The Use of Remote Sensing in Hydrology
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The Use of Remote Sensing in Hydrology Edited by Frédéric Frappart and Luc Bourrel Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Water www.mdpi.com/journal/water The Use of Remote Sensing in Hydrology Special Issue Editors Fr´ed´eric Frappart Luc Bourrel MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Fred´ eric´ Frappart Observatoire Midi-Pyren´ ees´ France Luc Bourrel Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement´ France Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Water (ISSN 2073-4441) from 2016–2018 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/special issues/ remote sensing hydrology). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Lastname, F.M.; Lastname, F.M. Article title. Journal Name Year, Article number, page range. First Edition 2018 ISBN 978-3-03842-909-8 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-910-4 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... v Preface to ”The Use of Remote Sensing in Hydrology” ........................ vii Philippe Paillou Mapping Palaeohydrography in Deserts: Contribution from Space-Borne Imaging Radar doi: 10.3390/w9030194 ......................................... 1 Binh Pham-Duc, Catherine Prigent and Filipe Aires Surface Water Monitoring within Cambodia and the Vietnamese Mekong Delta over a Year, with Sentinel-1 SAR Observations doi: 10.3390/w9060366 ......................................... 11 Duy Ba Nguyen and Wolfgang Wagner European Rice Cropland Mapping with Sentinel-1 Data: The Mediterranean Region Case Study doi: 10.3390/w9060392 ......................................... 32 Yury M. Polishchuk, Alexander N. Bogdanov, Vladimir Yu. Polishchuk, Rinat M. Manasypov, Liudmila S. Shirokova, Sergey N. Kirpotin and Oleg S. Pokrovsky Size Distribution, Surface Coverage, Water, Carbon, and Metal Storage of Thermokarst Lakes in the Permafrost Zone of the Western Siberia Lowland doi: 10.3390/w9030228 ......................................... 53 Marie Parrens, Ahmad Al Bitar, Fr´ed´eric Frappart, Fabrice Papa, Stephane Calmant, Jean-Fran¸cois Cr´etaux, Jean-Pierre Wigneron and Yann Kerr Mapping Dynamic Water Fraction under the Tropical Rain Forests of the Amazonian Basin from SMOS Brightness Temperatures doi: 10.3390/w9050350 ......................................... 71 Karina Nielsen, Lars Stenseng, Ole B. Andersen and Per Knudsen The Performance and Potentials of the CryoSat-2 SAR and SARIn Modes for Lake Level Estimation doi: 10.3390/w9060374 ......................................... 96 Liguang Jiang, Raphael Schneider, Ole B. Andersen and Peter Bauer-Gottwein CryoSat-2 Altimetry Applications over Rivers and Lakes doi: 10.3390/w9030211 .........................................109 Alireza Taravat, Masih Rajaei, Iraj Emadodin, Hamidreza Hasheminejad, Rahman Mousavian and Ehsan Biniyaz A Spaceborne Multisensory, Multitemporal Approach to Monitor Water Level and Storage Variations of Lakes doi: 10.3390/w8110478 .........................................129 Edward Salameh, Fr´ed´eric Frappart, Fabrice Papa, Andreas Guntner, ¨ Vuruputur Venugopal, Augusto Getirana, Catherine Prigent, Filipe Aires, David Labat and Benoˆıt Laignel Fifteen Years (1993–2007) of Surface Freshwater Storage Variability in the Ganges- Brahmaputra River Basin Using Multi-Satellite Observations doi: 10.3390/w9040245 .........................................148 iii Bol´ıvar Erazo, Luc Bourrel, Fr´ed´eric Frappart, Oscar Chimborazo, David Labat, Luis Dominguez-Granda, David Matamoros and Raul Mejia Validation of Satellite Estimates (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, TRMM) for Rainfall Variability over the Pacific Slope and Coast of Ecuador doi: 10.3390/w10020213 ........................................167 Anne Springer, Annette Eicker, Anika Bettge, Jurgen ¨ Kusche and Andreas Hense Evaluation of the Water Cycle in the European COSMO-REA6 Reanalysis Using GRACE doi: 10.3390/w9040289 .........................................190 Hong Shen, Marc Leblanc, Fr´ed´eric Frappart, Lucia Seoane, Damien O’Grady, Albert Olioso and Sarah Tweed A Comparative Study of GRACE with Continental Evapotranspiration Estimates in Australian Semi-Arid and Arid Basins: Sensitivity to Climate Variability and Extremes doi: 10.3390/w9090614 .........................................214 Claudia Ferrara, Massimiliano Lega, Giannetta Fusco, Paul Bishop and Theodore Endreny Characterization of Terrestrial Discharges into Coastal