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In This Edition: Page Page  Fairhaven’s Pole House 2  Albany 20  “Welcome to Mack’s Hotel” 3  Versatile Silver 22  William Westwood—Bushranger 6  USA—Fast Facts 24  Cheap Operation!? 8  The World’s Tallest Man 25  The Australian Mouse Spider 11  Marcel Marceau 26  Baums Weir 12  Recipe—Chicken Nuggets 28  Aspro 14  Word Search—Pirates 29  The Bermuda Triangle 15  Banknotes: Mary Reibey 30  Corio—The Early Days Part 9 16  150 Years Ago 31  Bill Gates 18  Then… & Now 32

Fairhaven’s Pole House Driving along the Great Ocean

Road past the Split Point Light- house at Aireys Inlet, is the coastal region of Fairhaven, and one of Australia’s most photographed houses—the Pole House. The original house was built by architect Frank Dixon in 1978 on top of a 15-metre tall concrete pole. The location provided commanding 360-degree views of one of the state's most popular stretches of coastline. However, the tiny 8x8 metre timber structure was no mansion. In fact, the original house was quite uncomfortable. None of the windows opened, so it got hot and stuffy in summer, and people sitting by the old fireplace in winter had their backs to the view. New owners Raymond and Kathi Adams purchased the property in 2005 for $1.75 million. Last year (2013) the original house was demolished and replaced by a similar-sized, architect-designed, steel-clad house on the same platform. The new house features retractable floor-to-ceiling windows, a perimeter walkway with a glassed balustrade, and a floating fireplace in the living area. The tiny house (also 8x8 metres) includes a bathroom and kitchenette. The toilet and supporting steel pole is concealed in a feature wall clad with warm burnt ash timber. Outside, the famous walkway has also been transformed with glass balustrades, giving visitors the sense of walking on air. The renovation also included the construction of a 2-storey, 3 bedroom house on land behind the pole house. Although the original owner, Frank Dixon passed away before seeing the finished product, the Adams are confident he would approve the new design. The house has been featured a number of times on television, including Better Homes and Gardens on Channel 7. The Fairhaven pole house is now available for holiday rental, sleep- ing a maximum of 2 people in the one queen-size bed. Costing between $3,300 and $4,900 per week, depending on the time of year, the house does not come cheap, but those unsurpassed views cannot be matched anywhere in the country!

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1841 “Welcome to Mack’s Hotel sir. Joseph Mack is me name. I’m the owner of this hotel, Geelong’s only lodging place for visitors. Where’ve you come from today? Melbourne, eh? I hope you didn’t ‘ave too much trouble crossing the Exe.* With the heavy rain This engraving of Steam Packet Warf on the Geelong lately, many ’s a traveller whose waterfront by S.T. Gill in 1857 shows Mack’s Hotel in the background. ‘ad trouble at the punt there. The sooner they build a bridge across that river the better. I ‘ope you’ve got a pair of hobbles for that horse of yours. We ain’t got no stables yet, and we don’t want yer horse wandering away down Corio Terrace overnight now do we? But we do ‘ave plenty of hay. I’ll get one of the lads to bring some around the front for him, along with some water. How long ‘ave we been here you ask? Why, this ‘ere building was one of the first in Geelong. T’was built in July 1838 and originally known as the Wool Pack Inn. At the time there was only about 13 houses in the town, surrounded by dozens of tents. It’s built of rough-split timber slabs, but weather-proof enough. And in addition to the bar ‘ere, we have a parlour, 4 small bedrooms and a detached kitchen out the back. The women do the washin’ in the paddock next door along with the other townsfolk. I took over the business earlier this year, changed it’s name to me own, and plan to turn it into the finest hotel in the district! Now don’t you worry about that rough-lookin’ lot over at the bar. They may swear and cuss a fair bit, but they’re hard workers and good-hearted blokes. We get a fair few dock workers come up ‘ere after a days work to quench their thirst. Yes sir, with new settlers arrivin’ by ship every day, and the local farmers doin’ very well for themselves, this town is goin’ to boom, mark my words. In fact, we conduct lands sales ‘ere in the parlour on a regular basis. P’raps you may be interested in buying some land in the town? Anyways, I’ll get the missus to fix up one of the bedrooms for yer. I know Mack’s Hotel—as it appeared in 1935 * Exe: The Werribee River 3

she jist changed the straw in the mattresses earlier today, so there won’t be any bedbugs to keep yer company tonight. After you’ve freshened up, come back to the bar, enjoy a pint or two, and I’ll make sure the cook fixes yer up some vittles.” 1883 “Welcome to Mack’s Hotel sir. So, you say you’ve been here before? Well, you might notice a few changes have taken place. The place is now owned by the Geelong Club.* We hold our meetings here and lease out the rest of the hotel. Our future plan is to build new clubrooms on the block next door. You may recall Mr Mack had grand plans for this hotel. Unfortunately he became a victim of the depression that hit Geelong in the early 1840’s. In 1843 he sold the hotel to John Atkins and Robert Clarke. The poor fellow didn’t do much better after he sold the place, dying in 1868 from complications following a broken leg. Anyhow, it was Atkins and Clarke who followed through on Mack’s dream. In 1846 they demolished the old slab building, hired architect John Gill, and invested in the construction of the best hotel south of the Murray. It now contains a magnificent ball room, 64 feet by 29 feet, undisputedly the finest room in any of the Australian colonies; a supper room, coffee room, eight sitting rooms, bedrooms for 78 beds; brick stabling at the rear for 44 horses, with coach house, loose boxes and much more. They decided to keep the same name for the hotel, building on the good reputation already established with customers. John Gill— We purchased the property a couple of years ago. Architect of the So, what brings you to Geelong this fine day? Oh, you’ve sailed down 1846 Mack’s Hotel from Melbourne in the Edina for the wool sales, have you? Well, Dennys, Lascelles, Austin and Co. conduct their wool sales right here in our ballroom. You can inspect the bales in their warehouse just down on the corner of Moorabool Street, then come back here for a drink before the sales begin. Three other wool-brokers also have catalogues for the auction this afternoon. Wool prices are pretty solid at the moment, fetching between 10½ and 12½ pence a pound, so I hope you manage to get a good price for your clients in Melbourne. In the meantime sir, would you prefer an upstairs room or one on the ground floor? And just let me get one of the boys to help take your bags to your room.” 1911 “Welcome to Mack’s Hotel. I see you’ve arrived in one of those new automobiles. Just park it out front, away from where the horses and carriages pull up. It doesn’t cost anything to park just on the street here.

