlation (cf. the term 'unnatural correlation'). Narrative Sentences: One of the three basic sentence types classified by Liu (1958), the PRED of which is usually carried out by verbs. Natural Correlation: A term from Croft (1984), which is concerned with the regular/unmarked correspondences between lexical categories and functional categories (cf. the term ’unmarked’). Nominal Functions: The functions which naturally correlate with the lexical category of nouns, including reference (DF) and SUBJ/0 (SF). Nominalization: A term used as in Hopper & Thompson (1984), which refers to decategorization of verbs into deverbal entities (cf. the term ’decategorization’). VI Nouns: A lexical category primarily defined by the restrictive relation, the members of which naturally correlates with the nominal functions (cf. the term 'restrictive relation'). Parent (vs. Surface): A term used as in Clark & Clark (1979), which refers to the original state of a noun before zero- converted into a verb. Profile: A term from Langacker (1987, 1988) which is used as the essential semantic criterion for identification of phrasal head, nominalization and verbalization. Relative Positions: A term from Wang (1958) which refers to certain syntaxemes characteristic of certain functions (cf. the term ’syntaxeme’). Relative Words: Nouns which occur in relative positions. Restrictive Relation: The relation of a [modifier-head] NP, one of the two basic phrasal constructions of Classical Chinese which has to do with combinatorial capacity of nouns (cf. the term ’dominant relation’). Result Verbs: Denominal verbs whose parent nouns are in the objective case and become resultative states implied in the derived verbs. Surface (vs. Parent): A term used as in Clark & Clark (1979), which refers to the innovative state of a denominal verb. Syntactic Functions: Functions classified in the syntactic aspect, which include SUBJ, PRED, P, 0, ADJ, ADV, and COMP. Syntaxeme: A term from Mukhin (1985), which refers to basic syntactic unit/slot with a fixed grammatical function. Target Verbs: The most readily computed denominal verbs in Classical Chinese, whose parent nouns are in the objective case. Temporary Functions: A term from Wang (1920, 1940, 1958), used to label a syntactic function that the lexical category of a given lexeme is supposed not to correspond to. Unmarked: Adapted from Croft (1984), which refers to natural correlations between categories. A natural correlation is unmarked in that no semantic drift is expected through this correlation (cf. the term ’natural correlation’). Vll Unnatural Correlations: A term from Croft (1984), which is concerned with irregular/marked correspondences between lexical categories and functional categories (cf. the term ’marked’)» Verbs: A lexical category primarily defined by the dominant relation, the members of which naturally correlates with the verbal functions (cf. the term ’dominant relation’). Verbal
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