KATJA MIHURKO PONIŽ: »Nisem Prijatelj Ženskih Pisateljev«, Apokalipsa, Št

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KATJA MIHURKO PONIŽ: »Nisem Prijatelj Ženskih Pisateljev«, Apokalipsa, Št KATJA MIHURKO PONIŽ: »Nisem prijatelj ženskih pisateljev«, Apokalipsa, št. 90/91/92, 2005, str. 249–260. Page 1 Literarno vrednotenje in slovenske pisateljice med obema vojnama Literarno vrednotenje na Slovenskem zelo dolgo ni bilo povezano z ženskami, ne v vlogi kritičark kot tudi ne v vlogi literarnih ustvarjalk. Glede na zgodovinska dejstva ni nič posebnega, da se prve kritičarke (Marja Boršnik, Milena Mohorič in Silva Trdina) pojavijo šele v tridese- tih letih prejšnjega stoletja, saj je bila ženskam pot do univerzitetne izobrazbe zelo dolgo zaprta. Vzroke za njihovo majhno prisotnost že v omenjenem obdobju lahko vidimo tako v tem, da niso pripadale raz- ličnim intelektualnim skupinam, ki so svoje poglede razlagale v različ- nih literarnih revijah, kot tudi v posebnem položaju kritika, za katere- ga sta se predpostavljali široka razgledanost in sposobnost presojanja, ki ju je marsikdo tedaj ženskam odrekal. Ne nazadnje pa je bilo potreb- no imeti za ukvarjanje z literarno kritiko tudi dovolj časa. Biografije tis- tih Slovenk, ki so se pred drugo svetovno vojno občasno ukvarjale z literarnim vrednotenjem, nam ne razkrivajo le, kako težko jim je bilo dokazovati, da niso nič manj razgledane in sposobne vrednotiti kot nji- hovi sodobniki, ampak tudi to, da je bilo v njihovem življenju mnogo manj trenutkov, v katerih so se lahko ukvarjale s kritiko. Dovolj eksem- plarična je v tem smislu gotovo biografija Marje Boršnik. Drugi problem, ki se nam odpira, ko povežemo literarno vrednote- nje z ženskami, je odnos kritike do besedil pisateljic. Če bi naredili sta- tistično raziskavo o tem, koliko kritik je bilo na Slovenskem do druge svetovne vojne posvečenih delom pisateljic in koliko izmed teh bese- dil so napisali moški, bi se nam gotovo razkril zelo nizek odstotek. Delež izdanih knjig je bil namreč pri pisateljicah mnogo manjši kot pri pisateljih, in velikokrat je edino o knjigi pisateljice objavljeno kritiko, napisala recenzentka. Majhno število izdanih knjig pisateljic in majhno število kritičark je tako povzročilo tudi mnogo manjše pojavljanje žen- skih imen v zgodovini literarnega vrednotenja na Slovenskem. | 249 | 90-92_06_StudijeEseji_B.qxd 25/6/05 14:53 Page 249 Page 2 Takšna situacija je bila posledica položaja žensk v preteklosti, kar pomeni, da moramo na te podatke gledati celostno in jih interpretirati z mislijo na poseben razvoj literature, ki so jo pisale ženske. Mar- sikatero izjavo moramo zato danes, ko se zavedamo, v kakšnem kon- tekstu je nastala, sprejeti z določeno mero razumevanja. Vendar to ne more veljati za tiste zapise, v katerih so avtorji pozabili na vso svojo intelektualno veličino in se spustili na raven tistega, kar je danes še naj- bolj blizu rumenemu tisku. Zato je glavni razlog, da obelodanimo nekaj, kar slovenskega literar- nega vrednotenja in nekaterih njegovih akterjev ne kaže v najlepši luči, predvsem poskus najti tisto točko, v kateri se je začel proces posebne- ga načina vrednotenja slovenskih pisateljic, ki ga, kar je zelo problema- tično, zasledimo v nekaterih kritikah tudi danes. Literarno vrednotenje je kompleksen proces, o čemer piše tudi v predgovoru k edini sodobni monografiji o literarnem vrednotenju na Slovenskem Matija Ogrin: »Vrednostni akt je po eni strani opredeljen s svojim predmetom – literarnim delom, po drugi strani pa je določen s horizontom bralčevih dispozicij, ki so pravzaprav kompleksen sestav religioznih in filozofskih nazorov, ideologij, literarno–estetskih pogle- dov, vplivov sociokulturnega konteksta, bližine tem ali onim literarnim tokovom – in še marsičesa.