* The Geelong Club—See the July 2011 edition of the Jillong Pocket for more information on this exclusive club. 4

George Strachan is my name. I’m the licensee of Mack’s Hotel now, even though the hotel’s in my wife’s name. I enjoy the hotelier business, but in Geelong at the moment, hotels seem to be located on every corner. So while business is struggling a bit, it means there’s plenty of rooms for you to choose from. You see, in 1888 the hotel was caught up in the Local Option debate,* and those clever gents at the Geelong Club next door obviously saw what was going to happen. The hotel being sold, it was taken over by members of the Temperance Society, who surrendered the hotel’s liquor license and turned Mack’s into a Coffee Palace!^ Can you believe it? It was them who built the second-story balcony and verandah on the front. Very nice in my opinion, but without being able to get a drop of liquor inside, it’s no wonder customers left in droves. Anyhow, my wife bought the property in 1895, and we could only get a license to serve wine to our customers. But don’t you worry about that. Under the counter here we have any type of beer, wine, or spirits your parched throat may desire. Just keep it between me and you shall we? There’s no need for the Superintendent down at the police station to concern himself with what goes on behind closed doors here now, does he?”

1952 This aerial photograph taken in 1926 shows “So, you’ve come over to watch the (from left to right) the Geelong Power Station, demolition in progress have you? It’s a sad the Geelong Club, Mack’s Hotel (arrowed), and day when one of Geelong’s icons bites the Strachan and Co. wool store, along what was dust. But it can’t be helped. In recent then called Corio Terrace, but has since been years George Strachan had let the place renamed Brougham Street. get run down, and finally, in December 1948 he surrendered his Australian wine license and closed the front doors after Mack’s had served the Geelong public for 110 years. The following year it was sold to wool-brokers Strachan and Co. who own the building on the corner. They plan to expand their wool stores here. Hey, watch out! Good heavens, that wall has collapsed on young Ian Armstrong. Is he okay? Quick, someone run across the road to the Customs House and call an ambulance. Looks like he’s broken his leg and is suffering from concussion, poor lad. It’s a sad final chapter in the long history of Mack’s Hotel.” * Local Option—See the March 2012 edition of the Jillong Pocket for more information on Geelong’s Liquor War and the Local Option vote. ^ Coffee Palace—An alcohol-free accommodation facility, usually run by religious groups who frowned on the consumption of any form of liquor. 5

William Westwood was often referred to as the "gentleman bushranger" because of his choice of clothes and the respect given to his victims. He got the nickname Jackey Jackey from the local aborigines. William Westwood was born on August 7, 1820 in Essex, England, the eldest child of James and Ann Westwood. On March 10, 1835, at age 14 William and friend Benja- min Jackson, both appeared at the Essex Lent Assizes in Chelmsford charged with highway robbery—accused of stealing a bundle of clothes from Ann Saunders on the road near Manuden, to the north of London. William was found guilty and sentenced to twelve months imprisonment with hard labour in Chelmsford Gaol. His accomplice, Benjamin Jackson was sentenced to be whipped and discharged. Released from gaol in 1836 William soon got into trouble once more. On January 3, 1837 William stole a great coat belonging to John Rickett that he had left in stables in Manuden overnight. Westwood took the stolen coat to a clothes shop owned by John Warner in Hare Street, Hertfordshire where he sold it for 6 shillings (60c). In need of a replacement coat Rickett called at John Warner's shop the following day where his stolen coat was offered to him. Westwood was quickly identified as the culprit, since he had several tattoos on his arms and a scar on his face. At his trial William was found guilty and, because this was his second offence, sentenced to transportation for 14 years. He was still only 16 years old when he arrived in Sydney as a convict, on July 9, 1837. Upon arrival in Sydney, Westwood was first assigned to Phillip Parker King at his property in Rooty Hill (near Penrith in western Sydney), and 5 months later to the family property near Bungendore, NSW (near Canberra). The overseer of this location mistreated Westwood, not providing sufficient food and clothing. He tried to run away from his employer on more than one occasion, but each time was recaptured, beaten, and then put back to work. After stealing wheat, Westwood was sentenced on April 19, 1838 to six months working on the roads in a chain gang. Once more escaping, and then being caught, Westwood publicly received 50 lashes in February 1839. In September 1840 Westwood escaped his employer for good and teamed up a brutal thug named Paddy Curran, the two avoiding capture by hiding in the mountains. Curran did not share the same gentlemanly views on robbery as Westwood, and when they robbed Phillip Parker King's house, Curran raped King's wife. Westwood was furious and beat Curran up, stole his horse, guns, and ammunition, and declared that if they ever met again, he would kill Curran.* * Curran was captured and hung for his crime in September 1841 at Berrima in NSW. 6

Now more commonly known as Jackey Jackey, Westwood continued his bushranging ways in a very courteous manner. His method of showing up in a suit to commit a robbery, had him declared the "gentleman bushranger." Along with not hurting any of his victims, he would also never speak rudely to women. He mainly stole racing horses (to ensure a quick getaway), clothing, guns, ammunition, money, and the necessities of life. A £30 reward was posted across Australia calling for him to be caught dead or alive, but for some time even the lure of reward money did little to tempt anyone to capture Jackey Jackey. Then, early in January 1841, Jackey Jackey was captured by a party of five civilians at an inn near Berrima, halfway between Goulburn and Sydney in NSW. While waiting to be transferred, he escaped from the lock-up, taking the firearms and ammunition of one of the police. After committing another hold-up he proceeded to Gray's Inn, about 3km from Berrima, where he was recognised by the inn-keeper. Mr Gray, assisted by his wife and daughter, set upon the bushranger. A carpenter named Waters also joined in the attack, and felled Westwood by a blow on the head with a shingling hammer. Mr Gray received the Government’s reward, while Waters (who was a convict) received a free pardon. On April 8, 1841, Jackey Jackey appeared in court charged with house burglary, robbing with firearms, and horse stealing. Sentenced to life imprisonment, he was taken to Darlinghurst Jail but soon escaped. He was caught after enjoying a spree in Sydney and sent to Cockatoo Island Prison in Port Jackson. Shortly after, he and twenty-five other convicts attempted to escape by swimming to the mainland, but the gang were followed by the police in their boat and all were re-captured. As a result, Jackey Jackey was shipped to Port Arthur in Tasmania. Shortly after arriving at Port Arthur he escaped again, but after nine days' starvation in the bush was re-captured. Twelve William Westwood’s months later he once more succeeded in escaping to the death mask mainland, but was again tracked down and imprisoned. On September 4, 1845 he was tried in the Hobart Supreme Court for robbery, and 'being armed whilst illegally at large.' As he had not harmed anyone, the death sentence was commuted to “transportation for life” to Australia’s most notorious convict settlement—Norfolk Island. Although respected for his good manners, Westwood’s lawless ways were incorrigible. After having their eating and cooking utensils confiscated by the commandant of the penal colony, on July 1, 1846, Westwood led a mutiny of prisoners that killed an overseer and three constables before being overpowered by the military. Sentenced to death with twelve others, Westwood was hanged on October 13, 1846. He was 26 years old. 7

