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Društvo Jožef Arimatej Za Pokopavanje Mrličev Lonjer

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Društvo Jožef Arimatej Za Pokopavanje Mrličev Lonjer Narodna in študijska knjižnica postavitev ODSEK ZA ZGODOVINO IN ETNOGRAFIJO Skladišče Trst OZ-S Osebne zapuščine 5 IVAN MARIJA ČOK Lonjer, 1886 – New York, 1948 Primorski politik dr. Ivan Marija-Miček Čok (r. 1886 v Lonjerju pri Trstu, u. 1948 v New Yorku), pravnik po izobrazbi, je opravljal odvetniški poklic in od leta 1910 je bil med vodilnimi organizacije Edinost. Pred koncem prve svetovne vojne je bil izvoljen kot njen zastopnik v Narodni svet za Slovenijo in Istro in nato v Narodno veće v Zagrebu. Po proglasitvi Kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev je bil nekaj časa član Začasnega narodnega predstavništva. Konec leta 1918 je bil kot izvedenec za etnologijo imenovan v jugoslovansko delegacijo na mirovni konferenci v Parizu. Pri nekaterih oblikah protifašizma v Julijski krajini, narodnoliberalne usmeritve, je bil Čok med najpomembnejšimi. Italijanske oblasti so ga obtoževale, da je med vodilnimi ilegalnega gibanja. Podobne sodbe je o njem dajala tudi povojna oblast v Jugoslaviji. V literaturi se sicer pojavljajo različne ocene: eni pišejo, da je bil vodja organizacije TIGR; drugi menijo, da ji ni niti pripadal. Iz primerjave raznih podatkov je vsekakor razvidno, da je bil tudi Čok soudeleženec aktivnega odpora proti fašističnemu raznarodovanju. Zaradi fašističnega pritiska se je na začetku leta 1929 odločil emigrirati v Jugoslavijo. Tu je bil od leta 1931 do ukinitve predsednik Zveze jugoslovanskih emigrantov iz Julijske krajine. V letih emigracije v Jugoslaviji so ga zaznamovale tri pomembne stvari: vse glasneje je začel zahtevati priključitev Juljske krajine k Jugoslaviji; med njim in vodilnima primorskima politikoma, dr. Josipom Vilfanom in dr. Engelbertom Besednjakom, je prihajalo do vedno večjih sporov; konec tridesetih let je začel sodelovati z zahodnimi obveščevalnimi službami. Stike s tigrovci ter z drugimi ilegalnimi skupinami v notranjosti Jugoslavije sta vzdrževali dve posebni britanski službi, Special Operations Executive (SOE in njene predhodnice) in Inter-Services Liaison Department (ISLD). Med drugim so tigrovci dobili precej eksploziva in drugega materiala, da so uspešno izvedli nekaj sabotažnih akcij na železniških progah na Koroškem, in to še pred vstopom Jugoslavije v vojno. Nemčija in Italija sta takoj odločno reagirali in nemške obveščevalne službe so prišle na sled krivcem. Nemci so zadevo prikazali jugoslovanski vladi, ki je morala kloniti pred zahtevo po zatrtju in aretaciji odgovornih. Čoka so 7. julija aretirali in zaprli, vendar mu niso sodili, temveč so ga premestili v srbski Arandjelovac in v Mataruško Banjo, kjer se je še najbolj zbližal s prof. Ivanom Rudolfom, protagonistom omenjenega podtalnega delovanja. Petega marca 1941 sta Čok in Rudolf s pomočjo britanskih služb zbežala iz Jugoslavije in se maja srečala z jugoslovansko begunsko vlado. Junija ali julija sta prispela v Kairo, kjer sta si razdelila delo, ki je spadalo v načrte Jugoslovanskega odbora iz Italije. V njegovem imenu je Čok julija odpotoval v London, nato v ZDA, kjer je iskal politično podporo za primorsko vprašanje, Rudolf