« (Ogrin 2003: 9) Teoretik trdi, in pri tem mu pritrjujemo, da je literarno vrednotenje v veliki meri proces, na katere- ga vplivajo spremenljivi dejavniki. V nadaljevanju svoje raziskave Ogrin večkrat lucidno pokaže, kako je filozofsko ali duhovno ozadje vplivalo na oblikovanje vrednostnih sodb raziskovanih kritikov. Njego- va študija prinaša vrsto izjemno zanimivih in prepričljivo argumentira- nih novih pogledov na slovensko kritiško tradicijo, ki je v knjigi ne samo natančno popisana, ampak tudi na novo presvetljena in ovredno- tena. Zato je obžalovanja vredno, da je avtorjeva raziskava zastavljena tako, da v njej ni prostora za slovenske kritičarke in problematizacijo odnosa slovenskih kritikov do literarne produkcije pisateljic. Mislim, da se lahko upravičeno vprašamo, ali so slovenske pisateljice (če pomislimo na to, kako pogosto so bili, kar je pokazal tudi Ogrin, kriti- ki usmerjeni le na etične in spoznavne vrednote) lahko upale na enak sprejem pri kritiki. Ali ni bila podoba ženske tudi pri najbolj liberalnih kritikih še globoko zasidrana v patriarhalnih predstavah in so zavrača- li tako žensko literarno ustvarjalnost kot tudi literarne osebe z drugač- nimi nazori od tistih, ki so bili blizu recenzentom? So bila izhodišča slo- venskih pisateljic v primerjavi z njihovimi sodobniki enaka in so torej | 250 | 90-92_06_StudijeEseji_B.qxd 25/6/05 14:53 Page 250 Page 3 lahko pričakovale enak odnos kritike, ali jih je na poti uveljavitve v jav- nosti oviralo nekaj, česar pisatelji niso poznali? Prepreka, s katero se je srečala vsaka pisateljica, so bile trdno zasidra- ne predstave o tem, da je edini primerni prostor za žensko dom in njeno edino poslanstvo skrb za družino. In prav v tej izhodiščni različ- nosti se skriva tista bistvena in posebna razlika, ki ločuje slovenske pisa- teljice od pisateljev, ko razmišljamo o njihovem sprejemu pri kritiki. Res je, da so slovenski kritiki v obdobju med leti 1918 in 1945 zavrnili veliko literarnih del, v katerih so pisatelji na visoko mesto postavljali vrednote, ki niso bile blizu recenzentovemu spoznavnemu in etičnemu obzorju, toda ob nobenem še tako slabo ovrednotenem delu ni nihče podvomil, ali je prav, da moški pišejo ali ne. Če so bili pisateljevi pogledi bolj svo- bodomiselni in so zavračali vse, kar je bilo vsaj na videz povezano s krščanstvom, je bila to že dobra popotnica, da ga bo ugodno ocenila liberalna skupina, a hkrati so lahko katoliški avtorji pričakovali, da jih določen del kritike ne bo zavrnil le zaradi tega, ker visoko postavljajo religiozne vrednote. Na koga so lahko računale pisateljice, ki so vedele, da je v očeh kritikov že ženska literarna ustvarjalnost nekaj povsem neprimernega, kaj šele, če v svojih delih prikazujejo še za sodobnike nenavadne ženske? Odgovor na to vprašanje najdemo v recenzijah. Tako je Ivan Pregelj pisal o Večernih pismih Marije Kmet: »Nisem prijatelj žensk, ko pišejo, ne naših, ne tujih. Celo tistih ne, ki moško pišejo. Zato ne vem, če sem ženskim knjigam pravičen. Novo knjigo Marije Kmetove hočem le nekako kodificirati: da ni poljudna, da ni po sentimentu individualna, da niha v slogu preko literatstva v lastni lirizem in da ni ubrana in uglašena nastrojno kot zbirka. Ob mrtvih Fun- tkovih Lučih, ob refleksivnem besedju stare ‘Slovenke’ in novih ženskih listov, medlo s pozo povedano albumstvo, ne čista lirika ne jedra epika ne sočna aforistika. Pa kakor sem rekel. Ne delal bi rad krivice. Nisem prijatelj ‘ženskih pisateljev’.