In 1942-43 a sensational courtroom drama unfolded that gripped the city of Geelong. At stake was the reputations of three of Geelong’s respected doctors and the city’s Deputy Coroner. What was the outcome? And what lessons can be learned from this tragic case? The Victim On October 18, 1942 43-year-old Mrs Florence Brown of Elizabeth Street, Geelong West suffered a miscarriage. Dr Frederick Wallace attended to her at her home when she continued to haemorrhage. He provided medical treatment to stem the flow, then instructed the woman to call an ambulance should any fresh bleeding occur. He visited Mrs Brown the next day. She was much improved and so Dr Wallace recommended a curette operation be performed at hospital to assist her recovery. Mrs Brown and her husband baulked at the cost of attending the hospital and so requested the operation be performed at their home. After inspecting the kitchen Dr Wallace agreed to perform the surgery the next day. And so, on October 20, assisted by Dr George Selah, Mrs Brown was laid out on her kitchen table and administered a general anaesthetic. She would never regain consciousness. Her death would become the subject of a coroner’s inquest held in Geelong 3 weeks later. The First Inquest Former Geelong mayor, and now Deputy Coroner, Francis Ritchie presided over the inquest into Mrs Brown’s death. He found that she had died while having chloroform, a general anaesthetic, administered to her. Dr James Piper had performed an autopsy on the day of her death and had found that the woman had died from anoxemia (lack of oxygen in the blood) caused by heavy blood loss from earlier haemorrhaging, and having an ether mask on her face which restricted oxygen intake. Her lungs exuded a powerful smell of chloroform. Francis Ritchie was scathing in his report on the two doctors, claiming they were grossly negligent in the case. He accepted Dr Piper’s findings that it was almost unbelievable that such a serious medical procedure would be performed in an unsterile domestic kitchen, rather than a hospital. The coroner concluded that the evidence fell just short of the legal requirements for a charge of manslaughter to be brought upon the two medical men. However, after his

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report was published in newspapers all over Australia, the reputations of the two doctors lay in tatters. But was there more to the story? The Appeal The two doctors, Frederick Wallace and George Saleh appealed the findings of the coroner to the Practice Court, which met on December 17, 1942. As a result, the Appeal Court quashed Francis Ritchie’s report and ordered another autopsy and coroners inquest. Why? Ritchie had served in the capacity of Deputy Coroner for 7 years at Geelong, and had conducted over 200 inquests during that time. However, on this particular occasion it was revealed that he had written his report BEFORE the initial inquest was even held! A preliminary meeting before the initial inquest is typically held with the District Coroner, Deputy Coroner, and the doctor who prepared the autopsy report, in this case, Dr Piper. This meeting usually sets out the list of witnesses to be called and the procedure to be followed for the hearing. However, Francis Ritchie wrote his final report from evidence submitted by Dr Piper and with comments from the District Coroner at this preliminary meeting. Seven days after Ritchie’s report was quashed, on December 24 the body of Florence Brown was exhumed at Geelong, and the assistant Deputy Coroner government pathologist, Dr Wright Smith, conducted a second at Geelong— autopsy in the presence of doctors Piper, Wallace and Saleh. His Francis Ritchie findings only added to the strange proceedings. The Second Inquest On January 15, 1943 a second inquest was held in Geelong before Melbourne City Coroner, Arthur Tingate. Dr Smith delivered the findings from his autopsy. After acknowledging the difficulty of determining the cause of death in a decomposing body 65 days old, he firmly declared that the cause of Mrs Brown’s death was not anoxemia, but myocardial deterioration (heart disease) and cardiac syncope (heart failure leading to a lack of oxygen getting to the brain). He disagreed with Dr Piper’s conclusion that the two doctors should have known to administer a blood transfusion before performing the operation. He stated that it would not have been possible for the two doctors to know of Mrs Brown’s heart disease, and therefore, were not responsible for her death. The administration of chloroform would have brought on the heart failure that caused death. [See box: Chloroform—General Anaesthetic on p.10] The location of the surgery, Mrs Brown’s kitchen table, was irrelevant in his opinion. While Dr Piper agreed that the two doctors were not liable for the woman’s demise, he believe his original findings for her cause of death was more accurate. What would the coroner conclude. In his final summary Arthur Tingate

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favoured the opinion of Dr Smith. He concluded: “I believe a proper degree of care was used in the selection of the anaesthetic and in its administration. Opinions differ as to the use of chloroform, but the fact that [the] deceased's death was brought about by it is not necessarily evidence of negligence. . . The mere fact that the kitchen was chosen as the place for the operation is in itself no evidence of negligence, and no-one has suggested today that the place of operation took any part in the cause of death.” The End Result? Doctors Wallace and Saleh were exonerated, but felt chastened for not examin- ing Mrs Brown more closely, nor understanding the affect chloroform would have had on her heart. Francis Ritchie was ordered to pay the appeal costs of the two Geelong doctors. Embarrassed and humiliated, he resigned his position as Deputy Coroner on February 3, 1943. Dr Piper has his professional pride checked. And chloroform was replaced as an anaesthetic used in general surgery. But saddest of all, Mrs Florence Brown was still dead and her husband, now a widower, no doubt regretted the decision to go with the cheaper home operation, rather than give his wife the best medical care staff could have provided in a hospital. Chloroform—General Anaesthetic Chloroform is a sweet-smelling clear liquid that was once widely used as an anaesthetic. Its vapour depresses the central nervous system of a patient, allowing a doctor to perform various otherwise painful procedures. On November 4, 1847, Scottish obstetrician James Simpson discovered the anaesthetic qualities of chloroform when he and his friends were experimenting with different substances on themselves in search of a replacement for ether as a general anaesthetic. Within the next few days he was administering it to his patients during childbirth. In 1848 John Snow developed an inhaler that regulated the dosage and so successfully reduced the number of deaths from overdose. The use of chloro- form during surgery then expanded rapidly in Europe. In the 1850s, chloroform was used during the birth of Queen Victoria's last two children. In the United States, chloroform began to replace ether as an anaesthetic at the beginning of the 20th century. It was eventually discovered that chloroform use had a very narrow margin of safety. It was abandoned upon learning of its toxicity, especially its tendency to cause cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), and has now been replaced by safer inhalation anaesthetics. Several million tonnes of chloroform are still produced every year. It is used as a chemical solvent, as well as in dyes and pesticides. However, its most popular use today is by the American DuPont Company in the manufacture of Teflon, the non-stick surface now commonly found on cookware. 10