Waters with Thermal Imagery from a Hierarchical Monitoring Program doi: 10.3390/w9070500 .........................................233 iv About the Special Issue Editors Dr. Fr´ed´eric Frappart received his Ph.D. degree in geophysics from Universite´ de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, in 2006. He is an engineer from the Ecole Nationale Superieure´ des Techniques Avancees´ Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne, formerly ENSIETA), Brest, France. He has been a researcher at the Observatoire Midi-Pyren´ ees´ (OMP), Toulouse, France, since 2010, in charge of the scientific applications of radar altimetry over land (hydrology and surface properties) for the Centre de Topographie des Oceans´ et de l’Hydrosphre (CTOH), a French observation service dedicated to scientific applications of radar altimetry. He is working on Earth observation techniques devoted to studying the global water cycle and climate. Dr. Luc Bourrel received his Ph.D. degree in geophysics from the Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INPT), Toulouse, France, in 1994. He is a hydrologist and a hydroclimatologist working at Geosciences´ Environment Toulouse (GET), OMP, for the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement´ (IRD). He is a specialist of the El Nino˜ Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and of its impacts on the Pacific coast of South America. His studies include analyses of ENSO-related extreme rainfall and floods using remotely-sensed observations. v Preface to ”The Use of Remote Sensing in Hydrology” Remotely sensed observations are nowadays increasingly used for regional/global monitoring of hydrological variables including soil moisture, rainfall, water levels, flood extent, evapotranspiration or land water storage, as well as the forcing, calibration and assimilation into hydrodynamic, hydrological and hydrometeorological models [1,2]. In the years to come, recent and future satellite sensors, some of them specifically designed for hydrological purposes, will provide systematic observations of hydrological parameters (e.g., surface and sub-surface storage and flux) at high spatial and temporal resolutions [3]. Among these new Earth observation missions, the Sentinel missions, developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) for the operational requirements of the Copernicus program and composed of six pairs of satellites that began to be launched in 2014, will provide the most comprehensive monitoring of environmental parameters to date [4]. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT), mostly from the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), to be launched in 2021, will measure the Earth’s surface elevation, its slope, and their temporal changes [5]. This will make a significant contribution to the improvement of knowledge of the terrestrial water cycle. Prior to these missions, past and current remotely sensed observations have already provided very useful information on land hydrology. This book contains reviews and recent advances of general interest on the use of remote sensing for hydrology. It is composed of the four following sections: - Detection of the former and current surface water extent and soil moisture The first chapter is a review on the capabilities of space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for the detection and mapping of paleo river drainage networks under sand layers in deserts. It is followed by two chapters presenting first applications of Sentinel-1 SAR images for estimating temporal changes in surface water extent within Cambodia and the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta and mapping of rice cropland in the Mediterranean Region using changing in soil moisture. Chapter four shows the relationships between size distribution and surface coverage of thermokarst lakes from high resolution optical images and carbon and metal storages in the permafrost zone of the Western Siberia lowland. Chapter five presents an approach for mapping the water fraction in the floodplains of the Amazon Basin and its dynamics using SMOS brightness temperatures. - Monitoring of water levels This section is composed of two chapters on the performances and potential of the CryoSat-2 SAR and SARIn modes for lake level estimates and on the applications of Cryosat-2 altimetry data over rivers and lakes. - Surface water storage estimates The two chapters of this section are devoted to surface water storage estimates with the long-term monitoring