« (Pregelj 1926: 160) Knjigo je prav tako kategorično odklonil tudi Josip Vidmar, ki je pisa- teljičine črtice dosledno imenoval »stvarce« in že v začetku svoje kriti- ke zavrnil njeno delo, ko je zapisal, da je v knjigi »celo en satirično dra- matični prizor«. Beseda »celo« ima v tem kontekstu gotovo ironičen podton. V Večernih pismih Vidmar ni našel prav ničesar, kar bi lahko pohvalil, obširno pa je navedel vse, kar so, po njegovem mnenju, sla- bosti recenziranega dela. Pri tem se seveda ni posvečal zgolj formalni podobi dela, ampak tudi vsebinski. Tako je o črtici Iz noči, v kateri nezakonska mati niha med samomorom in detomorom ter vztrajanjem | 251 | Katja Mihurko Poniž 90-92_06_StudijeEseji_B.qxd 25/6/05 14:53 Page 251 Page 4 v življenju, ki je trpljenje tako zanjo kot za otroka, zapisal, da je »stvar- ca nezanimiva«, saj manjka »v stvarci tisti bodisi razumski bodisi čustve- ni argument, ki bi tehtni samomorilni naklep pred našimi očmi tehtno ovrgel.« (Vidmar 1951: 360) Za poznavalce Vidmarjeve egocentrične zaverovanosti v lastni prav verjetno komentar citiranega stavka sploh ni potreben, a ker gre za konkretno delo, morda ne bo odveč pripo- mniti, da je vsakemu bolj senzibilnemu bralcu ali bralki lahko jasno, zakaj se ženski lik v črtici odloči za življenje in ne za smrt. Razlog za to, da krutega dejanja ne izpelje, je namreč nekaj, kar je bilo Vidmarju očitno tuje, in sicer materina ljubezen do otroka in vera v boga. To avtorica dovolj jasno izrazi z naslednjimi besedami: »Dete k meni se stiska, vroča misel v sencih pritiska, drhtijo mi rke, drhtijo nogé, reka lovi me … A v srcu, kaj v srcu? Da ne smem? Gospod, saj veš! Kako bom, kako bo on, otrok moj predragi? Živeti – hudó je … O – in umreti – ne morem … Črne so sence, bela je pot, mesec oblake na nebu srebri. Dete, vrniva se, ne pojdeva v smrt, še daleč je smrt!« (Kmet 1926: 7) Ob navedenih mislih se nam porodi vprašanje, ali podobne zapise srečamo še kje. Že bežen pregled nas prepriča, da so bile pisateljice ali pesnice pri recenzentih redkokdaj deležne prave ocene svojega dela, saj so kritiki izrabili prostor, namenjen premisleku o besedilu, tudi za izražanje svojih pogledov na žensko literarno ustvarjalnost. Najbolj se je to pokazalo na prelomu stoletja, ko je Zofka Kveder objavila svoj prvenec Misterij žene. Ivan Cankar je tedaj zapisal, da je zbirka črtic »dosegla poseben, nepričakovan uspeh, kakoršnega ni dosegla doslej še nobena slovenska knjiga. Združila je ‘sovražne brate’ in vsi obriti in neobriti estetiki slovenski so se zgražali v genljivem soglasju nad našo edino pisateljico.« (Cankar 1900: 213) Med zapisi ob izidu zbirke, ki jih ne moremo označiti za kritike, posebno bode v oči, da se z literarnimi prvinami dela recenzenti sploh niso ukvarjali, ampak so zašli na povsem osebno raven, kakor je razvid- no iz zapisa, objavljenega v krščanskosocialnem glasilu Slovenski list: »‘Misterij žene’ se imenuje pol centimetra nad vrhuncem modernosti stoječa knjiga, katero je Zofka Kveder te dni izdala v Pragi in jo prodaja po kroni.
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