The Australian Mouse Spider Mouse Spiders are found over much of mainland Australia in habitats ranging from open forests to semi-arid shrub land. The Mouse spider got its name from the supposedly large ‘mouse-like’ burrows built by the big inland Red-headed Mouse Spiders. These large silk-lined burrows vary from 20-55cm deep and are widest at the entrance and in the bottom chamber areas. Usually a side chamber extends of the main burrow shaft. It provides a refuge from predators and a Male mouse spider safe place for the egg sac and spiderlings. However the most unusual feature of the burrow are two surface trapdoors set almost at right angles to each other. The silk and soil trapdoors often blend in well with the ground making them hard to see. They may be wafer-thin or thick and plug-like. Having two doors increases prey catching area and efficiency. Silk trip-lines may extend outwards from the entrances which help alert the spider to approaching prey or other mouse spiders. Prey is usually ambushed from within the safety of the trapdoor, but Mouse Spiders have been observed foraging outside the burrow at night. With their powerful jaws and venom they can easily take down prey raging from ants, beetles, other spiders and even small lizards and frogs. The most common species is the red-headed Mouse Spider. This may be related to the fact that the spiderlings of this species are known to disperse aerially by ballooning, possibly over many kilometres. Male red-headed Mouse Spiders have a red head and jaws with a blue abdomen while the male eastern Mouse Spider and north Mouse Spiders have a whitish patch on top of the abdomen. Female Mouse Spiders grow to about 3cm long and are very stocky with short thick legs. Males are smaller, growing to 2cm long, but with longer legs than the female. Both sexes have enormous fangs and fang-bases. Mating takes place in the female’s burrow after which the male dies. Although few serious bites have been recorded there is some indication that the Mouse Spider’s venom is very toxic. Therefore, they should be considered dangerous and treated with caution. A disturbed Mouse Spider will rear up defensively in a similar way to the funnel-web. Children Female mouse spider should avoid provoking these amazing creatures. 11

Photo by Phil Thomson Heading upstream from the city of Geelong along the Barwon River, past the old Paper Mill, but before going under the Geelong Bypass Freeway, you will come across Baums Weir. The low stone river wall is the earliest European work on the river, after the Breakwater was built by Foster Fyans in 1839-40. Running water and steam were the power sources of the 19th century, and so early Geelong settlers looked for ways to utilize the water flowing down the Barwon, converting it into energy which could drive the town’s early productivity. Flour mills were among the first industries to build in the area. While domestic animals had been used for centuries to turn grinding wheels, water-power was much more efficient, and cost effective. From the mid-1840s land for a flour mill was set aside upstream of Buckley Falls. To encourage industry in the area, in March 1848 the governor, Charles La Trobe, advertised for tenders to build a dam across the river, to provide a more reliable source of water to feed steam engines and water wheels. It appears that Baums Weir was constructed later that year from bluestone sourced nearby. The disused stone quarries The Barrabool Flour Mill—constructed can still be seen today. c.1850. Baums Weir is located upstream around the bend in the river. A water race One of the first mills to take advantage of from the weir fed water through a large the newly built weir was the Barrabool water wheel located in the small building Flour Mill constructed in 1849-50. Built on in front of the 5-storey high mill. 12

the side of the river, a bluestone water- race channelled water through a large water-wheel that powered the factory. Despite a flood two years later that washed away the water-wheel requir- ing major repairs, the mill enjoyed exclusive use of the water held back behind Baums Weir until 1876. A paper mill was then constructed a little closer to town on the other side of the river. A new 900m-long water-race was built to the paper mill to take Baums Weir, with the Barwon River in flood, looking downstream towards Geelong. advantage of the weir, and this appears to have taken away some of the water volume available to the flour mill. It soon closed. The paper mill continued to operate until 1923 before finally closing. Why it is named “Baums” Weir is not clear. No references in historical papers appear to give the source of the name. Baum is a German word meaning “tree,” but few trees of note existed in the area at the time. It has been suggested that Baum was perhaps the name of the contractor who built the weir. Whatever the source of the name, today Baums Weir still functions as a retaining wall, holding back the natural flow of the Barwon River. The pool of water above the weir is popular with canoeists and anglers. And while the hectic, noisy Geelong bypass freeway is only a short distance away, the area still preserves some quiet charm. Wildlife can still be seen in abundance, including many different types of birdlife, as well as platypus, eels, and a variety of snakes. An unsealed car-park beside the paper mill site leads to walking tracks along the river to the weir. Why not famil- iarize yourself with some of Hamilton Hwy

Geelong’s beautiful surrounds?

Princes Freeway

Baums Weir

Barwon River

Highton A Willy Wagtail minds its nest along one of the walking trails near Baums Weir.

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Aspro Now a widely used painkiller, Aspro was first produced in 1915 by Melbourne pharmacist George Nicholas and industrial experimenter, Henry Smith. George Nicholas was born May 19, 1884 near Maryborough, Victoria, second son of Michael Nicholas and his Geelong-born wife Ellen. In July 1912 George George Nicholas opened a pharmacy on Punt Road, in Melbourne. When World War I cut off German manufacturer Bayer supplies of acetylsalicylic acid, (aspirin) Attorney-General W. M. (Billy) Hughes, announced that German patents and trade marks would be suspended and then granted to any home- based manufacturer who could meet the required standards of purity. Using kerosene tins and kitchen utensils borrowed from his wife, George set out to react salicylic acid, a white powder, with acetic anhydride, an acrid-smelling liquid. After much perseverance he made the first Australian aspirin, but it was impure. With the help of freelance entrepreneur Henry Smith, after many weeks of experimenting he had a batch of pure aspirin. On June 12, 1915, they applied under wartime legislation to take over the trade name 'Aspirin' from Bayer. On September 17, 1915 Hughes announced that it complied with the requirements of the British Pharmacopoeia, and he granted Smith, Nicholas & Co. a licence to make and sell aspirin in Australia. Soon monthly sales were topping £4000. The product was initially sold as Nicholas-Aspirin but George, realizing that the name 'Aspirin' could be reclaimed by Bayer after the war, sought his own trade mark. In April 1917 the name Aspro was adopted and registered. Various technical problems still had to be overcome. Converting the powder into tablet form involved developing a special dry granulation process so that salicylic acid would not be released. The tablets were then punched out with the aid of a single hand-operated machine. This led to the need for new, faster tableting machines which were sourced from America. Combined with the Sanitape packaging press (invented to disperse seeds for farmers), the inventors of Aspro dispersed tablets one at a time on to a paper strip. This strip was then folded over lengthwise, totally enclosing the tablets. The paper was then folded again into a zig-zag shape and waxed over to deter moisture. The pain reliever is now a common sight on chemist and supermarket shelves, and perhaps in your medicine cupboard at home as well.

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“If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it.” These words, attributed to Joseph Goebbels, Hitler’s Minister for Propaganda, have often proven to be true. One example is the much feared “Bermuda Triangle” where it is claimed a much bigger number of shipping and aircraft losses have occurred under mysterious circumstances than any other place on earth. The area, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a fictional region between Florida, Puerto Rico, and the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda. The triangle does not exist according to the United States Board of Geographic Names. The triangle is one of the most heavily travelled shipping areas in the world, with ships crossing through it daily from ports in the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful in the area, and pleasure craft regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South America from points to the north. The earliest allegation of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle appeared in a September 16, 1950 Associated Press article by Edward Jones. Two years later, Fate magazine published "Sea Mystery at Our Back Door,” an article by George Sand covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of 5 U.S. Navy bombers on a training mission. Sand was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. It was claimed that the flight leader of the bomber group had been heard saying, "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where we are, the water is green, no white." Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural element to the Flight 19 incident. Popular culture has attributed various disappearances to paranormal activity or extra-terrestrial beings. However, documented evidence indicates that the incidents of missing planes and ships attributed to the Bermuda Triangle were spurious, inaccurately reported, or embellished by later authors. And contrary to popular belief, insurance companies do not charge higher premiums for shipping in this area. It makes you wonder—What do I believe, and where is the evidence to prove it?