pa je ostal v Kairu in kot tajnik Odbora urejal list Bazovica in Šotorsko knjižico, predvsem pa je zbiral slovenske in hrvaške ujetnike po britanskih taboriščih, bodisi za jugoslovansko vojsko v emigraciji ali za britanske službe, SOE in ISLD. Čok si je prizadeval, da bi begunska vlada med svoje cilje sprejela rešitev vprašanja Julijske krajine in odbor potrdila kot legitimnega in legalnega predstavnika Slovencev in Hrvatov pod Italijo. Odbor je torej na začetku sodeloval z begunsko vlado, čeprav odnosi niso bili nikoli povsem jasni in so se začeli krhati. Razloge za to moramo iskati v dejstvu, da so bili prostovoljci, ki jih je zbiral Rudolf, večinoma Slovenci, česar pa Srbi, ki so bili večinoma višji oficirji, niso podpirali. Poleg tega je zlasti Čok OZE NŠK – Osebne zapuščine 5, Ivan Marija Čok, str. 1 imel veliko sovražnikov med pripadniki Slovenske ljudske stranke, člani begunske vlade. Skladno z vladno politiko je Odbor avtomatično podpiral tedaj priznanega vodjo četniškega gibanja, Dražo Mihailovića, postopno uveljavljanje partizanskega gibanja je pozneje vplivalo na to, da se je približal Titu. Čoku so na začetku avgusta 1943 dovolili, da se je vrnil v Kairo, kamor se je za nekaj časa preselila tudi jugoslovanska vlada. Pri snovanju nove vlade so ga končno povabili vanjo, a je ponudbo odklonil, ker je menil, da je preveč pročetniška. Predlagal je drugo, alternativno, ki bi upoštevala partizansko gibanje. Njegove zamisli niti zavezniki niti begunska vlada niso upoštevali. Konec leta 1943 so se tudi razmere v jugoslovanski vojski na Bližnjem vzhodu zapletle. Vojaki so namreč zahtevali, naj jih pustijo, da se pridružijo Titu. Čok jih je javno podprl, to pa britanskim oblastem ni šlo v račun. Prišlo je do t. i. Kairske afere, ki je močno zamajala delovanje in obstoj samega Jugoslovanskega odbora iz Italije. Čok in Rudolf sta bila namreč prisiljena miriti vojake. Večini vojakov je bilo nazadnje le omogočeno, da so se priključili prekomorskim brigadam. Čeprav smo o Čokovi in Rudolfovi vlogi pri vsem tem v številnih knjigah o prekomorcih brali bolj negativne ocene, nam primarni viri iz Londona v bistvu kažejo nasprotno sliko: Britancem sta se močno zamerila, pri njih izgubila precej podpore, Čoka so Britanci celo nameravali aretirati in deportirati. Do tako ekstremnega posega ni prišlo, so mu pa dali vedeti, da bo nosil glavno odgovornost za eventualne nerede in bo zaradi nepokorščine tudi kaznovan. Spomladi 1944 se je Čok vrnil v London, kjer je nadaljeval prizadevanja za primorsko vprašanje in vedno bolj očitno podpiral partizansko gibanje. Hkrati je še vedno upal, da ga bodo poklicali v vlado, a tudi tokrat mu ni uspelo. Konec vojne je dočakal v Londonu, čeprav si je prizadeval, da bi se z Rudolfom in s preostalimi somišljeniki vrnil v domovino. Pri tem je tudi načrtoval potovanje preko Italije, ker je tu nameraval obiskati številne primorske Slovence, ki so bili še vedno po raznih zbirnih taboriščih. Hkrati si je zamišljal, da bi s somišljeniki sprejel novo oblast, saj ji je priznaval aktiven boj proti okupatorju, želel pa je, da bi bile upoštevane tako njegove kot njegovih somišljenikov pretekle zasluge. Nove oblasti so se očitno že odločile, da mu ne bodo zaupale pomembnejših nalog in ga obtoževale, da je anglofil, agent Zahoda ipd. Okoli