Conservation Biology. (Заповідна Справа). (In Ukrainian)

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Conservation Biology. (Заповідна Справа). (In Ukrainian) See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263810553 Conservation biology. (Заповідна справа). (In Ukrainian). Book · December 2002 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4768.9120 CITATIONS READS 0 1,680 1 author: Andrey Kovalchuk Uzhhorod National University 290 PUBLICATIONS 77 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Some notes on the fauna of "Taman National Ujung Kulon" (Western Java, Indonesia). View project All content following this page was uploaded by Andrey Kovalchuk on 11 July 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. ̳í³ñòåðñòâî îñâ³òè ³ íàóêè Óêðà¿íè Óæãîðîäñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò á³îëîã³÷íèé ôàêóëüòåò ÇÀÏβÄÍÀ ÑÏÐÀÂÀ Àíäð³é Êîâàëü÷óê Âèäàííÿ äðóãå, äîïîâíåíå òà ïåðåðîáëåíå Óæãîðîä – 2002 1 ÁÁÊ 28.088ß73 Ê56 ÓÄÊ 502.4 (07) À.À.Êîâàëü÷óê Çàïîâ³äíà ñïðàâà: íàóêîâî-äîâ³äêîâå âèäàííÿ (ìîæå âèêîðèñòîâóâàòèñÿ òàêîæ ÿê íàâ÷àëüíèé ïîñ³áíèê).– Óæãîðîä: ï³äïðèºìñòâî “Ë³ðà”, 2002. – 328 ñ. -²ë. Êíèãà ïðèñâÿ÷åíà ìîëîä³é òà äóæå ïåðñïåêòèâí³é íàóö³ - çàïîâ³äí³é ñïðàâ³. Ðîçãëÿíóòî åòàïè ¿¿ ñòàíîâëåííÿ â Óêðà¿í³, à òàêîæ ïðèíöèïè, êðèòåð³¿, ï³äõîäè òà ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ñòâîðåííÿ ïðèðîäíî-çàïîâ³äíèõ îá’ºêò³â, ¿õ ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ. Çíà÷íà óâàãà ïðèä³ëÿºòüñÿ ïðèðîäîîõîðîííîìó çàêî- íîäàâñòâó Óêðà¿íè òà ðÿäó ³íøèõ êðà¿í ñâ³òó. Íàâîäèòüñÿ ïîâíèé ñïèñîê îá’ºêò³â ïðèðîäíî-çàïîâ³äíîãî ôîíäó ñâ³òó ïëîùåþ ïîíàä 50 òèñ. ãåêòàð³â. Êíèãà áóäå êîðèñíîþ äëÿ ïðàö³âíèê³â íàö³îíàëüíèõ ïàðê³â òà çàïîâ³äíèê³â, ñòóäåíò³â òà âèêëàäà÷³â á³îëîã³÷íèõ ôàêóëüòåò³â âèùèõ òà ñåðåäí³õ ñïåö³àëüíèõ ó÷áîâèõ çàêëàä³â, åêî³íñïåêòîðàì, ºãåðÿì òà øèðîêîìó êîëó ïðèðîäîîõîðîíö³â. Íàóêîâèé ðåäàòîð: äîêòîð á³îë. íàóê, ïðîô. Ñòîéêî Ñ.