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PART 9—Using Convict Labour In the first decade of European settlement in the Geelong area, squatters worked hard to establish themselves on the land. As living conditions improved homesteads were built, properties were fenced in, dams were dug, flocks and herds were expanded, and cropping land was ploughed. All of this work required heavy labour, and labour for hire was in very short supply. For many years the Geelong Advertiser regularly featured the Labour Market within its pages, keeping squatters, farmers, and new arrivals abreast of where jobs could be found and what labour had newly arrived in the colony. However, more manpower was desperately needed. . . and the answer lay with convicts, prisoners transported from England. Since the First Fleet arrived in Sydney in 1788, convicts were put to work establishing the colony of New South Wales. With the arrival in 1837 of Foster Fyans as the government police magistrate in Geelong, the way was opened to have convicts sent to the Port Phillip district to supplement the labour pool. Soon convicts were being assigned to various squatters and farmers within the Geelong districts. The Masters and Servants Act (1823), passed by the British Government was used to control the use of convicts in Australia. The Act was regarded as being heavily biased towards employers, designed to discipline employees and repress the formation of trade unions. The Law required the total obedience and loyalty from servants to their contracted employer, with infringements punishable before a court of law, often with a jail sentence and hard labour. As little as one hour's absence by a servant without permission could precipitate a punishment. In fact, in 1840, employees (convicts or free settlers) in Australia who left their employment without permission were subject to being hunted down under the Bushrangers Act. In the Port Phillip District between 1835 and 1845, when labour shortages were acute, over 20% of prison inmates had been convicted under the Masters and Servants Act for offences including leaving their place of work without permission. (They were often found in nearby pubs.) What chance did a convict have of pleading his case before the court? The Morning Chronicle of Sydney (Sept 27, 1845 p.2) provided this summary of typical cases— “. . . It is by no means singular to find the master of the servant sitting in his magisterial capacity and trying his own case. What chance then can the unfortunate servant have? Alas, none! Alas for justice! none. His accuser is at once both judge and jury, and we regret to be obliged to say, but seldom decides 16 against himself.” The paper went on to commend the new Masters and Servants Act (1845) which at least gave a convict servant an opportunity to appeal his con- viction to an independent magistrate. Not that the convicts and ex-convicts were all good workers. Far from it! These workers frequently gave their masters trouble—absconding without permission, being drunk on the job, stealing from their masters, and being generally lazy. Simon Straughton, who The unluckiest convicts were considered to be owned the well-known property those kept in government service. If a convict Wooloomanata on Bacchus Marsh Road were a government man, he would probably end at Lara* had two of his servants up in a work gang that slaved at rock hewing or abscond. When re-captured, Matthew road building. Reid and Robert Rule were both fined Although living conditions with squatters were 30s. ($3) and ordered to return to work. often dreadful, the assignment generally offered him more freedoms, and a chance of a better life. How much were workers paid around Geelong? In 1849 shepherds and hut-keepers received between £16-£20 ($32- $40) per annum. Married couples without children or with one or two children “out of arms” (not being nursed by their mother) received £30 ($60), while those with babies to care for received £5 less. Bullock drivers and good working bush- men could earn up to £20 a year, as could farm hands “understanding their busi- ness.” The rates for housemaids, nursery maids, cooks, and laundresses varied from £14 - £20 per year. The law remained harsh, especially for convicts and ex-convicts. Even after many modifications were made to the Masters and Servants Act over the next 60 years, absence from place of work was still punishable by imprisonment of up to three months with or without hard labour. There were also penalties of up to £10 (6 months wages) for anyone who concealed or re-employed a 'servant' who had deserted, absconded or absented himself from his assigned duty. By the mid-1840s, with convict labour now easing the burden of heavy work, life was starting to become much easier for the squatters and farmers in the area around Corio and Lara. And with the easier life came free time to pursue recreation. How did the early settlers choose to entertain themselves? Next month the story continues . . . (story with help from Ian Wynd’s book So Fine a Country) * Wooloomanata was eventually purchased by George Armytage who built the homestead that still exists today. His story appears in the June 2013 issue of the Jillong Pocket. 17

William Henry Gates III is an American computer programmer, and businessman. Gates is the former chief executive and chairman of Microsoft, the world’s largest personal-computer software company which he helped form. Since 1995 he is consistently ranked in the Forbes list of the world's wealthiest people. As of June 2014, he is the richest man in the world with a net worth of $US 79.2 billion. Bill gates was born on October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington, USA, to lawyer William H. Gates II, and his wife Mary. Gates's family regularly attended the Congregational Church, but while Bill grew up with great respect for religious values, he became an agnostic as an adult. At 13 years of age Gates was enrolled in an exclusive preparatory school, where his parents hoped he would get the education he needed to follow in his father’s footsteps in the legal profession. At the time, computers were massive machines that filled a whole room, and were so expensive that only rich organisations and government agencies could afford to have them. When he was in the eighth grade, the Mothers Club at Lakeside School used proceeds from a rummage sale to buy an access terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students. Gates took an interest in programming the GE system and wrote his first computer program—a version of tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on other computer systems. One of these, belonging to the Computer Center Corporation (CCC), banned four Lakeside students, including Gates and his good friend Paul Allen, after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time. At the end of the ban, the four students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Then in 1971, Information Sciences, Inc. hired the four Lakeside students to write a payroll program for them, providing them computer time and royalties for their efforts. Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973 and enrolled at Harvard College. While at Harvard, he met Steve Ballmer, who would later succeed Gates as CEO of Microsoft. He did not have a definite study plan while a student at Harvard 18

and spent a lot of time using the school's computers. Then, in 1975 after the release of the Altair 8800 computer, Gates, along with Paul Allen, started their own computer software company—Microsoft. Gates dropped out of Harvard and both began working on software for the new computer. Then, in 1980 the IBM company developed their first personal computer, but needed an operating system to run it. After approaching Gates at Microsoft in July of that year, Gates purchased an operating system developed by Seattle Computer Products, modified it for the IBM system, and licensed it to IBM. Since Microsoft would not sell IBM the copyright for the PC-DOS software, Microsoft earned royalties on every machine sold. Soon, Gates and Allen were riding the wave of the personal computer boom! Computing Power! Five years later, on November 20, 1985 Microsoft launched its new Windows oper- There is no doubt Bill Gates has had a ating system. So successful was Windows major influence on the world as we that by 1995 Bill Gates had become the know it today. In fact, he is currently wealthiest person in the world. The visual regarded as the 6th most powerful interface of Windows now controls over 90% person in the world, behind: of the world’s computer operating systems. Vladimir Putin (Russian President) Barack Obama (USA President) Since the founding of Microsoft, Bill Gates Xi Jinping (Chinese General Secretary) has vigorously defended and protected the Pope Francis (Catholic Church) and intellectual property of his company. A Angela Merkel (German Chancellor) fiercely competitive person, Gates has repeatedly refused to sell his software, only providing a license to use it. Over the past 20 years his actions have been repeatedly judged in American courts to be anti-competitive, and against USA law. This has resulted in a number of changes at Microsoft, with Bill Gates first stepping down as CEO and then as chairman of the company. Since 2006 he has only worked part-time at Microsoft. And while still remaining the largest shareholder of the company, Gates now only holds the position of Technology Advisor. Gates married Melinda French on January 1, 1994. They have three children: daughters Jennifer Katharine (b. 1996) and Phoebe Adele (b. 2002), and son Rory John (b. 1999). The family resides in an earth-sheltered house in the side of a hill overlooking Lake Washington in Medina, USA. In 2000, Gates and his wife combined three family foundations to create the charitable Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the world's wealthiest charitable foundation, with assets valued at more than US$34.6 billion. They have already given over $28 billion to various charities throughout the world. Whether you admire him, disdain him, or are simply jealous of his wealth, Bill Gates remains undisputedly one of the greatest men of our time. 19

