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Water Supply Risks and Urban Responses Under a Changing Climate: a Case Study of Hong Kong

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Water Supply Risks and Urban Responses Under a Changing Climate: a Case Study of Hong Kong Water supply risks and urban responses under a changing climate: A case study of Hong Kong Liang Yang, Chunxiao Zhang, Grace W. Ngaruiya Abstract: Hong Kong is often portrayed as a water abundant city because of its location in the subtropical zone. However, Hong Kong currently imports large volumes from the Dongjiang-Shenzhen Water Supply Project (DSWS Project) due to low local freshwater availability. The water situation is becoming more complicated with the popula- tion growth, economic development and difficulties in response/management. In addition, studies show that climate change is likely to increase rainfall variability, flood and drought events and damage water supply infrastructure in Hong Kong. Hence, ensuring sufficient freshwater availability is the major water management challenge for Hong Kong. This article discusses the issues in the current water supply system and also highlights the six interrelated risks within the context of climate change, namely: drought, rainstorm/flood events, sea-level rise, water pollution, social management and policy gaps in Hong Kong. In conclusion, it suggests that for a sustainable future, Honk Kong needs to invest in improving water self-sufficiency, diversify water sources and conduct aggressive public awareness to increase individual adaptation to predicted climate change impacts. Keywords: Water supply, water risk, climate change, response measure, Hong Kong [Submitted as Scientific Paper: 12 March 2012, Acceptance of the revised reviewed manuscript: 2 July 2012] Hong Kong, located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China, is often por- trayed as a subtropical area with abundant water resource. However, this is only a part of the full picture of the complicated water issues. Theoretically, Hong Kong has access to water resources as it is surrounded by the South China Sea and the city receives high annual rainfall amount. However, Hong Kong had to limit wa- ter supply in 1960s because of a serious drought creating a water shortage (Liang, 1997). Although the current water supply system supports the water demand effec- tively, water shortage in Hong Kong is still a concern (Woo, 1992; Lai & Tao, 2003). Furthermore, global climate change adds new challenges from another dimension (Du, 2009), together with population growth and development activities, rendering the water issue even more complex. Source: Michael Waibel 2009 Hazy View of West Kowloon Pacific Geographies #39 • January/February 2013 9 Water system management is both com- Department (WSD) of Hong Kong end quickly, such as the Shing-Mun Ri- plex and politically difficult, requiring Government. ver and Shek-Sheung River (less than expert knowledge available for decision- 5 km). Thus the runoff comprising making (Hunt, et al. 2007). In order to Current water supply issues mainly of surface rain water cannot be enrich the response capacity in Hong in Hong Kong used after it drains to the sea. Further- Kong, it is necessary to understand the Even though there are many aspects more, Hong Kong has few and small characteristics of water supply system in dealing with water supply, we chose natural reservoirs, and it lacks under- and related risks. This article aims to five main points that are related to the ground water storage capacity due to draw a wide, although not exhaustive, climate change agenda to give an ac- the granite and volcanic rocks (Su, et picture of the water supply challenges in curate overview of the challenges fa- al., 2008). Therefore, Hong Kong has the context of climate change in Hong cing efficient water harvest in Hong unfortunate nature conditions for wa- Kong. Section 2 gives a brief descrip- Kong. ter storage, which gives another reason tion of the research methods used and Abundant but hardly usable rainfall: why the abundant rainwater is hardly the type of data collected. Secondly, a Hong Kong is located in the subtro- usable. Despite these challenges Hong discussion on the challenges facing wa- pical monsoon zone with abundant Kong has several artificially construc- ter harvesting in Hong Kong is given in annual rainfall. The average annual ted reservoirs which play a very impor- section 3. Section 4 deals with climate precipitation during 1981-2010 was tant role (see section 5). change trends and its predicted influence 2398.5mm in HKO’s records, which High dependence on freshwater im- in the Hong Kong water supply system. equals an average annual rainfall of port: Hong Kong started to import Then, a description of how water supply 2648 million cubic meters for the freshwater from Shenzhen in the Gu- is managed in Hong Kong is presented whole Hong Kong area. With an ac- angdong Province in 1960. This was in section 5. This enables us to iden- tual water consumption of 1206 mil- further developed into the Dongji- tify the shortcomings in current water lion cubic meters in the year 2010 ang-Shenzhen Water Supply Project supply system which are most likely to (WSD, 2012a), it would appear that (DSWS Project) that transfers Dong- trigger risks, in particular in the context Hong Kong could theoretically sa- jiang water to Shenzhen and then to of climate change. Then, we suggest. tisfy its water demands with rainwa- Hong Kong. Currently, this DSWS Followed we suggest a framework that ter. However, it’s impossible to collect Project supplies more than 70% of analyses the water supply risk elements that high proportion of rainwater in the freshwater demand in Hong Kong with their corresponding pathways in practice because of technical difficul- (WSD, 2012a). Implementation of the section 6. ties at the city scale. Another reason Dongjiang Water distribution plan by is the uneven inner-annual rainfall the Guangdong authorities makes this Method and Data distribution. 80% is received between activity sustainable and mitigated the This paper is based on a field trip May and September while 20% is re- contradiction between freshwater sup- to Hong Kong in December 2011 and ceived in the dry season from Octo- ply and demand in Hong Kong. Even as well as on secondary literature. Em- ber to April (HKO, 2012). Thus, it though this water has contributed sig- pirical analysis and literature review is a considerable level that current nificantly in rapid development of the were taken through the whole work Hong Kong rainwater collection has city for the past 50 years, it also shows of this paper. Primary data was coll- reached around 10% (WSD, 2012a). the high overreliance of Hong Kong ected from expert discussions with Nevertheless, this calls for more fo- on the Dongjiang water. academic staff, relevant institutional cused efforts in efficient rainwater High water demand: The two main officials and field visits to the study si- harvesting. water consumers in Hong Kong are tes. Secondary data was obtained from Poor conditions for water storage: the domestic and service sectors like journal articles and government publi- The landscape of Hong Kong is made tourism. These sectors consumed cations. Data used for climate change up of several peninsulas and a group 79.7% of the total freshwater in 2010 trend were derived from the Hong of small islands, of which about three (WSD, 2012a). Continual population Kong Observatory (HKO), while in- quarters are covered by hills and ano- growth has increased water consump- formation on water issues were pro- ther quarter by urban facilities. Due to tion significantly in the last three deca- vided mainly by the Water Supply the small area involved, rivers rise and des (Figure 1). The graph depicts that the water consumption has increased at a greater rate (2.9%) than popula- tion growth (1.1%), suggesting that water use pattern has changed (incre- asing consumption per capita). Along- side economic development, tourism has also increased, rising further the already high water demand. Records show that in 2011, a total of 41.9 mil- lion persons visited Hong Kong, of which 22.3 million are overnight visi- tors and their average stay is 3.6 nights (TDHK, 2011). Source: Census and Statistics Department and Water Supplies Department, Hong Kong Resident numbers for Hong Kong Figure 1 Population and water consumption of Hong Kong in 1981-2010 are high, and they are increasing 10 Pacific Geographies #39 • January/February 2013 further. Future population projection shows that the Hong Kong resident population will increase to 8.47 million in the year 2041 (CSD, 2012). Thus, a much higher water demand could be expected in the future and calls for ur- gent water supply initiatives. Poor leakage and maintenance ma- nagement: Although Hong Kong has a complete water supply system, ope- rational effectiveness is lacking. The major problem is the annual 20% wa- Source: Hong Kong Observatory ter loss from the aging water pipe net- Figure 2 Changes of precipitation and sea level in Hong Kong work (WSD, 2012a). This network, comprising underground arterial pipes mean more usable water. Without pro- phoons and landslides, drought, high of about 8000 kilometers in length, is per management, heavy rainfall would tides) have even more impacts on subject to internal water pressure and even damage the existing water supply the water supply system (Wong, et al. harsh external influences such as road system. Furthermore, future sea le- 2011). According to the HKO reports, traffic and ground movement/sub- vel rises near the Pearl River Estuary the increasing frequency of extreme sidence and is vulnerable to damage. would exacerbate storm surge flood weather events would lead to increased In addition, natural hazards, like floo- and the incursion of salty water into flood probability (Ginn, et al. 2010). ding and landslides that often occur in fresh water (Wong, et al., 2010). Water infrastructure is particularly at heavy rainfall or storm, occasionally Apart from the general trend of cli- risk in some low-lying and poorly drai- damage water supply infrastructures mate change in Hong Kong, extreme ned areas near rivers that are marked as and result in water loss/outage.
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