Ì. Ðåöåíçåíòè: äîêòîð á³îë. íàóê, ïðîô. Êðî÷êî Þ.². äîêòîð á³îë. íàóê, ïðîô. Êîìåíäàð Â.². Ðåêîìåíäîâàíî äî äðóêó Ðåäàêö³éíî-âèäàâíè÷îþ ðàäîþ óí³âåðñèòåòó â³ä 24 ãðóäíÿ 2001 ð. ïð. ¹ 4. Ðåäàãóâàííÿ, âåðñòêà òà ìàêåò àâòîðà. Äëÿ îáêëàäèíêè òà ³ëþñòðóâàííÿ ðîçä³ë³â âèêîðèñòàíî ãðàô³êó êàíä. á³îë. íàóê Êîâàëü÷óê Í.ª. © À.À.Êîâàëü÷óê ISBN 966-7400-21-7 ÁÁÊ 28.088ß73 2 Çåìëÿ, íàâ÷è ìåíå íåñòè ìîþ íîøó, ÿê ñòàð³ êàìåí³ íåñóòü ñâîþ ïàì’ÿòü Ç ìîëèòâè ïëåìåí³ Þòà ÂÑÒÓÏ Êàòàñòðîô³÷íà ñèòóàö³ÿ ç äîâê³ëëÿì â Óêðà¿í³ (äèâ. Íàö³îíàëüíó äî- ïîâ³äü..., 1997-2001) òà é ó ñâ³ò³ â ö³ëîìó âèêëèêຠíåîáõ³äí³ñòü ïðèé- íÿòòÿ ðàäèêàëüíèõ çàõîä³â äëÿ ïîêðàùåííÿ åêîñèòóàö³¿. ßêùî êîëèñü ³ç á³îñôåðè çíèêàëè îêðåì³ âèäè òâàðèí òà ðîñëèí, òî òåïåð ï³ä çàãðîçîþ îïèíèëèñü ö³ë³ ìàêðîåêîñèñòåìè, ëàíäøàôòè òà á³îìè. Ñàìå òîìó ñå- ðåä ïð³îðèòåò³â ïðèðîäîîõîðîííî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ â Óêðà¿í³, âèçíà÷åíèõ Ïîñòàíîâîþ Âåðõîâíî¿ Ðàäè Óêðà¿íè «Îñíîâí³ íàïðÿìè äåðæàâíî¿ ïîë- ³òèêè Óêðà¿íè ó ãàëóç³ îõîðîíè äîâê³ëëÿ...» (1998) º é òàêèé: çáåðåæåí- íÿ á³îëîã³÷íîãî òà ëàíäøàôòíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ, ðîçâèòîê ïðèðîäîîõî- ðîííî¿ ñïðàâè. Ôàêòè÷íî – öå º ïðîãðàìà äî 䳿. Åôåêòèâíà ðåàë³çàö³ÿ ö³º¿ ïðîãðàìè ìîæëèâà çà óìîâè ðîçâèòêó íå ëèøå ñ³òêè îá’ºêò³â ïðè- ðîäíî-çàïîâ³äíîãî ôîíäó (ÏÇÔ), àëå é îáãðóíòóâàííÿ íàóêîâèõ çàñàä ñòâîðåííÿ òà ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ, ôîðìóâàííÿ êàäðîâîãî ïîòåíö³àëó ïðè- ðîäîîõîðîííèõ â³äîìñòâ òà îðãàí³çàö³é. Âèùåçàçíà÷åíå ñïðè÷èíÿº íå- îáõ³äí³ñòü âèêëàäàííÿ çàïîâ³äíî¿ ñïðàâè, íàð³âí³ ç åêîëî㳺þ òà îõîðî- íîþ ïðèðîäè, ó Âóçàõ. Îäíàê â³äñóòí³ñòü