The port city of Albany is located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, some 418 km SE of Perth, the State Capital. Albany, is the oldest permanently settled town in Western Australia. With Mount Clarence to the east and Mount Melville to the west, Albany city centre is at the northern edge of Princess Royal Harbour. Several European explorers visited the area around Albany prior to British settlement. Exploration of Albany the coastline began in 1627, when Dutchman Pieter Nuyts sailed through the Great Australian Bight. Another explorer was George Vancouver, who entered and named King George Sound in 1791, but was unimpressed with the area's soil. A decade later Matthew Flinders arrived, and in 1803 Frenchman Nicholas Baudin sailed his ship into King George Sound, the first of a number of French expeditions to the area. Whalers and sealers working the Southern Ocean were frequenting the area by the 1820s. Finally, after Frenchman Dumont D'Urville visited in early 1826 the British took action to formalize their possession of the area, fearful the French would get a foothold on the continent the British wished to keep for themselves. The town of Albany was founded later that same year, over 2 years before both Fremantle and Perth. On November 9, 1826, Major Edmund Lockyer, together with a contingent of convicts, soldiers, a surgeon and storekeeper, left Sydney bound for King George Sound, arriving on Christmas Day 1826. The first settlement in Western Australia Major Lockyer named his new town Frederickstown, after King George III's second son, His Royal Highness Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany - (The Grand Old Duke Of York, as the song goes). However, when the British sent a Governor to the Swan River colony (Perth) in 1832, the new Governor, James Stirling, renamed the settlement Albany. An official postal service began in 1834 and the first town jetty was established in 1837. Edmund Lockyer The town of Albany was in the news headlines in 1841, when

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Edward John Eyre made his famous expedition across the Nullarbor Plain, accompanied by his aboriginal friend, Wylie. After nearly perishing in the desert, the two made it to Albany on July 7, 1841. The Eyre highway across the Nullarbor Plain is named in honour of his great trek across from Adelaide. The construction of the railway in 1885 between Perth and Albany brought with it many more settlers. During the 1890s claims of gold James Stirling being discovered in the area encouraged many fossickers to flock to the town, expanding the local population. Although small amounts of alluvial gold were found, encouraging growth in the town, the ‘gold rush’ soon lost momentum. Despite this, by the turn of the 20th century there were over 3,600 people living in the area. Around this time many of the historic buildings on Stirling Terrace, the main street in the town, were built. During the 19th century Albany was home to the only deep-water port in Western Australia—Princess Royal Harbour. Then, in 1900 the Port of Fremantle was opened. After this, Albany’s port went into decline and the town's industries became predominantly focussed on agriculture and timber. During World War I (1914-1918), the ships that carried the ANZAC soldiers to Europe gathered at Albany. Albany was the last place in Australia that many of the soldiers saw, and so it was therefore fitting that a prominent memorial, the Albany Anzac Peace Park was dedicated in the town. During World War II, from 1942-1945 Albany served as the US Navy submarine base responsible for safeguarding the Western Australian cities between Perth and Albany. Today, with a population of over 30,000, Albany is the 6th largest city in Western Australia. The city is now a popular tourist destination from which to explore the south-west of the State. Why not pay a visit to the area if crossing the Nullarbor?

Looking down Stirling Terrace—Albany’s main street. 21

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal. The metal occurs naturally in the ground, but more commonly appears as an alloy with gold and other metals, especially copper, lead, and zinc. Evidence suggests silver was first mined about 3000 B.C. in Turkey. Then, in about 1200 B.C., the centre of silver production shifted to Greece’s mines, where it continued to feed the region’s burgeoning empires. By about 100 A.D., Spain had become the major supplier of silver for the Roman Empire. Whereas gold was used by royalty and the wealthy, silver became the currency of common folk throughout the Roman provinces. For example, Judas Iscariot was paid 30 pieces of silver for betraying Jesus to the Jewish religious leaders. While silver production expanded throughout Europe over the next 1,500 years, no single event in the history of silver rivals the importance of the discovery of the Americas in 1492. Between 1500 and 1800, Bolivia, Peru and Mexico accounted for over 85% of world production and trade, under the guidance of their Spanish conquerors. Eventually Mexico became the greatest producer of silver in the world, a title it still holds. After European settlement in Australia, it was not long before silver was discovered here as well. BHP is now one of the world’s leading producers of silver—including from its mines at Broken Hill, and also the biggest silver mine in the world—the Cannington Mine in Queensland. Australia is the 4th highest producer of silver in the world, behind Mexico, Peru and the USA. Today, yearly global silver production averages more than 20,000 tonnes, still a relatively small amount compared to other metals, maintaining its classification as a rare metal. Currently silver is worth $US20 per ounce ($US705 per kilogram). But what many may not know is that silver is one of the most versatile elements in the world. How many uses for silver do you know of? Here are just a few: Pharmaceuticals Silver is leading a revolution in technology and medicine, because of its unique bacteria-fighting qualities. For example, one of the most powerful treatments for burns is silver sulfadiazine. Electricals Silver is the best electrical conductor of all metals. Because it does not corrode, its use in electrical and motor control switches is universal. A fully-equipped car may have over 40 silver-tipped switches to start the engine, activate power steering, brakes, windows, mirrors, locks and operate electrical accessories. 22

Window Tinting Silver-tinted windows in homes, cars and office buildings reflect away some 70% of the solar energy that would otherwise pass through, thus reducing the load on air conditioners. Printed Circuit Boards Printed circuit boards use silver for connecting paths of electronic circuitry. Circuit boards control the operation of aircraft, automobile engines, electrical appliances, security systems, mobile telephones, television receivers. Most computer keyboards use silver membrane switches. Silverware & Jewellery Silver can achieve the most brilliant polish of any metal. To make it more durable to use in jewellery, pure silver is often alloyed with copper. In many countries, Sterling Silver (92.5% silver, 7.5% copper) is the standard for silverware, and has been since the 14th century. Mirrors & Coatings Silver is virtually 100% reflective after polishing. Nearly all modern mirrors are made with silver-backed glass. Solar Energy Silver paste is used in 90% of all silicon photovoltaic cells, the most common solar cell. Growing in popularity, roofing-tile solar cells generate power for the house below, and transfer excess generated electricity into the power grid. Water Purification Silver is used to prevent the build-up of bacteria and algae in water filters. New research has shown that the catalytic action of silver, in concert with oxygen, provides a powerful sanitizer, virtually eliminating the need for the use of corrosive chlorine.

