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Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES Crimes and other gross and large scale human rights violations committed during the reign of totalitarian regimes in Europe: cross- national survey of crimes committed and of their remembrance, recognition, redress, and reconciliation Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on“Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission Edited by Peter Jambrek Published by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union “DRAFT BEFORE FINAL EDITING” CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 321.64:343.3(082) EUROPEAN Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes (2008 ; Bruxelles) Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes : reports and proceedings of the 8 April European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes / [editor Peter Jambrek ; translations The Secretariat-General of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, Translation and Interpretation Division]. - Ljubljana : Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, 2008 ISBN 978-961-238-977-2 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Jambrek, Peter 241500672 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE Lovro Šturm, Slovenian Minister of Justice ........................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION Jacques Barrot, Vice-President of the European Commission for Justice, Freedom and Security ..................... 9 I. HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES ...... 11 Ronaldas Racinskas Historical justice for Europe: why, when and how? ............................................................................................... 13 Tunne Kelam Suggestions on assessment of totalitarian communism ......................................................................................... 21 Jera Vodušek Starič The making of the communist regime in Slovenia and Yugoslavia ....................................................................... 25 Damjan Hančič and Renato Podberšič Totalitarian regimes in Slovenia in the 20th century ............................................................................................... 39 Mateja Čoh Characteristics of the judicial system in Slovenia between 1945 and 1951 ........................................................... 61 Tamara Griesser Pečar The Roman Catholic Church in Slovenia under three totalitarian regimes ..............................................................71 Dainius Žalimas The need for equal treatment of Nazi and Soviet crimes ....................................................................................... 81 Vytautas Landsbergis Hypocrisy of discrimination among victims of totalitarian crimes ....................................................................... 85 II. TOTALITARIAN CRIMES: CROSS-NATIONAL SURVEY ............................................................... 87 Heinrihs Strods Crimes committed in Latvia by the occupation regimes of the USSR and Germany (1940–90) .......................... 89 Jaan Tamm and Helle Solnask Political repression in the 1940’s and 1950’s in Estonia ......................................................................................... 97 Dalia Kuodyte Lithuanian victims of communist occupation ........................................................................................................ 99 Maciej Korkuć Poland – the victim of two totalitarian regimes ....................................................................................................... 101 Marius Oprea The Securitate legacy – terror in Romania .............................................................................................................. 105 Tamás Stark A topic doomed to oblivion: foreign prisoners in Soviet custody – with special regard to the fate of Hungarian civilian internees ..................................................................................................................................................... 111 Boris Mlakar Repression over the Slovenian people by the German Nazism ............................................................................. 117 Gorazd Bajc Crimes committed by the Fascist regime in the Slovene territory ....................................................................... ... 125 Ljubo Sirc Totalitarian features of the judiciary in the Republic of Slovenia (1945–90) ........................................................ 135 Milko Mikola Concentration and labour camps in Slovenia ......................................................................................................... 145 Mitja Ferenc Secret World War Two mass graves in Slovenia .................................................................................................... 155 Milko Mikola Communist repression of “interior enemies” in Slovenia ...................................................................................... 161 III. TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE: PROSECUTION AND REDRESS OF INJUSTICE ............................. 173 Lauri Mälksoo Reparation and reconciliation in international law: the view of an Estonian lawyer ............................................ 175 Dariusz Gabriel Prosecution of Nazi and Communist crimes in Poland .......................................................................................... 177 Ekaterina Salkova On rehabilitation and remedy measures in Bulgaria for persons repressed from 1944 through 1989 ................... 185 Carlos Closa Transitional justice in Spain ................................................................................................................................... 191 Jože Dežman Communist repression and transitional justice in Slovenia ................................................................................... 197 Pavel Jamnik Post-World War Two crimes on the territory of Slovenia: police investigation and proof regarding criminal offences that do not fall under the statute of limitations ....................................................................................................... 207 Marius Oprea About ideologies, institutions and death ................................................................................................................ 215 IV. REMEMBRANCE, RECOGNITION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF TOTALITARIAN HISTORY .............................................................................................................................................................. 217 Andreja Valič Is it wise to discuss themes that hurt? .................................................................................................................... 219 Girts Valdis Kristovskis The need for a reappraisal of the European history ............................................................................................... 223 Harro Bebert Active remembrance and regional identity: European Union promotion of an international project with participants from Bohemia, Eichsfeld and Upper Silesia ...................................................................................... 227 Toomas Hiio “Vergangenheitsbewältigung” ................................................................................................................................. 231 Lukasz Kaminski An overview of educational activities with respect to crimes committed by totalitarian regimes: the Polish experience ................................................................................................................................................................ 235 Stephan Parmetier Research, teaching and consultancy in the field of transitional justice and human rights ..................................... 241 Sandra Kalniete Divergences within European politics with regard to communist totalitarianism ................................................. 247 Wojciech Roszkowski Notes on the open issue of united European history ............................................................................................... 251 Toomas Hiio Possible common European history school textbook ............................................................................................. 253 Emanuelis Zingeris Transition from the “Gulag Empire” to the Western civilisation – issues of remembrance and education ............ 255 Kathinka Dittrich van Weringh Promoting public awareness of totalitarian crimes ................................................................................................ 259 V. RECONCILIATION: ON HANDLING THE TRAUMATIC PAST .......................................................... 263 Ana Filipa Vrdoljak Remembering and reconciliation: an international law perspective ........................................................................ 265 Mikhail Narinsky Crimes of totalitarian regimes: in the search for reconciliation with the past ........................................................ 275 Guy De Vel The role of European institutions in the process of reconciliation ....................................................................... 279 Marianne Birthler Reconciliation and totalitarian crimes: which lessons can be drawn from a successful experience? .................... 283 Renata Uitz Instead of success: hope for truth – at best .............................................................................................................
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