â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ ï³äðó÷íèê³â òà íàóêîâî-ìåòîäè÷íî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè ñïðè÷èíèëà ñåðéîçí³ òðóäíîù³ ÿê äëÿ âèêëàäà÷³â ïðè ïîäàíí³ çàïîâ³äíî¿ ñïðàâè, òàê ³ ñòóäåíò³â ó ñïðèéíÿòò³ ÷àñòî íåäîñòàòíüî ñèñòåìàòèçîâàíîãî ìàòåð³àëó. Áóðõëèâèé ïðîãðåñ òà ïåð³îäè÷íå îíîâëåííÿ çàêîíîäàâ÷î¿ áàçè ö³º¿ íàóêè, ¿¿ ò³ñíèé çâ’ÿçîê ç åêîíîì³êîþ, îáóìîâëþº íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ïîäàííÿ åëåìåíòàðíèõ çíàíü çà- êîíîäàâñòâà â ãàëóç³³ íå ò³ëüêè îõîðîíè ïðèðîäè, àëå é ñóñï³ëüíèõ âçàº- ìîâ³äíîñèí. Âàæëèâèì º òàêîæ äîñâ³ä çàðóá³æíèõ êðà¿í, àäæå óâåñü ÷àñ ïðèéìàþòüñÿ íîâ³ ì³æíàðîäí³ êîíâåíö³¿, ïîêëèêàí³ ðåãóëþâàòè ïðàâîâ³ íîðìè â ãàëóç³ îõîðîíè òà âèêîðèñòàííÿ ïðèðîäíèõ ðåñóðñ³â. Ó öüîìó ïëàí³ ö³êàâèì º äîñâ³ä çàõ³äíîºâðîïåéñüêèõ êðà¿í íà îáìåæåííÿ ñïî- æèâàííÿ åíåð㳿, ÿê îäíîãî ç îñíîâíèõ äæåðåë çàáðóäíåííÿ äîâê³ëëÿ. Äëÿ ïðèêëàäó, ëèøå óðÿäîâ³ çàêëàäè Äàí³¿ ç 1993 ïî 1997 ð³ê çàáåçïå- ÷èëè çíèæåííÿ ñïîæèâàííÿ åíåð㳿 íà 10% (The Danish Nature..., 1999). Ïèòàííÿ ñòàíó äîâê³ëëÿ – íàïðèêëàä ð³÷îê – óæå äàâíî º ïð³îðèòåòíèì â íàö³îíàëüí³é áåçïåö³ äåÿêèõ äåðæàâ (íàïðèêëàä, ͳäåðëàíä³â, Äàí³¿), à ïðîåêòè ðåíàòóðàë³çàö¿¿ (òîáòî â³äòâîðåííÿ ïðèðîäíèõ ëàíäøàôò³â òà á³îöåíîç³â çäåâàñòîâàíèõ çåìåëü) çàéìàþòü âàæëèâå ì³ñöå ïðè ôîðìó- âàíí³ âíóòð³øíüî¿ ïîë³òèêè òà äåðæàâíèõ é ì³ñöåâèõ áþäæåò³â (Working together with Nature..., 1999-2000). Äëÿ ïðèêëàäó, ëèøå ôîíä WWF ó 3 ìåæàõ òàê çâàíî¿ European Freshwater Programme ô³íàíñóº 11 (!) ïðî- åêò³â ç ðåíàòóðàë³çàö³¿ ð³÷êîâèõ âîäîòîê³â ªâðîïè (Zökler, 2000), çîê- ðåìà ïðîåêòè â³äòâîðåííÿ ïðèðîäíèõ åêîñèñòåì ð³÷êè Ìîðàâà â Öåíò- ðàëüí³é ªâðîï³ (Morava...,1999). Óêðà¿íà, ÿê äåðæàâà, ùî ïîñòàâèëà çà ìåòó âñòóï äî ºâðîïåéñüêèõ ñòðóêòóð, óæå ðàòèô³êóâàëà á³ëüø³ñòü ì³æíàðîäíèõ ïðèðîäîîõîðîííèõ êîíâåíö³é. Ðàçîì ³ç òèì ðÿä ïèòàíü äîîïðàöüîâóþòüñÿ òà ïîòðåáóþòü çàêîíîäàâ÷îãî âðåãóëþâàííÿ, îñîáëèâî ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç âèïëàòàìè êîìïåí- ñàö³é ó õîä³ àâàð³é íà òðàíñêîðäîííèõ îá’ºêòàõ. Ïîâíèì õîäîì òàêîæ ³äå ñòâîðåííÿ ì³æíàðîäíèõ ïðèðîäîîõîðîííèõ òåðèòîð³é (á³- òà òðèëà- òåðàëüí³ íàö³îíàëüí³ ïàðêè, á³îñôåðí³ çàïîâ³äíèêè). Ðÿä îá’ºêò³â ÏÇÔ çíàõîäèòüñÿ íà ñòà䳿 ñòâîðåííÿ â Óêðà¿í³. ×åðåç öå, íàâ³òü ç ÷àñó âèõî- äó ïåðøîãî âèäàííÿ, à öå ð³ê, ïîñ³áíèê äîâåëîñÿ ñóòòºâî äîïîâíèòè (çàíîâî ñôîðìîâàíî äåê³ëüêà ï³äðîçä³ë³â, ââåäåíî äîäàòêîâèé ³ëþñòðà- òèâíèé ìàòåð³àë, ïåðåãëÿíóòî òàáëèö³, êàðòè òîùî). Íàøà äåðæàâà äîñÿãëà çíà÷íèõ óñï³õ³â ó ðîçáóäîâ³ îá’ºêò³â ïðèðîä- íî-çàïîâ³äíîãî ôîíäó. Ñêàæ³ìî, íà 1983 ð³ê óâåñü âåëè÷åçíèé ÑÐÑÐ (ïëîùåþ 22400200 êì2 ) ìàâ ï³ä òàêèìè îá’ºêòàìè ëèøå 100 òèñ. êì2 (Êðàñíèòñêèé, 1983), òîáòî ëèøå 0,45% òåðèòîð³¿. Òàé çàïîâ³äíèêè òîä³ ÷àñòî íå âèêîíóâàëè ñâî¿õ ôóíêö³é ó äîñòàòí³é ì³ð³. Äëÿ Óêðà¿íè òàêà ïëîùà (100 òèñ. êì2) îá’ºêò³â ÏÇÔ, òîáòî 16-17% òåðèòîð³¿, º ñòðàòåã³÷íîþ ìåòîþ íà íàéáëèæ÷³ 15-20 ðîê³â, à ìîæëèâî é á³ëüø òðèâàëèé ïåð³îä. Çàðàç ìàéæå òðåòèíà ïåðñïåêòèâíèõ òåðèòîð³é óæå çàïîâ³äàíà. Íà 2002 ð³ê â Óêðà¿í³ ôóíêö³îíóþòü òàê³ îá’ºêòè ÏÇÔ çàãàëüíîäåðæàâíîãî çíà÷åííÿ: 17 ïðèðîäíèõ çàïîâ³äíèê³â, 4 á³îñôåð- íèõ çàïîâ³äíèêè, 13 íàö³îíàëüíèõ ïàðê³â, ç ÿêèõ 2 âõîäèòü äî ñêëàäó ì³æäåðæàâíèõ á³îñôåðíèõ çàïîâ³äíèê³â («Óæàíñüêèé» òà «Øàöüêèé» ÍÏÏ), 17 áîòàí³÷íèõ ñàä³â òà 7 çîîëîã³÷íèõ ïàðê³â, 19 äåíäðîëîã³÷íèõ ïàðê³â, 132 ïàì’ÿòêè ïðèðîäè, 283 çàêàçíèêè, 88 ïàðê³â ïàì’ÿòîê ñàäî- âîãî ìèñòåöòâà, 759 çàïîâ³äíèõ óðî÷èù, à òàêîæ 38 ðåã³îíàëüíèõ ëàíä- øàôòíèõ ïàðê³â. Î÷åâèäíî, ùî âñþ âåëåòåíñüêó ³íôðàñòðóêòóðó, ïîâ’ÿ- çàíó ç îá’ºêòàìè ÏÇÔ äåðæàâè, ñë³ä óêîìïëåêòóâàòè ñïåö³àë³ñòàìè-á³î- ëîãàìè âèñîêî¿ êâàë³ô³êàö³¿. Äëÿ öüîãî íåîáõ³äíå ñòâîðåííÿ íå ò³ëüêè ñïåö³àë³çîâàíèõ íàóêîâèõ óñòàíîâ, à é êàôåäð, äå ïðîâîäèòèìåòüñÿ ¿õíÿ ï³äãîòîâêà. ßê ³ëþñòðàòèâíèé ìàòåð³àë ó êíèç³ âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ àâòîðñüê³ ôî- òîìàòåð³àëè, îäåðæàí³ ï³ä ÷àñ åêñïåäèö³é òà åêñêóðñ³é, à òàêîæ ³ëþñò- ðàòèâíèé ìàòåð³àë, çàïîçè÷åíèé ³ç ²íòåðíåòó (îñîáëèâî ñàéò³â IUCN). Àâòîð âäÿ÷íèé óñ³ì, õòî â ò³é ÷è ³íø³é ì³ð³ ñïðèÿâ ïîÿâ³ ö³º¿ êíèãè ³, îñîáëèâî, ïðîôåñîðîâ³ Ñòåïàíó Ìèõàéëîâè÷ó Ñòîéêî çà ö³íí³ ðåêî- ìåíäàö³¿ òà ìîðàëüíó ï³äòðèìêó, à òàêîæ íàóêîâîìó ñï³âðîá³òíèêó Àíäð³þ Ìèãàëþ çà âèâ³ðêó áîòàí³÷íî¿ íîìåíêëàòóðè. 4 ÇÀÏβÄÍÀ ÑÏÐÀÂÀ, ¯¯ ²ÑÒÎÐ²ß ÒÀ ÑÓ×ÀÑÍÈÉ ÑÒÀÍ Â ÓÊÐÀ¯Í² 5 Àíòðîïîãåííèé âïëèâ íà æèâó ïðèðîäó äîñÿãíóâ êîëîñàëüíèõ ìàñø- òàá³â. ßêùî ñïîæèâàöüêèé ï³äõ³ä äî íàâêîëèøíüîãî ñâ³òó äîñèòü åôåêòèâíî ðåàë³çîâóâàâñÿ é ïðèçâ³â äî áàãàòüîõ íåïåðåäáà÷óâàíèõ íà- ñë³äê³â, òî çàðàç ïîñòàëî ïèòàííÿ ñòàá³ë³çàö³¿ âçàºìîâ³äíîñèí ñóñï³ëü- ñòâà ³ç äîâê³ëëÿì àáî äîñÿãíåííÿ òîãî, ùî àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâîþ íàçèâàº- òüñÿ ñòðàòå㳺þ ñïîñîáó æèòòÿ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, à óêðà¿íñüêîþ ìîæå áóòè ïåðåêëàäåíî, ÿê «ñò³éêèé ðîçâèòîê» ñóñï³ëüñò- âà òà íàâêîëèøíüîãî ñâ³òó. Òåðì³í «ñòàëèé ðîçâèòîê», ÿêèé ïîäåêóäè óñå ùå âèêîðèñòîâóþòü, íå º, íà íàø ïîãëÿä, âäàëèì, îñê³ëüêè ìàºìî ñïðàâó ç äèíàì³÷íèì ïîíÿòòÿì. Ìîâà éäå ïðî äîñÿãíåííÿ áàëàíñó ôóí- êö³îíóâàííÿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà òà íàâêîëèøíüî¿ ïðèðîäè. Òàêèé áàëàíñ ïîðó- øóºòüñÿ äåìîãðàô³÷íèìè, åêîíîì³÷íèìè, åêîëîã³÷íèìè, ñîö³àëüíèìè, ïîë³òè÷íèìè òà ³íøèìè ïðè÷èíàìè, êîòð³ âèíèêàþòü ó ïðîöåñ³ ðîçâèòêó ñóñï³ëüñòâà. Òàê, â³äîìî, ùî â Áîñí³¿ 1999 ðîêó íàðîäèâñÿ 6-òè ì³ëüÿðäíèé æèòåëü Çåìë³, ëèøå îäíà òðåòèíà íàñåëåííÿ ïëàíåòè ìຠäîñòóï äî ÷èñòî¿ ïèòíî¿ âîäè, à ïîëîâèíà äîðîñëîãî íàñåëåííÿ ñâ³òó íåãðàìîòíà. ³äíîâëåííÿ áàëàíñó ìîæëèâå ëèøå ïðè ðåàë³çàö³¿ ñòðàòå- 㳿 «ñò³éêîãî ðîçâèòêó». Çáàëàíñîâàíèé ðîçâèòîê ÿê äåðæàâè â ö³ëîìó, òàê ³ êîæíîãî ðåã³îíó ïåðåäáà÷ຠâèð³øåííÿ òðüîõ îñíîâíèõ çàâäàíü (Ðóäåíêî òà ³í., 2000): 1) åêîíîì³÷íîãî – çàáåçïå÷åííÿ çáàëàíñîâàíîãî ç äîâê³ëëÿì ðîçâèò- 1. Åëåìåíòè ñèñòåìè ñò³éêîãî ðîçâèòêó ðåã³îíó Çáàëàíñîâàíèé åêîíîì³÷íèé, ñîö³àëüíèé ³ ïðèðîäîîõîðîííèé Ïåðåäóìîâè ðîçâèòîê òåðèòî𳿠Ïåðåáóäîâà Äîñÿãíåííÿ åíåðãîáàëàíñó ïîòðåá Ïåðåáóäîâà Çì³ñò ô³ëîñîô³¿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà ³ âèðîáíè÷èõ åêîîñâ³òè ïîáóòó ìîæëèâîñòåé á³îñôåðè Äåìîãðàô³÷- Ñòðóêòóðà âèðîáíèöòâà é Äåìîãðàô³÷íîãî, òåõ- Áàçîâ³ íî-ñïîæèâ÷³ ³íòåãðàëüíîãî ïîòåíö³àëó íîãåííîãî òèñêó òà ð³âíîâàãè òà ðåñóðñî- òåðèòî𳿠åêîºìíîñò³ òåðèòî𳿠âèðîáíè÷³ Ìîäèô³êàö³é- Ñòðóêòóðíî- Êîìïåíñà Çàïîâ³äàííÿ òåðèòîð³é, Ìåõàí³çì íà ìîäåðí³çà- òåõíîëîã³÷íà ö³ÿ íåãà- ðåíàòóðàë³çàö³ÿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ö³ÿ âèðîáíèö- òðàíñôîðìàö³ÿ òèâíèõ ëàíäøàôò³â, ñòâîðåííÿ òâà âèðîáíèöòâà íàñë³äê³â åêîìåðåæ³ Эêîíîì³÷íî- Ðîçðîáêà òà ðåàë³çàö³ÿ ̳æíàðîäíå ñï³âðîá³ò- ïðàâîâå Óïðàâë³ííÿ ñòðàòå㳿 íà áëèçüêó òà íèöòâî íà óðÿäîâîìó çàáåçïå÷åííÿ äàëåêó ïåðñïåêòèâó òà íåóðÿäîâîìó ð³âí³ ðîçâèòêó Ñïðèÿòëèâ³ óìîâè æèòòºä³ÿëüíîñò³ òà â³äòâîðåííÿ íàñåëåííÿ, à Ìåòà òàêîæ ïðèðîäíèõ îá’ºêò³â íà íåîáìåæåíèé òåðì³í ³ ðåíàòóðàë³- çàö³ÿ ïðèðîäè 6 ÏÐЕÄМЕТЕÍÂÀЙÐÎÍМЕÍТÀЛЬÍИХ ÍÀУÊ ÏÐИÊЛÀÄÍÀ ÎХÎÐÎÍÀ ÇÀÏβÄÍÀ ЕÊÎЛÎГ²Я ÏÐИÐÎÄИ ÑÏÐÀÂÀ Âèâ÷åííя Ïðàêòè÷- Çбåðåжåí- âçàєìî- í³ çàхîäè íя ðîçìà- â³äíîñèí ïî їòòя ðåàë³çàö³ї ðåçóëüòà- ò³â âèâ- ÷åííя Ç íàâêîëèшí³ì У ìåжàх Лàíäшàфòíå Б³îðîçìàїòòя ñâ³òîì б³îòè ðîçìàїòòя Çàêîíîäàâ÷³ Ïðîñâ³òíèöüê³ òðåá Çàхîäè õ- Еêîíîì³÷í³ Îðгàí³çàö³éí³ ³¿ Ðèñ.1.
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