Owned by BHP, the Cannington Mine, located 200km south-east of Mount Isa in Queensland is the world's largest silver and lead mine. The mine produces 6% of the world’s silver, and 7% of the world’s lead. Most production is shipped to Japan. 23

 The United States of America is also referred to as the USA, US, United States or sometimes just simply America.  The United States of America had its beginning on July 4, 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was issued, separating the 13 States formed at that time from the British Empire.  There are currently 50 States in the country, including Alaska and the islands of Hawaii.  The US is the 4th largest country in the world by land area and 3rd by population (behind China and India).  On February 25, 2013, the estimated population of the US was 315,568,000 (Australia’s population is about 23.5 million).  The US has by far the world's largest economy. It is twice as big as the next country (China), and over 10 times bigger than Australia.  The US is the worlds most powerful and influential country.  The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers combine to form the longest river system in the US and the fourth longest in the world.  The tallest mountain in the US is Mt McKinley, located in the state of Alaska. It reaches 6,194m (20,320ft) above sea level.  Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million (2c per acre or 5c per hectare). It is the largest state in the US by land area.  Hawaii is the most recent of the 50 states in the US (joining in 1959) and is the only one made up entirely of islands.  Most of the world's tornadoes occur in the Midwest region of the US known as Tornado Alley.  The most populated city in the US is New York City (8.3 million), followed by Los Angeles (3.8 million) and Chicago (2.7 million).  English is the most commonly spoken language in the US, but 14% of citizens also speak Spanish.  The most popular team sports in the US are American football, baseball, basketball and ice hockey. 24

There have been some very tall characters throughout human history. The giant Goliath in the bible was recorded as being 2.9m (9ft 5.75in) tall. Although no other accurate measurements were taken of bible characters, others were noted for their height. The sons of Anak; Og, king of Bashan; Ishbi- benob; Saph; and Lahmi, Goliath’s brother, were all men of extraordinary height. The tallest man in modern history was Robert Pershing Wadlow. Born on February 22, 1918 in Alton, Illinois USA, Wadlow was the oldest of five children. His great size and his continued growth in adulthood were caused by hyperplasia of his pituitary gland which results in a abnormally high level of human growth hormone. He showed no indication of an end to his growth even at the time of his death. By the time Robert Wadlow was 6 years old he had reached 1.83m (6ft) tall and weighed 73kg (160lb), becoming taller than his father Franklin Wadlow. By the time he graduated high school in 1936 he was 2.51m (8ft 3in). While many may wish they were taller, Robert Wadlow’s size was caused by a serious illness that plagued him his whole life. He ended up requiring leg braces to walk and had little feeling in his legs and feet. His shoes were provided to him free of charge by a shoe company for which he did promotional work. They reached size 37AA before his death. In 1939 he passed John Rogan (2.68m) as the tallest person in modern history. On June 27, 1940 (18 days before his death), Wadlow was measured at 2.72m (8ft 11.1in) tall. 2.72m tall Robert Wadlow— In early July 1940 a faulty brace irritated Wadlow’s pictured alongside his father who is 1.82m (5ft 11½in) tall. ankle causing a blister which ended up with a parasitic infection. Doctors treated him with a blood transfusion and emergency surgery but his condition worsened due to an auto-immune disorder, and on July 15, 1940 he died in his sleep at the age of 22. Currently, the world’s tallest living man is Sultan Kosen from Turkey, who stands 2.51m (8ft 3in) tall. The tallest living woman is Siddiqa Parveen from India who stands 2.22m (7ft 3½in) tall.

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Marcel Marceau was one of the greatest mime artists of all time. Born Marcel Mangel on March 22, 1923, in Strasbourg, France, he was introduced to music and theatre by his father, Charles Mangel, a Jewish kosher butcher, who also sang baritone. His mother, Anne Mangel, was a native of Alsace, France, and Marcel grew up in a family where both French and German were spoken fluently. At the age of 5, his mother took Marcel to a Charlie Chaplin movie. He was entranced by Chaplin’s acting in the silent movie and decided from an early age to become a mime. Young Marcel was also fond of art and literature. He also studied English at school which, in addition to his French and German, helped greatly when he toured the world later in life. At the beginning of the Second World War, Marcel had to hide his Jewish origin, and changed his name to Marceau in an effort to avoid capture by the Nazis. However, his father was arrested and deported to the Auschwitz Concentration Camp, where he died in 1944. Both Marceau and his brother, Alain, joined the French Underground, helping victims of the war to escape to neutral Switzerland. Later, Marceau served as interpreter for the Free French Forces under General Charles de Gaulle, acting as liaison officer with the allied armies. Despite observing the atrocities of war around him, Marcel had not given up on his hope of becoming a mime artist. He gave his first big public performance to 3,000 troops after the liberation of Paris in August, 1944. After the war, in 1946, he enrolled as a student in a school of dramatic art at the Sarah Bernhardt Theatre in Paris. While there, Jean-Louis Barrault hired Marcel Marceau as an actor, and cast him in the role as Harlequin, a comical servant in lively Italian theatre performed at the time. The following year (1947), Marcel blended the 19th century Harlequin with the gestures of early American film actors, Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton, creating his most famous mime character, Bip—a white-faced clown with a tall, battered hat and a red flower. By 1949 he had started his own performing Mime company and began touring around the world. Acting out a story through In just a couple of minutes, Marcel, through his alter body motions, without ego, Bip, could demonstrate the metamorphosis of an the use of speech.

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entire human life from birth through to death, without uttering a single word. His classic silent works such as The Cage, Walking Against the Wind, The Mask Maker, In The Park (Marceau played all the characters in a park, from little boys playing ball to old women with knitting needles), along with satirical works on artists, sculptors, and matadors, have been described as works of genius. While Bip the Clown was his most famous mime personality, Marcel Marceau shone in Marcel Marceau played several a range of characters, from an innocent silent film roles but only one with child, to a peevish waiter, a lion tamer, and a speaking part—as himself, an old woman. He was soon acknowledged as one of the world's finest mimes, and speaking the single word "Non" in people flocked to see him perform in Mel Brooks' Silent Movie (1976). sold-out theatres. His silent performances filled a remarkable acting career that lasted over 60 years. But he was much more than a simple performer. Marcel was also a director, teacher, interpreter, and public figure who made extensive tours in countries on five continents. Outside of his mime profession, Marcel Marceau was a great communicator, who surprised many with his flowing speeches in several languages. In his later years he lived on a farm near Toulouse, in southern France. He continued his routine practice daily to keep himself in good form, and never lost the agility that made him famous. His last tour of Australia was in 2006, when aged 83. Marceau was married three times: first to Huguette Mallet, with whom he had two sons, Michel and Baptiste; then, to Ella Jaroszewicz, with whom he had no children. His third wife was Anne Sicco, with whom he had two daughters, Camille and Aurélia. During his lifetime Marcel Marceau was made "Officer de la Legion d'Honneur" (1978) and "Grand Officer de la Legion d'Honneur" (1998), and was awarded the National Order of Merit (1998). He won the Emmy Award for his work on television, and was elected member of the Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin, the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, the Academie des beaux-arts France and the Institut de France, and was declared a "National Treasure" in Japan. In 2002 he was UN Goodwill Ambassador at the international conference on aging in Madrid. Marcel passed away at his home in France, on September 23, 2007. His burial ceremony was accompanied by Mozart's piano concerto No.21, the music that often accompanied his shows on stage.