sebe je čutil vedno bolj odklonilno ozračje. Voditelji Komunistične partije in UDBA so ga namreč v začetku leta 1947 vedno pogosteje povezovali z začetki organiziranja prve protikomunistične politične opozicije v Gorici in Trstu, Slovenske demokratske zveze. A zanj niti v tej stranki ni bilo prostora. Zelo razočaran se je preselil v New York, kjer je 1948 umrl. Fasc. 1 1) Razno - nekateri dokumenti, postavljeni kronološko: – dva programa Jugoslovenskega odbora za rusku ratno pomoč, 22. aprila 1942 in 24. maja 1942 – dve vstopnici na All Slav Festival v New Yorku, 21. junij 1942 – Ivan M. Čok, kot predsednik Jugoslovanskega odbora iz Italije, sporočilo [govor na radiu?] iz New Yorka, novembra 1942 [?] – pismo [Ivana Marije Čoka] v imenu Jugoslovanskega odbora iz Italije za Gospod urednik [uredniku/glavnemu uredniku časopisa Prosveta ia Chicaga], 24. februar 1943 – vizitka: Jaroslav Lipa (Envoy Extraordinarz and Minister Plenipotentiary of Czechoslovakia), 7. marec 1943 – nepodpisana zabeležka [I. M. Čoka] o Edgar Ansel Mowrer, član uredništva New York Posta, 1. april 1943 – Foreign Policy Association Čoku (Mr. Ivan Tchok), 9. januar 1944 (glede letne naročnine) – Radio Free Yugoslavia: Trieste People demand incorporation in Yugoslavia, 10. oktober 1944 OZE NŠK – Osebne zapuščine 5, Ivan Marija Čok, str. 2 – Nabavljalna zadruga z.z d.j. V Trstu, Zadružna izkaznica št. 229, tov. Čok dr. Ivan Marija, 25. oktober 1945 – Ivan Marija Čok za Nabavljalna zadruga z.z o.j., Opčine – Trst, 22. april 1948 (Čokov izstop iz zadruge) – nedatirana vizitka: Michael Richards, Foreign Correspondent The Daily Telegraph – nedatiran govor Ivana M. Čoka [radijski govor?] – razni krajši večinoma nedatirani zapisi [verjetno gradivo, ki ga je I. M. Čok uporabjlal, ko je sestavljal govore po radiu] 2) Gradivo o Ivanu M. Čoku, zbral Aleks [Aleksej] Kalc za diplomasko nalogo o Čoku na Tržaški univerzi 1984: fotokopije iz Arhivov ter ročno pisane beležke in fotokopije iz časopisa Bazovica Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Roma (ACS), fond Casellario Politico Centrale (CPC), ročno pisane beležke: – krajši opisi vsebine dokumentov, urejeni kronološko: [16. 1. 1929], 22. maj 1931, 11. junij 1932, 15. marec 1933, 15. oktober 1935, 3. december 1934, 15. marec 1935, 23. april 1935, 16. maj 1935, 30. junij 1936, 30. september 1936, 30. december 1936, 30. marec 1937, 3. december 1937, 1. oktober 1940 skupaj s 5. januar 1941 in skupaj s 3. april 1941, 1. julij 1941, 1. oktober 1941 skupaj z 29. december 1941, 2. april 1942 – nekaj drugih beležk o gradivu v ACS, CPC, ki so povezani s Čokom, ter obenem o Lavu Čermelju in Ivanu Rudolfu – beležka pisana na stroj o knjigi Stergar Janez, Oris zgodovine počitniške zveze Slovenije, Ljuljana 1978 Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Roma (ACS), fond Casellario Politico Centrale (CPC), busta 1397, fotokopije nekaterih dokumentov [kronološko]: – dopis: Capo Divisione Polizia Politica, appunto per Divisione Afari Generali e Riservati, 22. januar 1929 – pismo Čoka Mussoliniju v italijanščini, 18. februar 1929 – Bollettino delle Ricerche, Supplemento al N.ro 179 del Bollettino, 5. avgust 1930 – poročilo o Čoku: Prefettura di Trieste, 14. oktober 1930 – poročilo o Čoku:
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