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Simple, quick, and a 5-star rating by all the family. Yum!

Ingredients  Chicken breast or Thigh Fillets

 3-4 Eggs beaten in a bowl Recipe Note:  Flour or (Cornflour) You can add herbs, garlic  Breadcrumbs powder, chilli powder and or curry powder to the egg wash or breadcrumbs Method to vary the taste. 1. Chop chicken into little cubes roughly 5cm X 5cm.

2. Dip your chicken pieces in the egg wash.

3. Then roll your chicken lightly through the flour of your choice.

4. Lightly cover your chicken in the breadcrumbs

5. Shallow fry the pieces for 2-3 mins each side or alternately bake in the oven on 175°C for 20 mins (Oven times may vary).

6. Serve Hot

For more recipes like this one go to www.bestrecipes.com.au 28 Word Search– PIRATES S H H G M U R A F K L O O T Z U C G O H U K C L S F I G H T B H U U O R T N A S W A B D L O G C T N K G I G R N T A Y M N U C N T P N A N Z G O N I A T P A C E L O E N Y L O D A P T L N H P W E W U G I A A N H H E N E U S F R D P P N N W A C R O S D B O R U E F L N I F B R N T Y C R I B T R E A D M R A E E S E T A M S N O A N N I B R M A R U E W V L E L R K A R M S A O N E H L U E V P S A L C U R S E U C I A F W D X O T S K C A T T A S H O R E A E M T I L L U H E S N I O C J G R E E D E C K B N R H W E R C

ABANDON CANNON FIGHT INFAMOUS ADVENTURE CAPTAIN FLAG ISLAND AHOY CARGO FLEET JEWELS ANCHOR CAVE FORTUNE KIDNAP ARMS CHEST GANGPLANK LOOT ASHORE COINS GOLD MAP ATTACK CREW GREED MATES BANDANNA CRIMINAL GUN MERCHANT BARREL CURSE GUNPOWDER MUTINY BEACH DECK HAUL RUM BOUNTY EARRING HOOK SCUTTLE BRAWL EXPLORE HORIZON SWAB BUCCANEER FEARSOME HULL WENCH Note: Friday, September 19, 2014 is “Talk Like a Pirate” Day 29

On the $20 banknote is: Mary Reibey Mary Reibey became Australia’s first noted businesswoman and trader. Born Mary Haydock on May 12, 1777 in Lancashire, England, she was convicted of horse stealing at Stafford on July 21, 1790 and sentenced to be transported for seven years. By the time of her conviction both her parents had died, and she was living with her grandmother. When the rebellious 13-year-old was arrested she was dressed as a boy and went under the name of James Burrow, but at her trial her true identity was disclosed. She arrived in Sydney in October 1792 and was assigned as a nursemaid in the household of Major Francis Grose. At 17 years of age she married Thomas Reibey, a 25-year-old Irishman in the service of the East India Company. Thomas Reibey appears to have been the first free settler outside of military personnel to set up a trading business in Australia. He acquired property on the Hawkesbury River and began transporting grain. Later he established an interna- tional trading business in Sydney and operated a number of shipping vessels. Sadly, his fair Irish skin was not suited to life in the harsh sun of India, then Australia, and it appears he became an early victim of skin cancer, dying in 1811. On the death of her husband, Mary Reibey was left with seven children and in entire control of numerous businesses. However, she had already worked as a hotel-keeper, and gained experience in managing Thomas’ business interests when he was absent on voyages. She soon became a very prosperous trader in her own right, conducting her business affairs with the utmost vigour. Rather than seeking legal assistance through the courts, Mary preferred her own more direct methods to enforce payment of debts, for in May 1817 she was found guilty of assault upon one of her debtors, John Walker. Mary Reibey gradually rose to respectability and affluence. She opened a new warehouse in George Street in 1812 and continued to manage her husband's ships, even expanding her fleet of traders. After her return from a trip to England in 1821 she made extensive investments in Sydney property. By 1828 she had erected “many elegant and substantial buildings in Macquarie Place, near the King's Wharf, and in the centre of George Street.” She gradually retired from active business and lived on her investments. Mary Reibey became legendary in the colony as a successful businesswoman. On her retirement she lived in the inner-Sydney suburb of Newtown until her death on May 30, 1855, aged 78. 30

Geelong– 150 years ago this month THE UNEMPLOYED IN GEELONG. The adjourned meeting of the unemployed was held last night, in the iron store in Little Malop street. The meeting was tolerably well attended, there being about 250 persons present. The chair was occupied by the mayor [Charles Kernot]. . . A person named William McFarlane volunteered a statement. He said he was a labourer, and had a wife and family. Except at shearing or harvest time, employment was very difficult to be had. He had gone out on hire at ten “bob”* a week. He said no man couldn’t earn more than £1 a week after the contractors, who cheated the men right and left out of their money when earned, and caused them much trouble and annoyance. He was sure that no labourer present would refuse 25c a week for six months constant employment. John Budds, a carpenter, . . . had been twenty years in Geelong, and was a depressed tradesman. For the last two months he had only earned the sum of £2, and he had a wife and family to keep. He had tried all he knew, and could not get work. There were 100 carpenters out of employment just now in Geelong; there were 300 in town altogether-100 regularly employed, and 100 casually so. The rate of wages for their trade was 1s. an hour. The introduction of manufactured sashes and doors, &c., acted prejudicially to the colonial tradesmen.” (The Portland Guardian September 1, 1864 p.3 )

* Bob: Slang term for a shilling. =10c.

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please contact us: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000 Email: [email protected]

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1916

Source: Geelong Heritage Centre Aberdeen Street, Newtown—Looking east toward Latrobe Terrace In 1911 the main east-west tram link was constructed in Geelong. Starting in Ryrie Street at Eastern Park, the line eventually extended along Aberdeen Street, turned left in Pakington Street, right into Aphrasia Street before terminating at the corner of Shannon Avenue. The original Aberdeen Baptist Church (arrowed) built in 1854, stands in the shadow of its larger sister church built next door in 1876. Below, the Aberdeen Motor Inn takes up land once owned by the larger property next door—originally a private house built by ex-army man and Geelong auctioneer, Captain George Moore Strong—but now the Rosnashane Reception Centre.

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